O"oman Empire. AP World History 19a

Transcription

1 O"oman Empire AP World History 19a

2 Founded by Turks Started in Anatolia Controlled Balkan Peninsula and parts of eastern Europe Acquired much of the Middle East, North Africa, and region between the Black and Caspian Seas O"oman Empire

3 Main Idea The O,oman and Safavid Empires The O"oman and Safavid empires flourished under powerful rulers who expanded the territory and cultural influence of their empires. Mongol conquests of the 1200s ripped apart the Seljuk Turk empire. Small, independent Turkish states formed in the region. In the late 1200s, a great chielain arose from one of the states and went on to found the powerful O"oman Empire.

4 General CharacterisOcs Maintained strong navy in Mediterranean region to protect trade routes they controlled there Conquered much of the Byzantine s territory - - captured capital of Constantinople in 1453 & renamed it Istanbul Remained a significant sea power until the 1700s

5 The O,oman Empire Growth of the Empire Ottomans Early 1300s, Anatolia bordered by declining Christian Byzantine Empire to west, Muslim empires to east; to north, Russia Turks of Anatolia mainly Muslim, nomadic, militaristic society Nomadic people, ghazis, warriors for the Islam faith Ghazi leader Osman I had built strong state in Anatolia by 1300 Osman, descendants came to be known as Ottomans to Westerners Their power grew quickly, and by the mid- 1300s the O"omans controlled much of Anatolia.

6 Expanding Empire Sultans Military Might Osman s son, Orhan I, became second Ottoman ruler; declared himself sultan, Arabic for ruler Under Orhan, later sultans, Ottoman forces swept into Balkans, attacked Byzantine Empire 1361, took Adrianople, second most important Byzantine city; renamed Edirne, made it capital By early 1400s, Ottomans controlled much of Balkan Peninsula Military key to Ottoman success Ottomans enslaved Christian boys from conquered areas Boys converted to Islam, trained as elite soldiers, Janissaries; loyal only to sultan Practice called blood tax by many Christians Ottomans also adopted gunpowder weapons Now possible to take cities defended by heavy walls

7 Invasion and Decline Despite strong military, O,omans experienced setback Central Asian conqueror Timur a,acked Because of leg injury, known as Timur the Lame; in Europe, Tamerlane In 1402 army crushed O"oman forces at Ba"le of Ankara Timur soon withdrew O"oman empire lel in shambles Ruler dead Bloody power struggle followed, weakened empire

8 Expansion period Following period of decline, spectacular phase of expansion began Mid- 1400s, reign of Mehmed II, strong military leader Mehmed II determined to take ConstanOnople, ByzanOne capital Bosporus Strait Fall of ConstanFnople O"omans had captured lands around ConstanOnople, but not city itself ConstanOnople controlled Bosporus Strait, trade route between Asia, Europe Control of waterway provided great wealth, divided O"oman Empire

9 Mehmed the Conqueror 1453, O"omans led major land, sea assault against ConstanOnople Used massive cannons to ba"er city s walls; city fell aler two month siege ByzanOne Empire no longer existed; Mehmed became known as the Conqueror; claimed center of eastern ChrisOanity for Islam

10 Pillaging the City Mehmed made ConstanOnople his capital, named Istanbul Allowed soldiers to pillage city for three days Many residents killed or enslaved Then rebuilt ConstanOnople into Muslim city Rebuilding the City Mehmed had palaces, mosques built Turned Hagia Sophia, Orthodox ChrisOan cathedral, into mosque Moved people from across empire to repopulate city Soon city again major trade center with people of many cultures

11 Height of the Empire Expansion and Threats Expansion continued Met new threat in Persia the Safavid Empire In 1514 Ottoman forces crushed Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran Next swept through Syrian, into Egypt in North Africa Soon after captured Mecca, Medina, holy cities of Islam Empire reached height under Suleyman I, known in West as Suleyman the Magnificent Suleyman the Lawgiver During Suleyman s forty-six year reign, Ottoman forces pushed through Hungary up to Vienna Navy gained control of eastern Mediterranean, North African coast Impressive domestic achievements Reformed tax system, overhauled government bureaucracy, improved court system, legal code

12 Accomplishments under Suleiman I Organized Ottoman law Strengthened military Converted young Christian boys to Islam & drafted them into the military = called Devshirme Janissaries = elite infantry force

13 Accomplishments under Suleiman I Islamic religious leader = caliph Political ruler = called a sultan Right- hand man to the sultan = grand vizier

14 Society and Culture Rule of Sultans O"oman sultan ruled over vast, diverse empire; had immense power, issued all laws, made all major decisions Numerous officials advised sultan considered his slaves; had to be loyal to sultan, pracoce Islam, follow O"oman customs Classes Privileged ruling class one of two classes second class, everyone else Included people of many cultures, languages, religions O"omans governed diverse subjects with tolerance

15 Non- Muslims had to pay heavy taxes, endure restricoons; did not have to serve in military Muslims had to join military, but did not pay taxes Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form millets, or religious communioes; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders Religious Freedom

16 Great Buildings Mixing of peoples created rich Ottoman culture, reached peak under Suleyman Magnificent mosques, palaces, many with Byzantine influence Rich Culture Mosque of Suleyman Sinan, master designer of Mosque of Suleyman, Istanbul Graceful solution of problem of combining round dome, rectangular building Empire s Decline After Suleyman s reign, empire declined One cause was method of dealing with heirs New sultans killed brothers to eliminate rivals until 1600s Inexperienced Sultans Heirs locked in royal palace; released to become sultan but had no experience Despite periodic reform efforts, series of weak sultans resulted Empire lasted to early 1900s

17 O"oman Law Ottomans (Muslims) ruled diverse people: Arabs, Greeks, Slavs, Armenians, Jews, etc. Millets = separate communities of non- Muslims - - > each millet controlled its own affairs Population divided into different classes 1st class = ruling class made up of sultan, his family & high government officials 2nd class = nobility 3rd class (largest) = peasants

18 O"oman Islamic CivilizaOon Borrowed many elements from the Byzantine, Persian, and Arab cultures Bridges, mosques, and aqueducts reflect this blend of culture Turned Christian church of Hagia Sophia into a mosque

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20 Analyze Why is Suleyman s reign considered the height of the O"oman Empire? Answer(s): because Suleyman expanded the empire, built bridges and mosques, and reformed the administraoon and laws of the empire

21 Analyze Why is Suleyman s reign considered the height of the O"oman Empire? Answer(s): because Suleyman expanded the empire, built bridges and mosques, and reformed the administraoon and laws of the empire