How to Learn Midrash Amit Gvaryahu
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- Abel Ellis
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1 How to Learn Midrash Amit Gvaryahu איך ללמוד מדרש? עמית גבריהו יחידה :1 ממקרא לחז"ל Unit 1: From Scripture to the Rabbis Introduction Midrash is a reading method endorsed by Rabbinic Judaism for the authoritative interpretation of scripture, and follows fixed rules and patterns. In this course we will study various forms of midrash together, and it will help to have a copy of the Hebrew Bible accessible I recommend the Jewish Publication Society Hebrew/ English edition, if you need a translation at hand when you learn with your havruta. How old is midrash? The Rabbinic movement in Palestine began around the first century CE, but we can see from evidence both inside the Hebrew Bible and outside of it that the same methods of reading were already being employed several centuries previous. In this unit, we will focus on two interpretations of scripture inside scripture that can be characterized as Proto- Midrash. In the next unit, we will see some pre-rabbinic works that also employ the same methods, as well as some other ones which the Rabbis did not use. We will turn, in the third unit, to early Rabbinic midrash. הקדמה "מדרש" הוא שיטת קריאה בכתבי הקודש שהיה נהוגה בקרב היהדות הרבנית, שיטה שבעזרתה יצרה היהדות הרבנית הלכות ופירשה את פסוקי המקרא. המדרש הוא סוגה המצייתת לכללים ידועים ולתבניות קבועות. בקורס זה נלמד יחד סוגים מגוונים של מדרשים. מומלץ ללמוד עם תנ"ך שלם מודפס. הקבוצה שאנו נוהגים לכנות חז"ל (חכמינו זיכרונם לברכה), או 'הרבנים' (כפי שנהוג לכנותם באנגלית) צצה בחברה היהודית בראשית המאה הראשונה לספירה, אך שיטת הקריאה המדרשית קדמה להם. כבר בתנ"ך עצמו, ובחיבורים מתקופת בית שני המאוחרים לו, ניכרות שיטות קריאה ופרשנות שהיו נהוגות בשלהי תקופת התנ"ך. ביחידה הראשונה, שתוקדש לפרשנות פנים מקראית, נעמוד על שני מקרים שבהם כתבי הקודש מפרשים את עצמם באופן שניתן לכנותו 'ניצני מדרש'. ביחידה השנייה נלמד קטעים מכמה יצירות קדם-רבניות שמשתמשות באותן שיטות, וגם בשיטות שחז"ל בחרו שלא להשתמש בהן. ביחידה השלישית נכיר את המדרשים הרבניים הראשונים, מדרשי התנאים (הידועים בשם 'מדרשי הלכה', אף שיש בהם גם חומרים לא-הלכתיים). שיעור :1 פרשנות פנים מקראית Interpretation Lesson 1: Inner-Biblical In this unit we will focus on two triads of biblical pericopae (which are units within scripture; the singular is pericope). Choose one of them, learn it and think with your havruta: do these units know about each other? Are they reacting to each other? ביחידה זו נתמקד בשתי דוגמאות שבהן שלוש פרשיות מקראיות שונות עוסקות באותו עניין. ל מדו לפחות את אחת הפרשות עם החברותא שלכם, וחשבו: האם הפרשות מכירות זו את זו? האם הן מגיבות זו לזו?. 1 הפסח 1. The Passover Sacrifice Exodus 12:1-1 1 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt: 2 This month shall mark for you the beginning of the months; it shall be the first of the months of the year for you. 3 Speak to the whole community of Israel and say that on the tenth of this month each of them shall take a lamb to a family, a lamb to a household. 4 But if the household is too small for a lamb, let him share one with a neighbor who dwells nearby, in proportion to the שמות יב:א-יח 2 1 ו יּ אמ ר ה' א ל-מ שׁ ה ו א ל-אַה ר ן בּ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ל אמ ר. ה ח ד שׁ ה זּ ה 3 ל כ ם ר אשׁ ח ד שׁ ים ר אשׁוֹן הוּא ל כ ם ל ח ד שׁ י ה שּׁ נ ה. דּ בּ רוּ א ל-כּ ל- ע ד ת י שׂ ר א ל ל אמ ר בּ ע שׂ ר ל ח ד שׁ ה זּ ה ו י ק חוּ ל ה ם א ישׁ שׂ ה 4 ל ב ית-אָב ת שׂ ה ל בּ י ת. ו א ם-י מ ע ט ה בּ י ת מ ה יוֹת מ שּׂ ה ו ל ק ח הוּא וּשׁ כ נוֹ ה קּ ר ב א ל-בּ יתוֹ בּ מ כ ס ת נ פ שׁ ת א ישׁ ל פ י אָכ לוֹ תּ כ סּוּ ע ל- 5 ה שּׂ ה. שׂ ה ת מ ים ז כ ר בּ ן-שׁ נ ה י ה י ה ל כ ם מ ן-ה כּ ב שׂ ים וּמ ן-ה ע זּ ים 6 תּ קּ חוּ. ו ה י ה ל כ ם ל מ שׁ מ ר ת ע ד אַר בּ ע ה ע שׂ ר יוֹם ל ח ד שׁ ה זּ ה ו שׁ ח טוּ א תוֹ כּ ל ק ה ל ע ד ת-י שׂ ר א ל בּ ין ה ע ר בּ י ם. ו ל ק חוּ מ ן-ה דּ ם 1/6
2 number of persons: you shall contribute for the lamb according to what each household will eat. 5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a yearling male; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats. 6 You shall keep watch over it until the fourteenth day of this month; and all the assembled congregation of the Israelites shall slaughter it at twilight. They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and the lintel of the houses in which they are to eat it. They shall eat the flesh that same night; they shall eat it roasted over the fire, with unleavened bread and with bitter herbs. 9 Do not eat any of it raw, or cooked in any way with water, but roasted head, legs, and entrails over the fire. 10 You shall not leave any of it over until morning; if any of it is left until morning, you shall burn it. 11 This is how you shall eat it: your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it hurriedly: it is a passover offering to the Lord. 12 For that night I will go through the land of Egypt and strike down every first-born in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and I will mete out punishments to all the gods of Egypt, I the Lord. 13 And the blood on the houses where you are staying shall be a sign for you: when I see the blood I will pass over you, so that no plague will destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt. 14 This day shall be to you one of remembrance: you shall celebrate it as a festival to the Lord throughout the ages; you shall celebrate it as an institution for all time. 15 Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; on the very first day you shall remove leaven from your houses, for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day to the seventh day, that person shall be cut off from Israel. 16 You shall celebrate a sacred occasion on the first day, and a sacred occasion on the seventh day; no work at all shall be done on them; only what every person is to eat, that alone may be prepared for you. 1 You shall observe the [Feast of] Unleavened Bread, for on this very day I brought your ranks out of the land of Egypt; you shall observe this day throughout the ages as an institution for all time. 1 In the first month, from the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread until the twenty-first day of the month at evening. ו נ ת נוּ ע ל-שׁ תּ י ה מּ זוּז ת ו ע ל-ה מּ שׁ קוֹף ע ל ה בּ תּ ים א שׁ ר-י אכ לוּ א תוֹ בּ ה ם. ו אָכ לוּ א ת-ה בּ שׂ ר בּ לּ י ל ה ה זּ ה צ ל י-א שׁ וּמ צּוֹת ע ל-מ ר ר ים 9 י אכ ל הוּ. אַל-תּ אכ לוּ מ מּ נּוּ נ א וּב שׁ ל מ ב שּׁ ל בּ מּ י ם כּ י א ם-צ ל י-א שׁ 10 ר אשׁוֹ ע ל-כּ ר ע יו ו ע ל-ק ר בּוֹ. ו לא-תוֹת ירוּ מ מּ נּוּ ע ד-בּ ק ר ו ה נּ ת ר מ מּ נּוּ ע ד-בּ ק ר בּ א שׁ תּ שׂ ר פוּ. 11 ו כ כ ה תּ אכ לוּ א תוֹ מ ת נ יכ ם ח ג ר ים נ ע ל יכ ם בּ ר ג ל יכ ם וּמ קּ ל כ ם 12 בּ י ד כ ם ו א כ ל תּ ם א תוֹ בּ ח פּ זוֹן פּ ס ח הוּא ל ה'. ו ע ב ר תּ י ב א ר ץ- מ צ ר י ם בּ לּ י ל ה ה זּ ה ו ה כּ ית י כ ל-בּ כוֹר בּ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם מ אָד ם ו ע ד- 13 בּ ה מ ה וּב כ ל-א לה י מ צ ר י ם א ע שׂ ה שׁ פ ט ים א נ י ה'. ו ה י ה ה דּ ם ל כ ם ל א ת ע ל ה בּ תּ ים א שׁ ר א תּ ם שׁ ם ו ר א ית י א ת-ה דּ ם וּפ ס ח תּ י ע ל כ ם ו לא-י ה י ה ב כ ם נ ג ף ל מ שׁ ח ית בּ ה כּ ת י בּ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם. 14 ו ה י ה ה יּוֹם ה זּ ה ל כ ם ל ז כּ רוֹן ו ח גּ ת ם א תוֹ ח ג ל ה' ל ד ר ת יכ ם ח קּ ת 15 עוֹל ם תּ ח גּ הוּ. שׁ ב ע ת י מ ים מ צּוֹת תּ אכ לוּ א ך בּ יּוֹם ה ר אשׁוֹן תּ שׁ בּ יתוּ שּׂ א ר מ בּ תּ יכ ם כּ י כּ ל-א כ ל ח מ ץ ו נ כ ר ת ה ה נּ פ שׁ ה ה וא מ יּ שׂ ר א ל מ יּוֹם ה ר אשׁ ן ע ד-יוֹם ה שּׁ ב ע י. 16 וּב יּוֹם ה ר אשׁוֹן מ ק ר א-ק ד שׁ וּב יּוֹם ה שּׁ ב יע י מ ק ר א-ק ד שׁ י ה י ה ל כ ם כּ ל-מ ל אכ ה לא-י ע שׂ ה ב ה ם א ך א שׁ ר י אָכ ל ל כ ל-נ פ שׁ הוּא ל ב דּוֹ 1 י ע שׂ ה ל כ ם. וּשׁ מ ר תּ ם א ת-ה מּ צּוֹת כּ י בּ ע צ ם ה יּוֹם ה זּ ה הוֹצ את י א ת-צ ב אוֹת יכ ם מ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם וּשׁ מ ר תּ ם א ת-ה יּוֹם ה זּ ה ל ד ר ת יכ ם 1 ח קּ ת עוֹל ם. בּ ר אשׁ ן בּ אַר בּ ע ה ע שׂ ר יוֹם ל ח ד שׁ בּ ע ר ב תּ אכ לוּ מ צּ ת ע ד יוֹם ה א ח ד ו ע שׂ ר ים ל ח ד שׁ בּ ע ר ב. Deuteronomy 16:1-1 Observe the month of Abib and offer a passover sacrifice to the Lord your God, for it was in the month of Abib, at night, that the Lord your God freed you from Egypt. דברים טז:א-ח 1 שׁ מוֹר א ת-ח ד שׁ ה אָב יב ו ע שׂ ית פּ ס ח ל ה' א לה י ך כּ י בּ ח ד שׁ ה אָב יב 2 הוֹצ יא ך ה' א לה י ך מ מּ צ ר י ם ל י ל ה. ו ז ב ח תּ פּ ס ח ל ה' א לה י ך צ אן 3 וּב ק ר בּ מּ קוֹם א שׁ ר-י ב ח ר ה' ל שׁ כּ ן שׁ מוֹ שׁ ם. לא-ת אכ ל ע ל יו ח מ ץ 2/6
3 2 You shall slaughter the passover sacrifice for the Lord your God, from the flock and the herd, in the place where the Lord will choose to establish His name. 3 You shall not eat anything leavened with it; for seven days thereafter you shall eat unleavened bread, bread of distress for you departed from the land of Egypt hurriedly so that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt as long as you live. 4 For seven days no leaven shall be found with you in all your territory, and none of the flesh of what you slaughter on the evening of the first day shall be left until morning. 5 You are not permitted to slaughter the passover sacrifice in any of the settlements that the Lord your God is giving you; 6 but at the place where the Lord your God will choose to establish His name, there alone shall you slaughter the passover sacrifice, in the evening, at sundown, the time of day when you departed from Egypt. You shall cook and eat it at the place that the Lord your God will choose; and in the morning you may start back on your journey home. After eating unleavened bread six days, you shall hold a solemn gathering for the Lord your God on the seventh day: you shall do no work. שׁ ב ע ת י מ ים תּ אכ ל-ע ל יו מ צּוֹת ל ח ם ע נ י כּ י ב ח פּ זוֹן י צ את מ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ל מ ע ן תּ ז כּ ר א ת-יוֹם צ את ך מ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם כּ ל י מ י ח יּ י ך. 4 ו לא-י ר א ה ל ך שׂ א ר בּ כ ל-גּ ב ל ך שׁ ב ע ת י מ ים ו לא-י ל ין מ ן-ה בּ שׂ ר א שׁ ר תּ ז בּ ח בּ ע ר ב בּ יּוֹם ה ר אשׁוֹן ל בּ ק ר. 5 לא תוּכ ל ל ז בּ ח א ת-ה פּ ס ח בּ אַח ד שׁ ע ר י ך א שׁ ר-ה' א לה י ך נ ת ן ל ך. 6 כּ י א ם-א ל-ה מּ קוֹם א שׁ ר-י ב ח ר ה' א לה י ך ל שׁ כּ ן שׁ מוֹ שׁ ם תּ ז בּ ח א ת-ה פּ ס ח בּ ע ר ב כּ בוֹא ה שּׁ מ שׁ מוֹע ד צ את ך מ מּ צ ר י ם. וּב שּׁ ל תּ ו אָכ ל תּ בּ מּ קוֹם א שׁ ר י ב ח ר ה' א לה י ך בּוֹ וּפ נ ית ב בּ ק ר ו ה ל כ תּ ל א ה ל י ך. שׁ שׁ ת י מ ים תּ אכ ל מ צּוֹת וּב יּוֹם ה שּׁ ב יע י ע צ ר ת ל ה' א לה י ך לא ת ע שׂ ה מ ל אכ ה. דברי הימים ב לה:ז-יח 2 Chronicles 35:-1 Josiah donated to the people small cattle lambs and goats, all for passover sacrifices for all present to the sum of 30,000, and large cattle, 3,000 these from the property of the king. His officers gave a freewill offering to the people, to the priests, and to the Levites. Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, the chiefs of the House of God, donated to the priests for passover sacrifices 2,600 all cattle] and 300 large cattle. 9 Conaniah, Shemaiah, and Nethanel, his brothers, and Hashabiah and Jeiel and Jozabad, officers of the Levites, donated 5,000 all cattle] and 500 large cattle to the Levites for passover sacrifices. 10 The service was arranged well: the priests stood at their posts and the Levites in their divisions, by the king s command. 11 They slaughtered the passover sacrifice and the priests [received its blood] from them and dashed it, while the Levites flayed the animals. 12 They removed the parts to be burnt, distributing them to divisions of the people by clans, and making the sacrifices to the Lord, as prescribed in the scroll of Moses; they did the same for the cattle. 13 They roasted the passover sacrifice in fire, as prescribed, while the sacred offerings they cooked in pots, cauldrons, and pans, and conveyed them with dispatch to all the people. 14 Afterward they provided for themselves and the priests, for the Aaronite ו י ר ם י אש י הוּ ל ב נ י ה ע ם צ אן כ ב ש ים וּב נ י ע ז ים ה כ ל ל פ ס ח ים ל כ ל ה נ מ צ א ל מ ס פ ר ש לש ים א ל ף וּב ק ר ש לש ת א ל פ ים א ל ה מ ר כוּשׁ ה מ ל ך: ו ש ר יו ל נ ד ב ה ל ע ם ל כ ה נ ים ו ל ל ו י ם ה ר ימוּ ח ל ק י ה וּז כ ר י הוּ ו יח יא ל נ ג יד י ב ית ה א לה ים ל כ ה נ ים נ ת נוּ ל פ ס ח ים אַל פ י ם 9 ו ש שׁ מ אוֹת וּב ק ר ש לשׁ מ אוֹת: ו כ נ נ י הוּ וּש מ ע י הוּ וּנ ת נ א ל א ח יו ו ח ש ב י הוּ ו יע יא ל ו יוֹז ב ד ש ר י ה ל ו י ם ה ר ימוּ ל ל ו י ם ל פ ס ח ים ח מ ש ת א ל פ ים וּב ק ר ח מ שׁ מ אוֹת: 10 ו ת כּוֹן ה ע בוֹד ה ו י ע מ דוּ ה כ ה נ ים ע ל ע מ ד ם ו ה ל ו י ם ע ל מ ח ל קוֹת ם 11 כ מ צ ו ת ה מ ל ך: ו י ש ח טוּ ה פ ס ח ו י ז ר קוּ ה כ ה נ ים מ י ד ם ו ה ל ו י ם 12 מ פ ש יט ים: ו י ס ירוּ ה ע ל ה ל ת ת ם ל מ פ ל גּוֹת ל ב ית אָבוֹת ל ב נ י ה ע ם 13 ל ה ק ר יב ל ה' כ כ תוּב ב ס פ ר מ ש ה ו כ ן ל ב ק ר: ו י ב ש לוּ ה פ ס ח ב א שׁ כ מ ש פ ט ו ה ק ד ש ים ב ש לוּ ב ס ירוֹת וּב ד ו ד ים וּב צ ל חוֹת ו י ר יצוּ 14 ל כ ל ב נ י ה ע ם: ו אַח ר ה כ ינוּ ל ה ם ו ל כ ה נ ים כ י ה כ ה נ ים ב נ י אַה ר ן ב ה ע לוֹת ה עוֹל ה ו ה ח ל ב ים ע ד ל י ל ה ו ה ל ו י ם ה כ ינוּ ל ה ם ו ל כ ה נ ים 15 ב נ י אַה ר ן: ו ה מ ש ר ר ים ב נ י אָס ף ע ל מ ע מ ד ם כ מ צ ו ת ד ו יד ו אָס ף ו ה ימ ן ו יד תוּן חוֹז ה ה מ ל ך ו ה ש ע ר ים ל ש ע ר ו ש ע ר א ין ל ה ם ל סוּר 16 מ ע ל ע ב ד ת ם כ י א ח יה ם ה ל ו י ם ה כ ינוּ ל ה ם: ו ת כּוֹן כ ל ע בוֹד ת ה' ב יּוֹם ה הוּא ל ע שׂוֹת ה פ ס ח ו ה ע לוֹת ע לוֹת ע ל מ ז ב ח ה' כ מ צ ו ת 1 ה מ ל ך י אש י הוּ: ו י ע שׂוּ ב נ י י ש ר א ל ה נ מ צ א ים א ת ה פ ס ח ב ע ת 3/6
4 priests were busy offering the burnt offerings and the fatty parts until nightfall, so the Levites provided both for themselves and for the Aaronite priests. 15 The Asaphite singers were at their stations, by command of David and Asaph and Heman and Jeduthun, the seer of the king; and the gatekeepers were at each and every gate. They did not have to leave their tasks, because their Levite brothers provided for them. 16 The entire service of the Lord was arranged well that day, to keep the Passover and to make the burnt offerings on the altar of the Lord, according to the command of King Josiah. 1 All the Israelites present kept the Passover at that time, and the Feast of Unleavened Bread for seven days. 1 Since the time of the prophet Samuel, no Passover like that one had ever been kept in Israel; none of the kings of Israel had kept a Passover like the one kept by Josiah and the priests and the Levites and all Judah and Israel there present and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 1 ה ה יא ו א ת ח ג ה מ צּוֹת ש ב ע ת י מ ים: ו לא נ ע ש ה פ ס ח כ מ הוּ ב י ש ר א ל מ ימ י ש מוּא ל ה נ ב יא ו כ ל מ ל כ י י ש ר א ל לא ע שׂוּ כ פ ס ח א ש ר ע ש ה י אש י הוּ ו ה כ ה נ ים ו ה ל ו י ם ו כ ל י הוּד ה ו י ש ר א ל ה נ מ צ א ו יוֹש ב י י רוּש ל ם: How should the Passover sacrifice be prepared, in each source? How does Chronicles solve the contradiction between Exodus and Deuteronomy? כיצד, על פי כל מקור, יש להכין את קורבן הפסח? כיצד המקור בדברי הימים מיישב את הסתירה בין שמות לבין דברים?. 2 דיני העבדים 2. The Slave Laws Exodus 21:1-11 שמות כא:א-יא 1 1 ו א ל ה ה מ ש פ ט ים א ש ר ת ש ים ל פ נ יה ם: them: These are the rules that you shall set before 2 When you acquire a Hebrew slave, he shall serve six years; in the seventh year he shall go free, without payment. 3 If he came single, he shall leave single; if he had a wife, his wife shall leave with him. 4 If his master gave him a wife, and she has borne him children, the wife and her children shall belong to the master, and he shall leave alone. 5 But if the slave declares, I love my master, and my wife and children: I do not wish to go free, 6 his master shall take him before God. He shall be brought to the door or the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl; and he shall then remain his slave for life. When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not be freed as male slaves are. If she proves to be displeasing to her master, who designated her for himself, he must let her be redeemed; he shall not have the right to sell her to outsiders, since he broke faith with her. 2 כ י ת ק נ ה ע ב ד ע ב ר י ש שׁ ש נ ים י ע ב ד וּב ש ב ע ת י צ א ל ח פ ש י ח נ ם: 3 א ם ב ג פּוֹ י ב א ב ג פּוֹ י צ א א ם ב ע ל א ש ה הוּא ו י צ אָה א ש תּוֹ ע מּוֹ: 4 א ם א ד נ יו י ת ן לוֹ א ש ה ו י ל ד ה לּוֹ ב נ ים אוֹ ב נוֹת ה א ש ה ו יל ד יה 5 ת ה י ה ל אד נ יה ו הוּא י צ א ב ג פּוֹ: ו א ם אָמ ר י אמ ר ה ע ב ד אָה ב ת י 6 א ת א ד נ י א ת א ש ת י ו א ת ב נ י לא א צ א ח פ ש י: ו ה ג ישׁוֹ א ד נ יו א ל ה א לה ים ו ה ג ישׁוֹ א ל ה ד ל ת אוֹ א ל ה מ זוּז ה ו ר צ ע א ד נ יו א ת אָז נוֹ ב מ ר צ ע ו ע ב דוֹ ל ע ל ם: ו כ י י מ כ ר א ישׁ א ת ב תּוֹ ל אָמ ה לא ת צ א כ צ את ה ע ב ד ים: א ם ר ע ה ב ע ינ י א ד נ יה א ש ר לוֹ י ע ד הּ ו ה פ ד הּ ל ע ם נ כ ר י לא י מ ש ל ל מ כ ר הּ ב ב ג דוֹ ב הּ: 4/6
5 9 And if he designated her for his son, he shall deal with her as is the practice with free maidens. 10 If he marries another, he must not withhold from this one her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. 11 If he fails her in these three ways, she shall go free, without payment ו א ם ל ב נוֹ י יע ד נ ה כ מ ש פ ט ה ב נוֹת י ע ש ה ל הּ: א ם אַח ר ת 11 י ק ח לוֹ ש א ר הּ כ סוּת הּ ו ע נ ת הּ לא י ג ר ע: ו א ם ש ל שׁ א ל ה לא י ע ש ה ל הּ ו י צ אָה ח נ ם א ין כ ס ף: Leviticus 25: If your kinsman under you continues in straits and must give himself over to you, do not subject him to the treatment of a slave. 40 He shall remain with you as a hired or bound laborer; he shall serve with you only until the jubilee year. 41 Then he and his children with him shall be free of your authority; he shall go back to his family and return to his ancestral holding. 42 For they are My servants, whom I freed from the land of Egypt; they may not give themselves over into servitude. 43 You shall not rule over him ruthlessly; you shall fear your God. 44 Such male and female slaves as you may have it is from the nations round about you that you may acquire male and female slaves. 45 You may also buy them from among the children of aliens resident among you, or from their families that are among you, whom they begot in your land. These shall become your property: 46 you may keep them as a possession for your children after you, for them to inherit as property for all time. Such you may treat as slaves. But as for your Israelite kinsmen, no one shall rule ruthlessly over the other. ויקרא כה:לט-מו 39 ו כ י י מוּ ך אָח י ך ע מ ך ו נ מ כ ר ל ך לא ת ע ב ד בּוֹ ע ב ד ת ע ב ד: כ ש כ יר כ תוֹש ב י ה י ה ע מ ך ע ד ש נ ת ה י ב ל י ע ב ד ע מ ך: ו י צ א מ ע מ ך הוּא וּב נ יו ע מּוֹ ו ש ב א ל מ ש פ ח תּוֹ ו א ל א ח ז ת א ב ת יו י שׁוּב: 42 כ י ע ב ד י ה ם א ש ר הוֹצ את י א ת ם מ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם לא י מ כ רוּ מ מ כ ר ת ע ב ד: לא ת ר ד ה בוֹ ב פ ר ך ו י ר את מ א לה י ך: ו ע ב ד ך ו א מ ת ך א ש ר י ה יוּ ל ך מ א ת ה גּוֹי ם א ש ר ס ב יב ת יכ ם מ ה ם ת ק נוּ 45 ע ב ד ו אָמ ה: ו ג ם מ ב נ י ה תּוֹש ב ים ה ג ר ים ע מ כ ם מ ה ם ת ק נוּ וּמ מ ש פ ח ת ם א ש ר ע מ כ ם א ש ר הוֹל ידוּ ב אַר צ כ ם ו ה יוּ ל כ ם ל א ח ז ה: 46 ו ה ת נ ח ל ת ם א ת ם ל ב נ יכ ם אַח ר יכ ם ל ר ש ת א ח ז ה ל ע ל ם ב ה ם ת ע ב דוּ וּב אַח יכ ם ב נ י י ש ר א ל א ישׁ ב אָח יו לא ת ר ד ה בוֹ ב פ ר ך: Deuteronomy 15: If a fellow Hebrew, man or woman, is sold to you, he shall serve you six years, and in the seventh year you shall set him free. 13 When you set him free, do not let him go empty-handed: 14 Furnish him out of the flock, threshing floor, and vat, with which the Lord your God has blessed you. 15 Bear in mind that you were slaves in the land of Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you; therefore I enjoin this commandment upon you today. 16 But should he say to you, I do not want to leave you for he loves you and your household and is happy with you 1 you shall take an awl and put it through his ear into the door, and he shall become your slave in perpetuity. Do the same with your female slave. 1 When you do set him free, do not feel aggrieved; for in the six years he has given you double the service of a hired man. Moreover, the Lord your God will bless you in all you do. דברים טו:יב-יח 12 כ י י מ כ ר ל ך אָח י ך ה ע ב ר י אוֹ ה ע ב ר י ה ו ע ב ד ך ש שׁ ש נ ים וּב ש נ ה 13 ה ש ב יע ת ת ש ל ח נּוּ ח פ ש י מ ע מ ך: ו כ י ת ש ל ח נּוּ ח פ ש י מ ע מ ך לא 14 ת ש ל ח נּוּ ר יק ם: ה ע נ יק ת ע נ יק לוֹ מ צ אנ ך וּמ ג ר נ ך וּמ י ק ב ך א ש ר 15 ב ר כ ך ה' א לה י ך ת ת ן לוֹ: ו ז כ ר ת כ י ע ב ד ה י ית ב א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם ו י פ ד ך ה' א לה י ך ע ל כ ן אָנ כ י מ צ ו ך א ת ה ד ב ר ה ז ה ה יּוֹם: 16 ו ה י ה כ י י אמ ר א ל י ך לא א צ א מ ע מ ך כ י א ה ב ך ו א ת ב ית ך כ י טוֹב 1 לוֹ ע מ ך: ו ל ק ח ת א ת ה מ ר צ ע ו נ ת ת ה ב אָז נוֹ וּב ד ל ת ו ה י ה ל ך ע ב ד 1 עוֹל ם ו אַף ל א מ ת ך ת ע ש ה כ ן: לא י ק ש ה ב ע ינ ך ב ש ל ח ך א תוֹ ח פ ש י מ ע מ ך כ י מ ש נ ה ש כ ר ש כ יר ע ב ד ך ש שׁ ש נ ים וּב ר כ ך ה' א לה י ך ב כ ל א ש ר ת ע ש ה: How should Israelites treat Hebrews who are enslaved to them according to each source? כיצד, על פי כל מקור, צריכים בני ישראל להתייחס ל'עבדים העברים' שנמכרו להם? 5/6
6 What verbal cues do Leviticus and Deuteronomy pick up from Exodus, and how do they each modify the laws in Exodus? Which version of the Slave law makes the most sense to you? אילו ביטויים שואלים ויקרא ודברים מספר שמות, וכיצד כל אחד מהם משנה את הדין בספר שמות? איזו גרסה של דיני העבדים נראית לכם סבירה ביותר? Discuss: If you had to decide, how would you determine the authoritative and binding version of these laws? What could persuade you that you made the right decision? דיון: לו אתם הייתם צריכים להחליט, איך הייתם קובעים מהי הגרסה המוסמכת והמחייבת של החוקים הללו? איך הייתם יודעים שאתם צודקים בהחלטתכם? In each of these cases we can see that a laconic or troubling law in an early source is reworked, reread and re-written in later sources: Leviticus, Deuteronomy and Chronicles. This process is the beginning of the midrashic method: a sacred and binding text is hard to understand or to implement, which leads to an intensification of reading and commenting in order to maintain the sanctity of the text while changing its meaning. בכל אחד מהמקרים הללו מופיע במקור הקדום יותר חוק בעייתי או בלתי מובן, אשר נקרא ונכתב מחדש במקורות המאוחרים לו. בדוגמה הראשונה דברי הימים מאחד את שמות ודברים; בדוגמה השנייה דברים וויקרא מתייחסים לחוק בשמות. תהליך זה הוא ראשיתה של השיטה המדרשית שלוקחת טקסט קדוש ומחייב אשר מתגלה כקשה להבנה או ליישום, וקוראת אותו מחדש בפרשנות אינטנסיבית שנועדה להגן על קדושת הטקסט תוך כדי שינוי משמעותו. 6/6
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