Abbasid dynasty definition

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1 Abbasid dynasty definition particularly ambitious Hāshimite family, the ʿAbbāsids. The ʿAbbāsids, who were kin but not descendants.. 'Abbasid Dynasty - definition of 'Abbasid Dynasty by The Free Dictionary. Būyids entered Baghdad in 945, demanding of al- Mustakfī ( ) that they be recognized as the sole rulers of the territory they controlled. This event initiated a century-long period in which much of the empire was ruled by local dynasties. In 1055 the ʿAbbāsids were overpowered by the. Learn a new word every day. Delivered to your inbox! This book tells the magnificent tale of the spread of knowledge and the development of sciences in Central Asia during what is commonly known as the 'Islamic Golden Age,' roughly starting with the rise of the Abbasid Dynasty and ending after the Tamerlane's reign. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. (redirected from Abbasid dynasty ) Also found in: Encyclopedia. Related to Abbasid dynasty: Umayyad dynasty. More About ʿAbbāsid dynasty 44 references found in Britannica articles. endobj xref f n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n trailer. a. any caliph of the dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire from Baghdad ( ) and claimed descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. particularly ambitious Hāshimite family, the ʿAbbāsids. The ʿAbbāsids, who were kin but not descendants.. The name is derived from that of the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, al-ʿabbās (died c. 653) of the Hāshimite clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. From about 718, members of his family worked to gain control of the empire from the Umayyads and, by skillful propaganda, won much support, especially from Shīʿite Arabs and Persians in Khorāsān. Open revolt in 747, under the leadership of. Seljuqs, who took what temporal power may have been left to the caliph but respected his position as the titular leader, restoring the authority of the caliphate, especially during the reigns of al- Mustarshid ( ), al-muqtafī, and al-nāṣir. Soon after, in 1258, the dynasty fell during a Mongol siege of Baghdad. ʿAbbāsid dynasty, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the. Islamic arts: Early period: the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties. The work, titled A Bouquet of History: A history of the Caliphs from the Time of the Prophet to the end of the Abbasid Dynasty, covers about a century and a half of Islamic history. history in a poetic

2 form. a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling most of the Islamic world from Baghdad, a.d , and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad. English Español Deutsch Français Italiano العربية 中文简体 Polski Português Nederlands Norsk Ελληνική Русский Türkçe.אנגלית Mongols in year 1258 CE ran over Baghdad and ended the Abbasid dynasty. Fair media coverage don't support ban on television channels against Moharram coverage must not be implemented. It was not until the ʿAbbāsids assumed power in 750, settling in Baghdad, that the golden age of Arabic.. What made you want to look up Abbasid? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). a. any caliph of the dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire from Baghdad ( ) and claimed descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. Also found in: Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Abbasid: Umayyad. Since the Abbasid dynasty, the country has been an Arab nation, an integrated part of the Islamic Commonwealth of Nations, an Arab nation that included non-arab Muslims and non-muslim Arabs alike, all of whom had lived as, well, Iraqi citizens, conscious in equal measure of the coherence of their nation's political unity. Iraq's territorial unity in peril. The Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Prophet Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad. Gold dinar minted during the reign of al-amin. The Byzantines restarted the fighting by sacking Damietta in Egypt. Al-Mutawakkil responded by sending his troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were eventually annihilated in 863. [36]. By the 920s, the situation had changed further, as North Africa was lost to the Abbasids. A Shi'ite sect only recognizing the first five Imams and tracing its roots to Muhammad's daughter Fatima took control of Idrisi and then Aghlabid domains. [34]. By the 870s Egypt became autonomous under Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East as well, governors decreased their ties to the center. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara had broken away from the 870s, cultivating a much more Persianate culture and statecraft. By this time only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hijaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push Arab Muslims farther east in Anatolia. The Abbasids also appealed to non-arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Prophet Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II. Al-Mu'tasim gained power in 833 and his rule marked the end of the strong caliphs. He strengthened his personal army with Turkish mercenaries and promptly restarted the war with the Byzantines. His military excursions were generally successful culminating with a resounding victory in the Sack of Amorium. His attempt at seizing Constantinople failed when his fleet was destroyed by a storm. [35]. While the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, military operations during this period were minimal, as the caliphate focused on internal matters, its governors exerting greater autonomy and using their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. [12]. Outside Iraq, all the aut. These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed. The only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family, which had been all but annihilated, ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir ( Abd ar-rahman I, 756). In 929, Abd ar-rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al Andalus from Córdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire. Muhammad. The Abbasid

3 dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ( CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. [2]. Al-Rashid sent embassies to the Chinese Tang dynasty and established good relations with them. [18]. Baghdad became a centre of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'abbas as-saffah, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab and was subsequently proclaimed caliph. [10]. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus, "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Merv with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali ". [7]. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the Seljuks would take over from the Persians. [34]. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the T'ang Annals, the most important of these being those of Abul Abbas al-saffah, the founder of the Abbasid dynasty, Abu Jafar and Harun al-rashid. The first change the Abbasids, under Al-Mansur, made was to move the empire's capital from Damascus, in Syria, to Baghdad in Iraq. This was to both appease as well to be closer to the Persian mawali support base that existed in this region more influenced by Persian history and culture, and part of the Persian mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad was established on the Tigris River in 762. A new position, that of the vizier, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. [12]. After this loss, Marwan fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently assassinated. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated. [8]. Immediately after their victory, As-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. The noble Iranian family BarmaTEENs, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the world's first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions. [8]. Harun al-rashid receiving a delegation sent by Charlemagne at his court in Baghdad. Painting by German painter Julius Köckert. Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, as had the Shia Hamdanids in Northern Syria, and the succeeding Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued. [34]. The Abbasids' period of cultural fruition ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan. The Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, recentred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km 2 (4,300,000 sq mi) [1]. Muawiyah proved a very successful governor. He built up a loyal and disciplined army composed of Syrian Arabs [16]. The expansion of the Muslim Caliphate until 750, from William R. Shepherd 's Historical Atlas. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ). Muawiyah's personal dynasty, the "Sufyanids" (descendants of Abu Sufyan), reigned from 661 to 684, until his grandson Muawiya II. The reign of Muawiyah I was marked by internal security and external expansion. On the internal front, only one major

4 rebellion is recorded, that of Hujr ibn Adi in Kufa. Hujr ibn Adi supported the claims of the descendants of Ali to the caliphate, but his movement was easily suppressed by the governor of Iraq, Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Hujr, who had been a sahabah (companion of Muhammad), was sentenced to death by Muawiya for his support of Ali. [39]. Uthman's rule also saw the relaxing of restrictions instituted by the second Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Umar had maintained a tight grip on the governors; if he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position. [24]. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle against the Medina-based Muslims only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. Scholars generally regard the Battle of Uhud (March 625) as the first defeat for the Muslims, since they incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. [11]. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ). The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent in 750 AD. Umar also ordered Muslim armies to stay in encampments away from cities because he feared that they might get attracted to wealth and turn away from the worship of God. [24]. Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", [40]. Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son, Muawiya II (683 84), initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became Caliph shortly thereafter. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Muawiyah was succeeded by his son, Yazid I, in 680. This hereditary accession was opposed by a number of prominent Muslims, most notably Abd- Allah ibn al-zubayr, son of a companion of Muhammad, and Husayn ibn Ali, the younger son of Ali. The resulting conflict is known as the Second Fitna. [41]. According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams ) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca in the Hijaz. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish ). [9]. Marwan's first task was to assert his authority against the rival claims of Ibn al-zubayr, who was at this time recognized as caliph throughout most of the Islamic world. Marwan recaptured Egypt for the Umayyads, but died in 685, having reigned for only nine months. - Defeat and death of Marwan II by the Abbasids. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. [7]. and also befriended Amr ibn al-as, the ousted governor of Egypt. In 639 Muawiyah was appointed [. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the Caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya ). [6].

5 و ي م ي م Word of Husayn's death fuelled further opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra. In 683, Yazid's army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-harrah and then besieged Mecca. During the campaign, widespread pillaging and the damaging of both the Grand Mosque in Medina and the Kaaba in Mecca caused deep resentment and became a major cause for censure of the Umayyads in later histories of the period. Most notably, Uthman consolidated Muawiyah 's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area. [15]. was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty ( Arabic: لا ون, al-ʾumawiyyūn, or أ ة,ب ن و Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya "), hailing from Mecca. The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r ), was a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, who became the fifth Caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War.