Ancient Civilisations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India
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1 Ancient Civilisations TI are FF QuickTime needed ( Uncompressed) to see and this adecompressor pict ure. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India
2 Chronology Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Valley China 3500 B.C.E B.C.E B.C.E B.C.E B.C.E B.C.E. Early Dynastic (Sumerian) B.C.E. Akkadian (Semitic) Sargon B.C.E. 3 rd Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian) B.C.E. Old Babylonian (Semitic) Hammurabi B.C.E. Kassite Pre-Dynastic B.C.E. Old Kingdom B.C.E. 1st Intermediate Period B.C.E. Middle Kingdom B.C.E. 2nd Intermediate Period B.C.E. New Kingdom c B.C.E. Beginning of Harappan Indus Valley civilisation 1900 B.C.E. End of Indus Valley civilisation B.C.E. Aryan invasion c B.C.E. Shang era & Bronze Age
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4 EGYPT
5 Political Structure City states City states All Decisions come from Ruler City states City states Citadel of Sargon size of state need organisation Centralised v- De-centralised Centralised all decisions made by ruler from main city. + uniformity, direct control, one source for decisions - decisions must come from centre, reliance on one source, state may take time to get decision Relies on rapid communication & organisation. Ex. Egypt, Mesopotamian citystates
6 Political Structure City states City states Major Decisions from centre, Most decisions local City states City states De-centralised state divided into administrative units. Local princes/governors make some decisions w/o approval of central ruler + regional autonomy, practical for large states - local leaders may exercise authority beyond mandate from centre, requires absolute loyalty to central govt. (ex. Zhou China) Relief from Persepolis
7 Political Structure Leader originally warriors Not hereditary, later hereditary Most not Gods, rather chosen by Gods. (Egyptian Pharoah=God Horus) Rely on military prowess & religious class to bolster legitimacy Later benevolence & wisdom Man from Ninveh (possibly Sargon)
8 Political Structure Laws -- size of state rules to govern behaviour, rituals, rel tsh btw grps (classes) Laws legitimised by religion derived from higher authority Ex. 10 Commandments, Code of Hammurabi, Laws of Manu Laws not egalitarian & often reflect social distinctions class & gender (Code of Hammurabi) Laws generally reflect idea of lex talionis (eye for an eye) Stele of Hammurabi
9 Economics -- Agriculture Foragers -- Primitive clan/kinship groups, hunting & gathering Pastoralist -- nomadic herders Agriculturalists -- organised farming & domesticated animals Egypt-Wheat, barley, cattle, fowl Mesopotamia-Wheat, Barley, Peas, Lentil, sheep, pigs, goats Indus Valley- Wheat, Barley, Vegetables, cotton, cattle, buffalo, fowl China-Millet, Soybeans, wheat, fowl
10 Growth of Agriculture All developed extensive irrigation, canal & reservoir systems to support expanding agriculture. Spread of crops across regions (diffusion trade) Egypt-Treading Wheat & Feeding Goats
11 Agriculture Surplus harvest -- wealth trade health, life expectancy population & size of cities Often led to expansion and need to defend from other forces--military Resources to repair and expand irrigation systems taxation for infrastructure Crete - c.1600 BCE L. Fisherman Mural R. Harveter Vase
12 Trade Routes Beginning of Silk Road Overland & Maritime trade in gems, foodstuffs, metals, textiles Exchange of goods resulted in other exchanges technology, language, art, religion, etc. Rulers married off daughters to other kings to seal treaties
13 Religion -- Common attributes Polytheistic Hierarchy of Gods associated w/natural forces rain, floods, drought, day/night, etc. -- flood stories Naramsin w/bull Helmet sacrifices vanquished foe to twin sun gods (night & day) Legitimise laws & social hierarchy rulers=gods (Egypt) rulers favoured by Gods (Mesopotamia, Greeks, Romans, etc.) class distinction priest class caste (India) Work w/or become part of ruling hierarchy Stele of Naramsin Akkad, c BCE
14 The Stele of Hammurabi Shamash Hammurabi receives laws from the God Shamash Prologue & List of Laws
15 The Palette of Narmer - Commemorating the Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt by Narmer (Menes) Narmer (Menes) w/crown of Upper Egypt sacrifices foe. Barefeet indicate religious act. Serekh w/glyphs for Narmer Horus oversees conquest. Holds rope tied to head of foe. Narmer w/crown of Lower Egypt leads procession. Horus flies before him. Vanquished foes. Egypt c BCE
16 Religion - Nature of Faith Belief in afterlife varied & determines nature of faith optimistic -v- pessimistic Optimistic (ex. Egyptian) may reflect resignation to forces of nature Gods not active in daily life Afterlife another phase of life better place & w/gods
17 Hunefar in afterlife w/gods Judgement before Osiris Hunefar Anubis - Guardian of the afterlife ba - Hunefar s lifeforce Ammit-Eater of the Dead Maatforce of good. Thoth records weighing of soul Horus presents Hunefar to Osiris sons of Horus Osiris Isis
18 Religion-Nature of Faith (cont.) Pessimistic May reflect desire to fight forces of nature -- life seen as struggle against uncontrollable forces Gods active & interfere in daily life. (Greeks, Mesopotamia) People pawns to Gods Afterlife fearful-- seek to avoid death (ex. Gilgamesh) Gods source of good & evil Votive statue of Gudea
19 Religion & Sacrifice Sacrifice to Gods common positive-sacrifices of thanks harvests, births, victories negative-placate wrathful Gods droughts, plagues, famines, floods, etc. Human sacrifice rare, but not uncommon seen most often in pessimistic religions also in vanquishing foe (Palette of Narmer; Stele of Naramsin) Illustration of Warka vase, showing nude priests offering sacrifices to Inanna. Uruk, c.3000 BCE
20 Akhenaten & Monotheism in Egypt Akhenaten, Nefretari & children Power & influence of priests rivaled & challenged Akhenaten s reign Akhenaten declared a single god, Aten short-lived, but significant shift to monotheism. Known as the Amarna period, Akhenaten reasserted the power of the pharoah over religion radical change in Egyptian art figures less formal and rigid, moving more naturalistic style. After Akhenaten s death, Tutankhamun restored polytheism priests regained power Akhenaten & Armarna period was erased from Egyptian history
21 Religion and social hierarchy status of religious class Rituals & ceremonies role as oracles needed political class % taxes for religious functions food, temples, resources Priests formed own social class power = challenge political ldrs ex. Egypt Cylinder seal-vessels w/two rivers flowing before sacrificial animals. Sumer, c.2000 BCE
22 King & nobles Social Stratification Priests & Merchants Army As cities expanded job specialisation peasant, priest, artisan, soldier, scribe, slave Static vs. Dynamic movement btw classes? Weavers Generally patriarchal, maledominated societies. Herders Peasants The Standard of Ur - Mesopotamia Each row = occupations and levels of society
23 Social Stratification Dynamic social order - allows for movement btw classes - social mobility (soldier to king) Most civilisations allowed for some mobility (ex. Joseph-slave to noble) Static social order - born & die in same class - no mobility (ex. Indian caste system) Class determined by military prowess, religious leadership, economic status, gender peasants & slaves at bottom Slave status varies (dynamic -v- static) women often represent separate class
24 Intellectual life Most cultures had myths, tales transmitted orally Expressed morals/ethics Often in fable form Reinforced religious ideas Legitimised political system System of writing Pictographs/ideographs Egypt, Mesopotamia, China Sound-based script Phoenician Lives of rulers-history Accounting/book-keeping Later-literature & poetry
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