The Rambam: From ADAM to a Just World Order

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1 ת( The Rambam: From ADAM to a Just World Order "םםםם human- Part 1: Being fully ד ד א means realizing the divine potential of the human species Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah: Chapter 4, Halachot You can never see matter without form, or form without matter. But the human mind divides in thought an existing body into its constituents and recognizes that it is made up of matter and form. It also knows that in some objects, the matter is composed of the four elements; while in others, it is simple, consisting of one substance. The forms that are devoid of matter cannot be perceived with the physical eye but only with the mind s eye; in the same way that we are conscious of the Lord of the Universe, without physical vision. 8. The vital principle of all flesh is the form that God has given it. The additional intelligence found in the human soul ( בּ נ פ שׁוֹ שׁ לּ אָד ם ) is the form the definition and essence - of realized human 1 consciousness ( צוּר ת האָד ם ). It is about this form that the Torah says Let us make man ם) (אָד in our image, after our likeness (Geri. I26). This means that he should have a form (that is, a definition and essence) capable of knowing and grasping spiritual realities, like the angels who are essences and truths with no physicality, until he becomes like them himself Part 2: Realizing the divine potential of the human species means focusing one's consciousness completely on God (and "God" means ultimate value). שמונה פרקים לרמב"ם פרק ה מהדורת שילת, ירושלים תשנ"ו (מפרויקט השו"ת). הפרק החמישי - בשימוש בכוחות הנפש לתכלית אחת. ראוי לאדם להעביד כוחות נפשו כולם לפי הדעת, כפי שהקדמנו בפרק אשר לפני זה, ולשים לנגד עיניו תכלית אחת, והיא: השגת ה', יתפאר ויתרומם, כפי יכולת האדם, רצוני לומר: ידיעתו. וישים פעולותיו כולן, תנועותיו ומנוחותיו וכל דיבוריו, מביאים אל זאת התכלית, עד שלא יהיה בפעולותיו בשום פנים דבר מפועל ההבל, רצוני לומר: פועל שלא יביא אל זאת התכלית......ויהיו פעולותינו פעולות אנושיות, מביאות אל המעלות והאמיתות. כי האדם, אם יגש לאכול מאכל תאוה, ערב לחך, טוב הריח, והוא מזיק ומפסיד, ואפשר שיהיה סיבה למחלה מסוכנת או למיתת פתאום - הנה זה והבהמה שוים. ואין זה פועל האדם מאשר הוא אדם, ואמנם הוא פועל האדם מאשר הוא בעל חיים, הלים מט, כא) "נמשל כבהמות נדמו". ואמנם יהיה פועל אנושי אם יקח המועיל בלבד, ופעמים שיניח היותר ערב ויאכל היותר נמאס, לפי בקשת המועיל. וזה הוא פועל לפי הדעת, ובזה ייבדל האדם בפעולותיו מזולתו. וכן אם יבעל כל אימת שיתאוה, מבלי שישגיח בנזק ובתועלת - הנה זה הפועל לו מאשר הוא בעל חיים, לא מאשר הוא אדם. 1 "Form definition and essence" in my attempt to express what Aristotelian form means to the Rambam. 1

2 [...] וכאשר ישים האדם כוונתו מענין זה, יתבטל מפעולותיו ויחסר מדיבוריו הרבה מאד. כי מי שידבק בזאת הכוונה, לא יתעורר לפתח הכתלים בזהב, או לעשות ריקום זהב בבגד; אלא אם כן יכוון בזה להרחיב נפשו, כדי שתבריא, ויגורש חוליה ממנה, עד שתהיה בהירה וזכה לקבל החוכמות, כדרך שאמרו: "דירה נאה ואשה נאה ומטה מוצעת לתלמידי חכמים". כי הנפש תילאה והמחשבה תעכר בהתמדת העיון בדברים הקשים, כמו שיתעייף הגוף בהתעסקו במלאכות המייגעות, עד שינוח וישקוט, ואז יחזור לשיוויו. כן תצטרך הנפש גם כן להרגע, ולעסוק במנוחת חושים, כמו ההסתכלות בציורים ובדברים הנאים, עד שתסור ממנה הליאות, כמו שיאמרו: "כי חלשי רבנן מגירסא". וקרוב הדבר שעל זה האופן לא יהיו אלו רעות, ולא פעולות הבל, רצוני לומר: ההתעוררות לעשיית הפיתוחים והקשוטים בבניינים ובכלים ובבגדים. ודע, כי זאת המדרגה היא מדרגה עליונה מאד וקשה, ולא ישיגוה אלא מעט, ואחרי הרגל גדול מאד. וכשתזדמן מציאות אדם שזה עניינו - לא אומר שהוא למטה מן הנביאים, רצוני לומר: שהוא ינהיג כוחות נפשו כולם, וישים תכליתם ה' יתעלה לבד, ולא יעשה מעשה גדול ולא קטן, ולא ידבר מלה, אלא אם זה המעשה או זה הדיבור יביאו אל מעלה, או אל מה שיביא למעלה, והוא יחשוב ויתבונן בכל מעשה ותנועה, ויראה המביא הוא אל התכלית ההיא או אינו מביא, ואז יעשהו. וזה הוא אשר דרש ממנו יתעלה שנכוון אליו, באומרו: (דברים ו, ה) "ואהבת את ה' אלהיך בכל לבבך ובכל נפשך", רצונו לומר: בכל חלקי נפשך, שתשים תכלית כל חלק ממנה תכלית אחת, והיא: לאהבה את ה'. וכבר זרזו הנביאים עליהם השלום גם כן על זה הענין, ואמרו: (משלי ג, ו) "בכל דרכיך דעהו Maimonides' Eight Chapters, Chapter Five Trans. Joseph Gorfinkle. CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF MAN S PSYCHIC FACULTIES TOWARDS THE ATAINMENT OF A SINGLE GOAL As we have explained in the preceding chapter, it is the duty of man to subordinate all the faculties of his soul to his reason. He must keep his mind s eye fixed constantly upon one goal, namely, the attainment of the knowledge of God (may He be blessed!), as far as it is possible for mortal man to know Him. Consequently, one must so adjust all his actions, his whole conduct, and even his very words, that they lead to this goal, in order that none of his deeds be aimless, and thus retard the attainment of that end and thereby human activities are rendered true virtues 2. The man who insists upon indulging in savory, sweet smelling and palatable food although it be injurious, and possibly may lead to serious illness or sudden death ought, in my opinion, to be classed with the beasts. His conduct is not that of a man in so far as he is a being endowed with understanding, but it is rather the action of a man in so far as he is a member of the animal kingdom, and so he is like the beasts who perish. Man acts like a human being only when he eats that which is wholesome, at times avoiding the agreeable, and partaking of the disagreeable in his search for the beneficial. Such conduct is in accordance with the dictates of reason, and by these acts man is distinguished from all other beings If man has this as his ideal, he will dispense with many of his customary deeds, and refrain from a great deal of ordinary conversation. He who follows this line of conduct will not trouble himself with adorning his walls with golden ornaments, nor with decorating his garments with golden fringe, unless it be for the purpose of enlivening his soul, and thus restoring it to health, or of banishing sickness from it, so that it shall become clear and pure, and thus be in the proper condition to acquire wisdom, Therefore, our Rabbis of blessed memory say, It is becoming that a sage should have a pleasant dwelling, a beautiful wife, and domestic comfort (Bavli Shabbat 25b); for one becomes weary, and one s mind dulled by continued mental concentration upon difficult problems. Thus, just as the body becomes exhausted from hard labor, and then by rest and refreshment recovers, so is it necessary for the mind to have relaxation by gazing upon pictures and 2 Rambam is actually talking about medicine in this sentence, but the distinction he makes here between human and beast applies to the intellectual ideal laid out in the first paragraph, also. 2

3 other beautiful objects, that its weariness may be dispelled. Accordingly, it is related (Bavli Shabbat 30b) that when the Rabbis became exhausted from study, they were accustomed to engage in entertaining conversation (in order to refresh themselves). From this point of view, therefore, the use of pictures and embroideries for beautifying the house, the furniture, and the clothes is not to be considered immoral nor unnecessary. Know that to live according to this standard is to arrive at a very high degree of perfection, which, in consequence of the difficulty of attainment, only a few, after long and continuous perseverance on the paths of virtue, have succeeded in reaching. If there be found a man who has accomplished this that is one who exerts all the faculties of his soul, and directs them towards the sole ideal of comprehending God, using all his powers of mind and body, be they great or small, for the attainment of that which leads directly or indirectly to virtue I would place him in a rank not lower than that of the prophets. Such a man, before he does a single act or deed, considers and reflects whether or not it will bring him to that goal, and if it will, then, and then only, does he do it. Such striving does the Almighty require of us, according to the words, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might (Deut. 6:5), that is, with all the faculties of thy soul, each faculty having as its sole ideal the love of God. The prophets, similarly, urge us on in saying, In all thy ways know Him (Proverbs 3:6) Part 3: Focusing one's consciousness completely on God means serving God "from ה ל כּוֹת תּ שׁוּב ה פּ ר ק י משנה תורה מנוקד:./ פה ושם שיניתי את העיצוב או אפילו את הטקסט (על פי מהדורות אחרות). love". א) אַל י אמ ר אָד ם ה ר ינ י עוֹשׂ ה מ צ ווֹת ה תּוֹר ה ו עוֹס ק בּ ח כ מ ת הּ, כּ ד י שׁ א ק בּ ל ה בּ ר כוֹת ה כּ תוּבוֹת בּ תּוֹר ה אוֹ כּ ד י שׁ א ז כּ ה ל ח יּ י ה עוֹל ם ה בּ א; ו א פ ר שׁ מ ן ה ע ב רוֹת שׁ ה ז ה יר ה תּוֹר ה מ ה ן, כּ ד י שׁ א נּ צ ל מ ן ה קּ ל לוֹת ה כּ תוּבוֹת בּ תּוֹר ה אוֹ כּ ד י שׁ לּ א א כּ ר ת מ ח יּ י ה עוֹל ם ה בּ א. א ין ר אוּי ל ע ב ד א ת ה', ע ל דּ ר ך זוֹ: שׁ ה עוֹב ד ע ל דּ ר ך זוֹ, הוּא עוֹב ד מ יּ ר אָה; ו א ינ הּ מ ע ל ת ה נּ ב יא ים, ו ל א מ ע ל ת ה ח כ מ ים. ו א ין עוֹב ד א ת ה' ע ל דּ ר ך זוֹ, א ל א ע מּ י ה אָר ץ ו ה נּ שׁ ים ו ה קּ ט נּ ים, שׁ מּ ח נּ כ ין אוֹת ן ל ע ב ד מ יּ ר אָה, ע ד שׁ תּ ר בּ ה דּ ע תּ ן ו י ע ב דוּ מ אַה ב ה. ב) ה עוֹב ד מ אַה ב ה, עוֹס ק בּ תּוֹר ה וּב מּ צ ווֹת ו הוֹל ך בּ נ ת יבוֹת ה ח כ מ ה--ל א מ פּ נ י דּ ב ר בּ עוֹל ם, ל א מ פּ נ י י ר אַת ה ר ע ה, ו ל א כּ ד י ל יר שׁ ה טּוֹב ה: א ל א עוֹשׂ ה ה א מ ת, מ פּ נ י שׁ הוּא א מ ת; ו סוֹף ה טּוֹב ה ל בוֹא בּ כ ל ל. וּמ ע ל ה זוֹ ה יא מ ע ל ה גּ דוֹל ה ע ד מ אוֹד, ו א ין כּ ל ח כ ם זוֹכ ה ל הּ. ו ה יא מ ע ל ת אַב ר ה ם אָב ינוּ, שׁ קּ ר אוֹ ה קּ דוֹשׁ בּ רוּך הוּא אוֹה בוֹ ל פ י שׁ לּ א ע ב ד א ל א מ אַה ב ה. ו ה יא ה מּ ע ל ה שׁ צּ וּ נוּ בּ הּ ה קּ דוֹשׁ בּ רוּך הוּא ע ל י ד י מ שׁ ה ר בּ נוּ, שׁ נּ א מ ר "ו אָה ב תּ, א ת ה' א ל ה יך, בּ כ ל-ל ב ב ך וּב כ ל-נ פ שׁ ך, וּב כ ל-מ א ד ך " (דברים ו,ה). וּב ז מ ן שׁ יּ א ה ב א ת ה' אַה ב ה ה ר אוּי ה, מ יּ ד י ע שׂ ה כּ ל ה מּ צ ווֹת מ אַה ב ה. ג) ו כ יצ ד ה יא ה אַה ב ה ה ר אוּי ה: הוּא שׁ יּ א ה ב א ת ה' אַה ב ה גּ דוֹל ה י ת ר ה ר בּ ה, ע זּ ה ע ד מ אוֹד, ע ד שׁ תּ ה א נ פ שׁוֹ ק שׁוּר ה בּ אַה ב ת ה', ו נ מ צ א שׁוֹג ה בּ הּ תּ מ יד--כּ א לּוּ חוֹל י ה אַה ב ה, שׁ א ין דּ ע תּ ם פּ נוּי ה מ אַה ב ת אוֹת הּ א שּׁ ה שׁ הוּא שׁוֹג ה בּ הּ תּ מ יד, בּ ין בּ שׁ כ בוֹ בּ ין בּ קוּמוֹ, בּ ין בּ שׁ ע ה שׁ הוּא אוֹכ ל ו שׁוֹת ה. י ת ר מ זּ ה תּ ה י ה אַה ב ת ה' בּ ל ב אוֹה ב יו, ו שׁוֹג ים בּ הּ תּ מ יד, כּ מוֹ שׁ צּ וּ נוּ, "בּ כ ל-ל ב ב ך וּב כ ל-נ פ שׁ ך " (דברים ו,ה; דברים י,יב; דברים ל,ו). ו הוּא שׁ שּׁ ל מ ה אוֹמ ר דּ ר ך מ שׁ ל, "כּ י-חוֹל ת אַה ב ה, אָנ י" (שיר השירים ב,ה); ו כ ל שׁ יר ה שּׁ יר ים מ שׁ ל הוּא ל ע נ י ן ז ה. ד) אָמ רוּ ח כ מ ים ה ר אשׁוֹנ ים, שׁ מּ א תּ אמ ר ה ר ינ י ל מ ד תּוֹר ה בּ שׁ ב יל שׁ א ה י ה ע שׁ יר, בּ שׁ ב יל שׁ א קּ ר א ר בּ י, בּ שׁ ב יל שׁ א ק בּ ל שׂ כ ר בּ עוֹל ם ה בּ א; תּ ל מ ד לוֹמ ר, "ל אַה ב ה א ת-ה'" (דברים יא,יג; ועוד)--כּ ל שׁ אַתּ ם עוֹשׂ ים, ל א ת ע שׂוּ א ל א מ אַה ב ה. ו עוֹד אָמ רוּ ח כ מ ים, "בּ מ צ ו ת יו, ח פ ץ מ א ד" (תהילים קיב,א)--"בּ מ צ ו ת יו", ו ל א בּ שׂ כ ר מ צ ווֹת יו. ו כ ן ה יוּ גּ דוֹל י ה ח כ מ ים מ צ וּ ים ל נ בוֹנ י תּ ל מ יד יה ם וּמ שׂ כּ יל יה ם בּ יּ חוּד, אַל תּ ה יוּ כּ ע ב ד ים ה מּ שׁ מּ שׁ ים א ת ה ר ב ע ל מ נ ת ל ק בּ ל טוֹב ה; א ל א ה יוּ כּ ע ב ד ים ה מּ שׁ מּ שׁ ים א ת ה ר ב ע ל מ נ ת שׁ לּ א ל ק בּ ל כּ לוּם--א ל א מ פּ נ י שׁ הוּא ה ר ב, ר אוּי ל שׁ מּ שׁוֹ: כּ לוֹמ ר, ע ב דוּ מ אַה ב ה. 3

4 ה) כּ ל ה עוֹס ק בּ תּוֹר ה כּ ד י ל ק בּ ל שׂ כ ר, אוֹ כּ ד י שׁ לּ א ת גּ יע ע ד יו פּ ר ע נוּת--ה ר י ז ה עוֹס ק בּ הּ שׁ לּ א ל שׁ מ הּ. בּ הּ ל א ל י ר אָה, ו ל א ל ק בּ ל שׂ כ ר, א ל א מ פּ נ י אַה ב ת א דוֹן כּ ל ה אָר ץ שׁ צּ וּ ה בּ הּ--ה ר י ז ה עוֹס ק בּ הּ ל שׁ מ הּ. ח כ מ ים, ל עוֹל ם י ע ס ק אָד ם בּ תּוֹר ה, אַפ לּוּ שׁ לּ א ל שׁ מ הּ--שׁ מּ תּוֹך שׁ לּ א ל שׁ מ הּ, בּ א ל שׁ מ הּ. ו כ ל ה עוֹס ק ו אָמ רוּ ל פ יכּ ך כּ שׁ מּ ל מּ ד ין א ת ה קּ ט נּ ים ו א ת ה נּ שׁ ים וּכ ל ל ע מּ י ה אָר ץ, א ין מ ל מּ ד ין אוֹת ן א ל א ל ע ב ד מ יּ ר אָה וּכ ד י ל ק בּ ל שׂ כ ר, ע ד שׁ תּ ר בּ ה דּ ע תּ ן ו י ת ח כּ מוּ ח כ מ ה י ת ר ה, מ גּ לּ ין ל ה ן ר ז ז ה מ ע ט מ ע ט; וּמ ר גּ יל ין אוֹת ן ל ע נ י ן ז ה בּ נ ח ת, ע ד שׁ יּ שּׂ יגוּהוּ ו י ד עוּהוּ ו י ע ב דוּ מ אַה ב ה. ו) דּ ב ר י דוּע וּב רוּר שׁ א ין אַה ב ת ה קּ דוֹשׁ בּ רוּך הוּא נ ק שׁ ר ת בּ ל בּוֹ שׁ לּ אָד ם, ע ד שׁ יּ שׁ גּ ה בּ הּ תּ מ יד כּ ר אוּי ו י ע ז ב כּ ל שׁ בּ עוֹל ם חוּץ מ מּ נּ ה כּ מוֹ שׁ צּ וּ ה ו אָמ ר "בּ כ ל-ל ב ב ך וּב כ ל-נ פ שׁ ך" (דברים ו,ה; דברים י,יב; דברים ל,ו): א ל א בּ ד ע ה 3 שׁ יּ ד ע הוּ. ו ע ל פּ י ה דּ ע ה תהיה ה אַה ב ה-א ם מ ע ט מ ע ט, ו א ם ה ר בּ ה ה ר בּ ה. ל פ יכּ ך צ ר יך ה אָד ם ל י ח ד ע צ מוֹ ל ה ב ין וּל ה שׂ כּ יל בּ ח כ מוֹת וּת בוּנוֹת ה מּוֹד יע ין לוֹ א ת קוֹנוֹ כּ פ י כּוֹח שׁ יּ שׁ בּ אָד ם ל ה ב ין וּל ה שּׂ יג, כּ מוֹ שׁ בּ אַר נוּ בּ ה ל כּוֹת י סוֹד י ה תּוֹר ה. Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Teshuvah, Chapter 10 Trans. Eliyahu Touger ( I made considerable changes. Halacha 1 A person should not say: "I will fulfill the mitzvot of the Torah and occupy myself in its wisdom in order to receive all the blessings which are contained within it or in order to merit the life of the world to come. And I will separate myself from all the sins which the Torah warned against so that I will be saved from all the curses contained in the Torah or so that I will not be cut off from the life of the world to come." It is not fitting to serve God in this manner. A person whose service is motivated by these factors is considered one who serves out of fear. He is not on the level of the prophets or of the wise. The only ones who serve God in this manner are common people, women, and minors. They are trained to serve God out of fear until their knowledge increases so that they can serve out of love. Halacha 2 One who serves [God] out of love, occupies himself in the Torah and the mitzvot and walks in the paths of wisdom not for any thing in the world: not because of fear of evil; not so as to acquire benefit. Rather, he does what is true because it is true, and ultimately, good will come because of it. [alt. trans.: "he does what is truly right because it is truly right"] This is a very high level which is not merited by every wise man. It is the level of our Patriarch, Abraham, whom God described as, "he who loved Me," for his service was only motivated by love. God commanded us to seek this rung [of service] through Moses as it is said (Deuteronomy 6:5): "Love the Lord Your God with all your heart, and with your soul, and with everything you have.'' When one loves God in the proper manner, he will immediately perform all of the mitzvot from love. Halacha 3 What does this love look like? That a person should love God with a very great and exceeding love until his soul is bound up in the love of God; like those that are sick with love so that their thoughts are never empty of their love for some woman about which they think at all times: [such a one] is always obsessed with her; when he sits down, when he gets up, when he eats and drinks. Even more so is the love of God in the hearts of those who love Him, and they are possessed by that love at all times, as we are commanded (Deuteronomy 6:5) " with all your heart and with all soul." 4 3 וכאן חוזר הרמב"ם על העקרון שלמדנו לעיל מן הפרק החמישי של שמונה פרקים: מחייבת הקדשת כל כוחות הגוף והנפש לידיעת ה'. השלמת צורת "האדם"

5 This concept was implied by Solomon [Song of Songs 2:5] when he stated, by way of parable, "I am lovesick", and the totality of the Song of Songs is a parable describing [this love]. Halacha 4 The first Sages declared: Lest one say "I will study Torah in order that I become wealthy, in order that I be called a Rabbi, or in order that I receive reward in the world to come", The Torah teaches: [Deuteronomy 11:13]: '[If you are careful to observe My commandments...to love God' whatever you, always do it from love! The Sages also quoted (Psalms 112:1): "Desire His commandments greatly." [From this they learned: Desire His commandments and not the reward which comes from His commandments! In a similar manner, the great Sages specifically would command the more understanding and brilliant among their students: " Do not be like servants who serve their master [for the sake of receiving a reward]. Rather, since He is the Master, it is fitting to serve Him;" i.e., serve out of love. Halacha 5 Anyone who occupies himself with the Torah in order to receive reward or in order to protect himself from retribution is considered as one who is not occupied for the God's sake (lishmah). [In contrast,] anyone who occupies himself with it, not because of fear, nor to receive a reward, but rather because of his love for the Lord of the entire earth who commanded it, is one who occupies himself for God's sake (lishmah) Nevertheless, our Sages declared: A person should always occupy himself with the Torah even when it is not for God's sake for out of [service which is not intended] for God's sake will come service that is intended for God's sake. Therefore, when one teaches children, women, and most of the common people, one should teach them to serve out of fear and in order to receive a reward. As their knowledge grows and their wisdom increases, this secret should be revealed to them, bit by bit. They should become accustomed to this concept gradually until they grasp it and know it and begin serving out of love. Halacha 6 It is a well-known and clear matter that the love of God will not become attached within a person's heart until he is continuously and thoroughly possessed by it and gives up everything else in the world for it, as it is written [Deuteronomy 6:5: "Love God, your Lord,] with all your heart and all your soul. One can only love God out of the knowledge with which he knows Him. According to the knowledge will be the love. If a little, then a little, and if a lot, then a lot. A person ought therefore to dedicate himself to know and to understand the kind of wisdom and forms of knowledge that reveal God to him in so far as human beings can understand, as we explained in Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah. Part 4: God's two-fold plan for realizing the divine potential of the human species. The Guide to the Perplexed, Part III, Ch. 27. Guide for the Perplexed, by Moses Maimonides, Friedländer tr. [1904], at sacred-texts.com. I've changed the paragraphs, added emphasis, and changed the translation here and there in light of other versions. THE general object of the Law is twofold: the well-being of the soul, and the well-being of the body. The well-being of the soul is promoted by correct opinions communicated to the people 5

6 according to their capacity 4. Some of these opinions are therefore imparted in a plain form, others allegorically: because certain opinions are in their plain form too strong for the capacity of the common people. The well-being of the body is established by a proper management of the relations in which we live one to another. This we can attain in two ways: first by removing all violence from our midst: that is to say, that we do not do every one as he pleases, desires, and is able to do; but every one of us does that which contributes towards the common welfare. Secondly, by teaching every one of us such good morals as must produce a good social state. Of these two objects, the one, the well-being of the soul, or the communication of correct opinions, comes undoubtedly first in rank, but the other, the well-being of the body, the government of the state, and the establishment of the best possible relations among men, is anterior in nature and time. The latter object [the well being of the body] is required first; it is also treated [in the Law] most carefully and most minutely, because the well-being of the soul can only be obtained after that of the body has been secured. For it has already been found that man has a double perfection: the first perfection is that of the body, and the second perfection is that of the soul. The first consists in the most healthy condition of his material relations, and this is only possible when man has all his wants supplied, as they arise; if he has his food, and other things needful for his body, e.g., shelter, bath, and the like. But one man alone cannot procure all this; it is impossible for a single man to obtain this comfort; it is only possible in society, since man, as is well known, is by nature social. The second perfection of man consists in his becoming an actually intelligent being; i.e., he knows about the things in existence all that a person perfectly developed is capable of knowing. This second perfection certainly does not include any action or good conduct, but only knowledge, which is arrived at by speculation, or established by research. It is clear that the second and superior kind of perfection can only be attained when the first perfection has been acquired; for a person that is suffering from great hunger, thirst, heat, or cold, cannot grasp an idea even if communicated by others, much less can he arrive at it by his own reasoning. But when a person is in possession of the first perfection, then he may possibly acquire the second perfection, which is undoubtedly of a superior kind, and is alone the source of eternal life. 5 The true Law, which as we said is one, and beside which there is no other Law, the Law of our teacher Moses, has for its purpose to give us the twofold perfection. It aims first at the 4 These "correct opinions" characterize the state of realized consciousness discussed in Class One above. All the stuff about perfection and transcendence and realization of divine potential is included in what Rambam here calls the "wellbeing of the soul". All this is implied by "correct opinions" because these opinions are pure truth, a sort of intellectual divine light in the Rambam's thinking. When you're a realized person, what you think about all day are these kinds of transcendent spiritual forms. 5 Through the well being of the soul one achieves eternal life, because such a person's whole existence is directed the transcendent and eternal truths of God's illumination, and thus there is nothing temporal about such a person that could really "die". Upon physical death the realized human being' already fully cleaving to eternal truth in life, sheds the body and becomes part of eternal truth itself. 6

7 establishment of good mutual relations among men by removing injustice and creating the noblest feelings. In this way the people in every land are enabled to stay and continue in one condition, and every one can acquire his first perfection. Secondly, it seeks to train us in faith, and to impart correct and true opinions when the intellect is sufficiently developed. Scripture clearly mentions the twofold perfection, and tells us that its acquisition is the object of all the divine commandments. Comp. "And the Lord commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the Lord our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive as it is this day" (Deut. vi. 24). Here the second perfection is first mentioned because it is of greater importance, being, as we have shown, the ultimate aim of man's existence. This perfection is expressed in the phrase, "for our good always." You know the interpretation of our Sages, "'that it may be well with thee' (ibid. xxii. 7), namely, in the world that is all good, 'and that thou mayest prolong thy days' (ibid.), i.e., in the world that is all eternal." In the same sense I explain the words, "for our good always," to mean that we may come into the world that is all good and eternal, where we may live permanently; and the words, "that he might preserve us alive as it is this day, "I explain as referring to our first and temporal existence, to that of our body, which cannot be in a perfect and good condition except by the co-operation of society, as has been shown by us. Part 5: The Just World Order: Perfection in both the physical-temporal, and the spiritual-eternal, dimensions משנה תורה מנוקד ממכון ממרא.. עשיתי שינוים פה ושם על פי מהדורות אחרות. ה ל כּוֹת מ ל כ ים וּמ ל ח מוֹת פּ ר ק יב א אַל י ע ל ה ע ל ה לּ ב שׁ בּ ימוֹת ה מּ שׁ יח, י בּ ט ל דּ ב ר מ מּ נ ה גוֹ שׁ לּ עוֹל ם, אוֹ י ה י ה שׁ ם ח דּוּשׁ בּ מ ע שׂ ה בּ ר אשׁ ית; א ל א עוֹל ם כּ מ נ ה גוֹ הוֹל ך. ו ז ה שׁ נּ א מ ר בּ ישׁ ע י ה "ו ג ר ז א ב ע ם-כּ ב שׂ, ו נ מ ר ע ם-גּ ד י י ר בּ ץ" (ישעיהו יא,ו), מ שׁ ל ו ח יד ה. ע נ י ן ה דּ ב ר- -שׁ יּ ה יוּ י שׂ ר א ל יוֹשׁ ב ין ל ב ט ח ע ם ר שׁ ע י ה עוֹל ם, ה מּ שׁוּל ים בּ ז א ב ו נ מ ר: ע ר יה ם" (ירמיהו ה,ו). שׁ נּ א מ ר "ז א ב ע ר בוֹת י שׁ ד ד ם--נ מ ר שׁ ק ד ע ל- ו י ח ז רוּ כּ לּ ם ל ד ת ה א מ ת, ו ל א י ג ז לוּ ו ל א י שׁ ח יתוּ, א ל א י אכ לוּ דּ ב ר ה מּ תּ ר בּ נ ח ת כּ י שׂ ר א ל, שׁ נּ א מ ר "ו אַר י ה, כּ בּ ק ר י אכ ל-תּ ב ן" (ישעיהו יא,ז; ישעיהו סה,כה). ו כ ן כּ ל כּ יּוֹצ א בּ א לּוּ ה דּ ב ר ים ה כּ תוּב ין בּ ע נ י ן ה מּ שׁ יח, מ שׁ ל ים ה ם; וּב ימוֹת ה מּ ל ך ה מּ שׁ יח י וּ ד ע ל כּ ל ל א יז ה דּ ב ר ה יוּ מ שׁ ל, וּמ ה ע נ י ן ר מוּז בּ ה ן. ב אָמ רוּ ח כ מ ים, א ין בּ ין ה עוֹל ם ה זּ ה ל ימוֹת ה מּ שׁ יח, א ל א שׁ ע בּוּד מ ל כ יּוֹת בּ ל ב ד. י ר א ה מ פּ שׁוּט ן שׁ לּ ד ב ר י ה נּ ב יא ים, שׁ בּ ת ח לּ ת י מוֹת ה מּ שׁ יח תּ ה י ה מ ל ח מ ת גוֹג וּמ גוֹג; ו שׁ קּ ד ם מ ל ח מ ת גוֹג וּמ גוֹג, י ע מ ד נ ב יא ל י שׂ ר א ל ל י שּׁ ר י שׂ ר א ל וּל ה כ ין ל בּ ם: שׁ נּ א מ ר "ה נּ ה אָנ כ י שׁ ל ח ל כ ם, א ת א ל יּ ה ה נּ ב יא" (מלאכי ג,כג). ו א ינוּ בּ א ל א ל ט מּ א ה טּ הוֹר, ו ל א ל ט ה ר ה טּ מ א, ו ל א ל פ ס ל א נ שׁ ים שׁ ה ם בּ ח ז ק ת כּ שׁ רוּת, ו ל א ל ה כ שׁ יר מ י שׁ ה ח ז קוּ פּ סוּל ין; א ל א ל שׂוּם שׁ לוֹם בּ עוֹל ם, שׁ נּ א מ ר "ו ה שׁ יב ל ב-אָבוֹת ע ל-בּ נ ים" (מלאכי ג,כד). ו י שׁ מ ן ה ח כ מ ים שׁ אוֹמ ר ים שׁ קּ ד ם בּ יאַת ה מּ ל ך ה מּ שׁ יח, י בוֹא א ל יּ הוּ. ה יאַך י ה יוּ, ע ד שׁ יּ ה יוּ: שׁ דּ ב ר ים ס תוּמ ים ה ן א צ ל ה נּ ב יא ים. 7 ו כ ל א לּוּ ה דּ ב ר ים ו כ יּוֹצ א בּ ה ן--ל א י ד ע אָד ם גּ ם ה ח כ מ ים א ין ל ה ם ק בּ ל ה בּ ד ב ר ים א לּוּ, א ל א ל פ י ה כ ר ע ה פּ סוּק ים; וּל פ יכּ ך י שׁ ל ה ם מ ח ל ק ת בּ ד ב ר ים א לּוּ. ו ע ל כּ ל פּ נ ים, א ין ס דּוּר ה ו י ת דּ ב ר ים א לּוּ ו ל א דּ ק דּוּק ן, ע יק ר בּ דּ ת.

8 וּל עוֹל ם ל א י ת ע סּ ק אָד ם בּ ד ב ר י ה ה גּ דוֹת, ו ל א י א ר יך בּ ד ב ר י מ ד ר שׁוֹת ה א מוּר ים בּ ע נ י נ ים א לּוּ ו כ יּוֹצ א בּ ה ן; ו ל א י שׂ ימ ם ע יק ר--שׁ א ינ ן מ ב יא ין ל א ל יד י אַה ב ה, ו ל א ל יד י י ר אָה. ו כ ן ל א י ח שּׁ ב ה קּ צּ ין; אָמ רוּ ח כ מ ים, תּ פוּח דּ ע תּ ן שׁ לּ מ ח שּׁ ב י ק צּ ין. א ל א י ח כּ ה ו י א מ ין בּ כ ל ל ה דּ ב ר, כּ מוֹ שׁ בּ אַר נוּ. ג בּ ימ י ה מּ ל ך ה מּ שׁ יח, כּ שׁ תּ ת י שּׁ ב מ ל כוּתוֹ ו י ת ק בּ צוּ א ל יו כּ ל י שׂ ר א ל, י ת י ח סוּ כּ לּ ם ע ל פּ יו בּ רוּח ה קּ ד שׁ שׁ תּ נוּח ע ל יו, שׁ נּ א מ ר "ו י שׁ ב מ צ ר ף וּמ ט ה ר..." (מלאכי ג,ג). וּב נ י ל ו י מ ט ה ר תּ ח לּ ה, ו אוֹמ ר ז ה מ י ח ס כּוֹה ן ו ז ה מ י ח ס ל ו י, ו דוֹח ה א ת שׁ א ינ ן מ י ח ס ין ל י שׂ ר א ל: ה ר י הוּא אוֹמ ר "ו יּ אמ ר ה תּ ר שׁ ת א ל ה ם... ע ד ע מ ד כּ ה ן, ל אוּר ים וּל ת מּ ים" (עזרא ב,סג). ה נּ ה ל מ ד תּ שׁ בּ רוּח ה קּ ד שׁ מ ת י ח ס ין ה מּ ח ז ק ין, וּמוֹד יע ין ה מּ י ח ס. ו א ינוּ מ י ח ס י שׂ ר א ל א ל א ל שׁ ב ט יה ם, שׁ מּוֹד יע שׁ זּ ה מ שּׁ ב ט פּ לוֹנ י ו ז ה מ שּׁ ב ט פּ לוֹנ י. הוּא שׁ מּ שׁ פּ ח ה שׁ נּ ט מ ע ה, נ ט מ ע ה. א ב ל א ינוּ אוֹמ ר ע ל שׁ ה ן בּ ח ז ק ת כּ שׁ רוּת, ז ה מ מ ז ר ו ז ה ע ב ד--שׁ ה דּ ין ד ל א נ ת אַוּוּ ה נּ ב יא ים ו ה ח כ מ ים י מוֹת ה מּ שׁ י ח--ל א כּ ד י שׁ יּ שׁ ל טוּ ע ל כּ ל ה עוֹל ם, ו ל א כּ ד י שׁ יּ ר דוּ בּ גּוֹי ים, ו ל א כּ ד י שׁ יּ נ שּׂ אוּ אוֹת ם ה ע מּ ים, ו ל א כּ ד י ל א כ ל ו ל שׁ תּוֹת ו ל שׂ מ ח : א ל א כּ ד י שׁ יּ ה יוּ פּ נוּי ין בּ תּוֹר ה ו ח כ מ ת הּ, ו ל א י ה י ה ל ה ם נוֹג שׂ וּמ ב טּ ל, כּ ד י שׁ יּ ז כּוּ ל ח יּ י ה עוֹל ם ה בּ א, כּ מוֹ שׁ בּ אַר נוּ בּ ה ל כּוֹת תּ שׁוּב ה. ה וּב אוֹתוֹ ה זּ מ ן, ל א י ה י ה שׁ ם ל א ר ע ב ו ל א מ ל ח מ ה ו ל א ק נ אָה ו ת ח רוּת--שׁ ה טּוֹב ה תּ ה י ה מ שׁ פּ ע ת ה ר בּ ה, ו כ ל ה מּ ע ד נּ ים מ צוּי ין כּ ע פ ר. דּ ב ר ים ה סּ תוּמ ים ה ע מוּק ים; מ כ סּ ים" (ישעיהו יא,ט). ו ל א י ה י ה ע ס ק כּ ל ה עוֹל ם, א ל א ל ד ע ת א ת ה' בּ ל ב ד. וּל פ יכּ ך י ה יוּ ח כ מ ים גּ דוֹל ים, ו יוֹד ע ים ו י שּׂ יגוּ דּ ע ת בּוֹר אָם כּ פ י כּוֹח ה אָד ם, שׁ נּ א מ ר "כּ י-מ ל אָה ה אָר ץ, דּ ע ה א ת-ה', כּ מּ י ם, ל יּ ם 8

9 Rambam's Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings, Chapter 12 Trans. Abraham M. Hershman (from The Code of Maimonides, Volume 14, Yale University Press). 9

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