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1 Chapter 1: Before History Chapter 2: Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations Chapter 3: Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations 1. Richard Leakey wrote, "Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do." What is the significance of this statement? When did humans develop the ability to choose? Is there a negative side to this capability? 2. Are there drawbacks to the rise of complex societies? In other words, is every aspect of civilization good? Are there still problems today that stretch back to the rise of civilization? 3. Discuss some of the profound differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. What allowed for these differences? How did these differences affect development after the Neolithic age? 4. Explore the early human cave paintings at Lascaux and Altamira. Explain how this art is an expression of human advancement. 5. What do the elaborate burial rituals of Neandertal humans tell us about these people and their view of their place in the universe? 1

2 6. Examine the profound changes brought about by the discovery of agriculture. How did this seemingly simple discovery change the course of human history? 7. Examine the social structure of the Mesopotamians. Were there great divisions between the different social classes? How had the social distinctions changed since the period of prehistory? 8. What role did technological innovations and trade play in the rise of the Mesopotamians? What innovations led to turning points in the histories of these societies? How widely did they trade? 9. Compare and contrast the religious beliefs of the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Assyrians. What do the differences tell us about these societies? 10. What were the underlying principles of Hammurabi's code of laws and what does the law code tell us about the kind of society that existed in Mesopotamia at the time? 2

3 11. What were the major achievements of the Egyptians? How did they influence later societies? 12. Discuss the concept of an afterlife. Why did the Egyptians reach a complex understanding of this concept before the Mesopotamians? Does this mean that the Egyptians were morbid? 13. Examine the social structure of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. What were the conditions for women like during this period? 14. How did climatic change influence the early development of African cultures? 15. Examine the illustration of Osiris on page 69. What does this ceremony tell us about the Egyptian view of death, morality, and the afterworld? 3

4 Vocabulary List Term Definition/Significance Hominids Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo sapiens Paleolithic Neandertal Venus figurines 4

5 Pre-history Cave paintings Social distinctions Hunting & gathering Natufian society Neolithic Domestication Agriculture 5

6 Metallurgy Textiles Social inequality Catal huyuk Urbanization Patriarchal Matriarchal City-states 6

7 Nomads Sumerians Mesopotamia Semitic Phoenician Ziggurats Sargon of Akkad Hammurabi s Laws 7

8 Lex talionis Epic of Gilgamesh Assyrians Nebuchadnezzar Bronze & Iron Metallurgy Cuneiform Hebrews Israelites 8

9 Jews Monotheism Polytheism Yahweh Hittites Pastoralism Sedentary Trade networks 9

10 Indo-European War chariots Migrations Nile river Nubia Archaic Period Egypt Old Kingdom Pharaohs 10

11 Kush Menes Hyksos Egypt New Kingdom Hatshepsut Iron metallurgy (Africa) Hieroglyphic Meroitic 11

12 Egyptian Gods Mummification Hieratic Osiris Bantu Cataracts Pyramids Scribes 12

13 13

14 1. Which of the following statements about Australopithecus is NOT true? a. They produced cleavers and hand axes. b. They traveled deliberately over distances as far as fifteen kilometers. c. They walked on two legs, thus freeing their arms to work independently. d. They produced choppers and scrapers. e. They were hominids. 2. Which of the following statements is true of the inhabitants of the Paleolithic age? a. They had mastered writing. b. They domesticated animals c. They were hunters and gatherers. d. They had discovered agriculture. e. They had mastered working with iron. 3. Cities differed from Neolithic villages in two principal ways. First, cities were larger and more complex than Neolithic villages. The second difference was that a. cities served the needs of their inhabitants and immediate neighbors. b. cities decisively influenced the economic, political, and cultural life of large regions. c. cities were less advanced militarily. d. cities had populations in the thousands. e. cities had protective deities. 4. While Hammurabi's code was based on the concept of lex talionis, it was also shaped by a. A. social standing. b. the will of the Mesopotamian gods as expressed by the priestly class. c. the language spoken by the accused perpetrator. d. the age of the accused perpetrator. e. the religion of the victim. 5. Conditions for women in Mesopotamia a. increased dramatically over the centuries. b. reached their high point during the time of the Assyrians. c. grew increasingly worse over time. d. improved dramatically when women were allowed to do away with the veil. e. were always very good; women had tremendous personal freedoms. 6. The most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia were the a. Assyrians. b. Aryans. c. Hebrews. d. Babylonians. e. Hittites. 7. The early Sudanic societies recognized a single divine force as the source of good and evil, and they associated it with a. fire. b. the ocean. c. the sun. d. rain. e. the moon. 14

15 8. Pharaohs in the New Kingdom were a. more powerful than pharaohs of the Old Kingdom. b. descended from a line of Babylonian kings. c. set on the throne by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar. d. more vigorous in their attempts to extend Egyptian authority beyond the Nile valley and delta. e. sacrificed at age thirty-two to insure a bountiful harvest. 9. Around 760 B.C.E. the Kushite king Kashta a. officially converted to the Egyptian gods. b. founded a dynasty that ruled Egypt for around a hundred years. c. formed a long-lasting trading agreement with Egypt, marking their first contact. d. surrendered to Assyrian domination. e. surrendered to Egyptian domination. 10. In Africa, iron metallurgy a. was introduced by Persian merchants. b. did not appear until after the rise of trans-saharan trade. c. arose independently. d. began after an odd meeting between a Kushite king and the Egyptian explorer Harkhuf. e. was imported into the continent by trade with the Mesopotamians. 11. Osiris judged whether or not souls were worthy of immortality a. by weighing their hearts against a feather symbolizing justice. b. through their completion of a journey full of tests. c. through the individual's level of sincere faith in Osiris as a redeemer. d. by examining their holiness at the moment of their death. e. through their adherence to the code of Hammurabi. 12. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of a. invasions from the Mediterranean basin. b. a conscious desire for conquest. c. the threat of epidemic disease. d. a desire to spread their monotheistic faith. e. population pressures. 15

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