H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d

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1 S c u o l a S e c o n d a r i a d i I G r a d o G. C a r d u c c i V e n t u r i n a T e r m e T u s c a n y I t a l y L u t h e r R e f o r m t a i o n and C a t h o l i c R e f o r m a t i o n This exhibition, by the pupils of II F r o m , N o v e m b e r 1 5 t h t o , J a n u a r y 3 1 r s t a, aims at analyzing the causes of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reformation. It seemed very interesting to see what the short and long-term effects of the two Reforms were, and Luther Reformation and Catholic reformation: voices and images in particular what the architectural developments of the Catholic Reformation had been. We also wanted to point out that the Medicis, who have been the cause of the Protestant reform with the sale of the indulgences of Pope Leo X, belonging to the Medicis were the purchasers of paintings depicting the reformers. An exhibition that unfolds in history through portraits and architectural innovations... H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d Class IIA pupils of Scuola Secondaria di I Grado Giosue Carducci di Venturina Terme with the collaboration of the following teachers9 Sara Bertaccini Art Teacher Abdon Fabbri Music Teacher Debora Maccanti Letter Teacher Lorella Parenti English Teacher Maria Stella Ulivi Religion Teacher

2 The man from whom everything began... Raphael, Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de 'Medici and Luigi de' Rossi, , Florence, Uffizi Gallery. The origin Since a great deal of money was required to build Saint Peter s in Rome, indulgence sale increased quickly. This caused a drastic reaction9 the Protestant Reformation. Lucas Cranach Martin Luther was a German Augustinian monk who opposed the sale of indulgences because he thought that the acquittal of sins should not be due to payment Because of the sale of Leo X indulgences, Luther in 0406 affixed on the door to the Wittenberg s cathedral 84 theses reiterating the message of the scriptures In 041/ Luther was declared heretic and excommunicated with the bull "Exurge, domine" On October 20rst, 041/, Luther publicly burned this bubble on Wittenberg Square. Luther was able to lead his battle against the Church of Rome because he had the support of Prince Frederick of Saxony. Luther refused the support of the peasants who had been disappointed that his reform would turn to them and help them pay less taxes to the Roman Church. Luther instead accepted the support of the princes who wanted to become autonomous by the Church of Rome. The origin

3 Luther's doctrine...and Conclusions Justification only for grace by faith9 for Grace (Sola Gratia), through Faith (Sola Fide), for the Merits of Christ Only (Solo Christo), according to the Holy Scriptures (Sola Scriptura) for the Only Glory of God (Soli Deo Gloria)...furthermore Lutheran pastors can marry Abolition of ecclesiastical hierarchy Direct reading of the scriptures - German translation of the Bible - greater literacy of the German people Denial of the Divinity of Mary and the Saints Consubstantiation of the Eucharist and reduction of the sacraments to Baptism and Eucharistic 1555-Peace of Augsburg, cuius regio eius religio: the prince chooses religion and the people follow the religion of their prince Luther causes a split in the Christian community that will give rise to religious wars. Literacy of the people Witch Hunt Luther condemns the idolatry and the display of wealth that the Catholic Church through artistic expression and figurative arts does. Consequently, he does not elaborate his own artistic forms and concepts9 according to the Protestants, art and churches must be austere and moderate. MEANWHILE THE CATHOLICS. The portrait of Luther and his wife Caterina Bore by Lucas Cranach The Old, 0418, Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Luther's latest Bible

4 What does the Catholic Church do? Failed the previous attempts of conciliation between Catholics and Lutherans, Pope Paul III... Paul III and the nephews Alessandro and Ottavio Farnese, by Tiziano, 0435, National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples...summons the Council of Trent ( ) Trent council in few words It was an ecumenical Council in the intentions, but not in reality because of the lack of participation of Protestant legates. The purpose was bringing together again Catholics and Lutherans and improving the organization of the Church with particular attention to the ecclesiastical world, priestly training and all that the Protestant reform had pointed out with force. The Council reiterated the evangelical principles as the foundation of the Apostolic Church, the Pietro primacy, according to Jesus words "UT UNUM SINT", the importance of the interpretation of the Scriptures, of the evangelical value of the sacraments, of the mediation function of ecclesiastics, the sanctity and virginity of the Madonna, the role of Saints etc. etc.. Furthermore... Human freedom Salvation through works Establishment of seminars for the preparation of priests with a course of study The birth of Catholic catechism Centrality assigned to parish life Cessation of the sale of indulgences Greater and better preaching and dissemination of the Gospel through the institutions of the companies (Jesuits, Barnabites, Camillians, etc.) and confraternities that contribute to the Christianization of people Missionary thrust in the overseas territories Downsides9 Division of Christianity Struggles and violence for the affirmation of doctrine Religious Intolerance and Abuse of the Inquisition Courts for Repression Establishment of the Forbidden Books Index

5 Unlike to reform, which had led to literacy of people, the Catholics resort to images and sounds to educate illiterate people. What do De invocatione, veneratione et reliquiis sanctorum et sacris Imaginibus and Instructionum fabricae et suppellectiliis ecclesiasticae (0466) sacredness of the place with respect to the rest of the building Replacing the coffered ceiling Roman Church disciplines an art that moves, persuades and educates people, generating devotion to the Catholic religion and its representatives9 so BAROQUE will develop by bishop Carlo Borromeo introduce? Affirmation of the images as a help to the understanding of Scripture as long as decorative and adherent to Scripture Beware of the façade that must with the one decorated for greater opening Separation between the clergy and the people through staircases and balustrades to reiterate the role of brokerage The Council of Trent states that sacred images that do not correspond to official dogma, which are as lascivious and vulgar as nude, are not acceptable: sacred art is considered a vehicle of Catholic propaganda, an effective means of keeping alive people's devotion. Sacred art is confirmed by the diffusion of theological concepts among the masses and for this reasons it stylistically assumes theatrical features be solemn and contain images or statues of biblical characters and in particular of the Virgin Mary with the Child or the Holy venerated by the population Window opening and height because light is presence and divine creation in contrast with Protestant churches Elevation of the altar and Tabernacle as a place of the presence of the body of Christ, which must be visible by people (with 2.4 steps) Cover or canopy to highlight the

6 The greatest artistic expression of the Catholic Reformation9 the Church of Jesus in Rome The bull of Pope Paul III of 0425 enhanced the altar, which was the fulcrum of the whole church. Moreover the division of space inside it avoided condemned behaviors such as carrying weapons to church or prostitutes' walk and the subsequent approach of customers within the Church. This is the reason why it was important to build churches with a single nave. The church of Jesus in Rome was commissioned by St Ignatius of Loyola in 0440 to a Florentine architect. The plan, which had a large church with a single nave, side chapels and a shallow apse, according to Tridentine Council, was redesigned by MIchelangelo in 0443, but his plan remained on paper. In 0450 Alessandro Farnese, Pope Paulus the Third nephew, commissioned Vignola to build this church. The façade of the Church is sober, with a large portal inviting the faithfuls to enter. 1) Facade 2) Nave 3) Chapel of Saint Andrew 4) Chapel of the Passion 5) Chapel of the Angels 6) Chapel of Saint Francis Saverio 7) Chapel of the Sacred Heart 8) Apse 9) Great Altar 10) Chapel of Mary of the Road 11) Captain of St. Ignatius 12) Chapel of the Most Holy Trinity 13) Chapel of the Holy Family 14) Chapel of St. Francis Borgia 15) Dome 16) Sacristy 17) Ante Sacristy 18) Crucified major

7 The greatest artistic expression of the Catholic Reformation9 the Church of Jesus in Rome The tabernacle of the church of Jesus The church nave and some chapels In catholic churches the tabernacle took on particular importance9 this was a way of emphasizing the real presence of Christ even after the Eucharistic celebration. The vault of Church of Jesus in Rome For more info about this church9 http9..

8 The greatest artistic expression of the Catholic Reformation in Campiglia9 San Lorenzo Church The back of the church Front door of San Lorenzo Propositure in Campiglia Marittima The propositure of San Lorenzo is a sacred building located in Via Roma in Campiglia Marittima. Dating back to medieval age, the propositure of San Lorenzo has a Latin cross plan and a single nave with two side chapels, as established by the architectural rules elaborated during the Council of Trent: the roof is vaulted, divided into four bays. Worth noting is the Madonna with Child, attributed to the Master of San Torpè, (early XIV century), the wooden group of the Annunciation The inside of the church and the Saints Lorenzo and Antonio who adore the Virgin (0525), referring to Jacopo Vignali. The 045/ hexagonal marble baptismal font is decorated with quadrangular tiles. In the left transept, on the altar, there is a polychrome wooden sculpture dating back to seventeenth century. It depictis Our Lady of Sorrows in the act of showing the heart pierced by swords. From here, one can reach the Oratory of Mercy.