Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 1
|
|
- Shanon Walton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 1 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalization of the French Revolution Read the following text. Study Questions 1. What kind of society did the sans-culottes and "Gracchus" Babeuf want to create in revolutionary France? Why did Babeuf see the equality of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as insufficient? What sort of equality did he advocate for his Republic of Equals? Would you have supported Babeuf s call for a more radical, more thorough going equality? 2. What kind of society did Robespierre wish to create in revolutionary France? How did his vision compare with the one implied in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? What is significant about the differences? 3. To what extent did Robespierre adopt a Rousseauian view of democracy and political life? Robespierre claimed that democracy was sustained by "virtue." What does he mean by virtue? To what extent was he referring to the civic virtue of classical republicanism? Do you agree with Robespierre s assessment of virtue? Why or why not? 4. Putting to the side for the moment the means Robespierre used to defend and advance his political ideas, would you have supported his conception of democracy? Why or why not? 5. In order to finish the "war of liberty against tyranny," Robespierre said that one must "lead the people by reason, and the people's enemies by terror." How did he define "terror" and justify its usage? In your view, does the use of terror betray or defend the ideals of the revolution? Is it possible to be reasonable and democratic with some fellow citizens, yet employ terror with other citizens? 6. In the immediate aftermath of the French Revolution, Robespierre was remembered as an evil and radical zealot. From today's perspective, how radical were his ideas and methods? Was he evil? Or was he a man before his time? 7. Contrary to Robespierre's assessment, some historians have concluded that the ideals of liberalism/democracy and nationalism are actually in opposition to each other. Using Robespierre s speech and life as evidence, how might you explain the relationship between democracy and nationalism? As the French Revolution moved to the left, its supporters attempted to articulate standards of conduct that exemplified republican dedication. The next three documents illustrate the connections made between personal conduct, economic values, and political "morality." In the first document the sans-culottes of Paris define themselves. The term sans-culottes referred to the trousers worn by ordinary workers and shopkeepers, in contrast to the knee breeches favored by aristocrats. As the document indicates, the Parisians who considered themselves sans-culottes believed in democracy, in virtuous conduct, and in direct action to support a revolution that took power from the rich and privileged. In the second document, "Gracchus" Babeuf ( ) insists that the revolution ought to end economic as well as political inequality. The editor of the newspaper The Tribune of the People, Babeuf represents a socialist strand in the French Revolution. In 1796 he led a group determined to overthrow the Directory and replace it with leaders committed to economic reform. He was arrested and executed in In the third document, Maximilien Robespierre ( ) urges the Convention to remove any opponents of the revolution from its midst. He delivered this speech as a representative of the Committee of Public Safety, the executive body of twelve men that effectively ruled France in this period. The speech offers justification for what became known as the "reign of terror" during Maximilien Robespierre ( ), known to his contemporaries as "the Incorruptible," remains one of the most controversial figures of the French Revolution. To
2 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 2 his enemies, he was viewed as the Devil incarnate; to the Parisian masses of 1793, he was seen as the unwavering champion of freedom and equality. Under his leadership, the French Revolution entered its so-called radical phase ( ), when as many as 40,000 people were guillotined in order to complete what he viewed as "the war of liberty against tyranny." Robespierre was born to a poor family in the French town of Arras in With the aid of a scholarship, he studied law in Paris and became enamored with the ideas of Rousseau, especially his concept of the ultimate and infallible "general will" of the people. After practicing law for several years, Robespierre was elected to the Estates General in 1789, where he joined the more radical, pro-democratic Jacobin party. He was an energetic and uncompromising advocate of democratic reforms, and he won the admiration and support of the Parisian working classes as he rose to leadership within the Jacobins. In 1793, he was elected to the twelve-member Committee of Public Safety, where he continued to consolidate his power. Robespierre believed that he understood the needs and aspirations of the people, as well as the cunning treacheries of their enemies, and he was willing to adopt extreme measures in order to protect and preserve his vision of the revolution. In early 1794, he arrested and executed some of his former political allies, but by midyear, his own position was growing precarious within a divided Committee of Public Safety. In July, his enemies issued an arrest warrant and Robespierre was tried and guillotined the following day. Six months prior to his death, when he was at the height of his power, Robespierre gave a speech on "The Moral and Political Principles of Domestic Policy" (February 1794). By this time, the revolutionary armies of France had succeeded in repelling the foreign invaders, but Robespierre still worried about domestic counterrevolutionaries and spies at home. His speech offers a fascinating insight into Robespierre's vision of the revolution, as well as his justification for the use of terror. It also raises some interesting questions about the meaning of the French Revolution, the use of extremism in defense of liberty, and the relationship between democracy, nationalism, and "virtue. What Is a Sans-Culotte? The sans-culotte... is someone who goes everywhere on foot... and who lives quite simply with his wife and children, if he has any, on the fourth or fifth floor... If you wish to meet the cream of the sansculotterie, then visit the garrets of the workers (ouvriers). The sansculotte is useful because he knows how to plough a field, how to forge, to saw, to file, to cover a roof and how to make shoes.... And since he works, it is certain that you will not find him at the café de Chartres, nor in the dens where people gamble and plot, nor at the theater de Ia Nation where they are performing l'ami des lois... In the evening, he goes to his Section, not powdered and perfumed not elegantly dressed in the hope of catching the eye of the citizens in the galleries, but to give his unreserved support to sound resolutions... Besides this, the sans-culotte always has his sword with the edge sharpened to give a salutary lesson to all trouble-makers. Sometimes he carries his pike with him, and at the first beat of the drum, he will be seen leaving for the Vendée, for the armée des Alpes or the armée du Nord. From "Gracchus" Babeuf, Manifesto of the Equals People of France! For fifteen centuries you have lived slaves, and therefore unhappy. It is now scarcely six years since you have begun to revive in the hope of independence, happiness and equality... Equality! First need of nature, first demand of man, and chief bond of all legitimate society! French people! you have not been more favored than the other nations that vegetate on this wretched globe! Always and everywhere poor humanity, in the hands of more or less adroit cannibals is the tool of every ambition, the pasture of every tyranny. Always and
3 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 3 everywhere men were lulled by fine phrases; never and nowhere did they receive the fulfilment with the promise. From time immemorial we have been hypocritically told: Men are equal: and from time immemorial the insolent weight of the most degrading and most monstrous inequality has weighed down the human race. Since civilized society began, this finest possession of humanity has been unanimously recognized, yet not once realized; equality was only a fair and sterile fiction of the law. Today when it is more loudly claimed, we are answered: Silence, wretches! real equality is but a chimera: be content with constitutional equality: you are all equal before the law. Canaille, what more do you want? What more do we want? Legislators, governors, rich proprietors, listen in your turn. We are all equal, are we not? This principle is uncontested: for without being mad one cannot say it is night when it is day. Well, henceforward we are going to live and die equal as we were born; we desire real equality or death: that is what we want. And we shall have this real equality at all costs. Woe to those who stand between it and us! Woe to those who resist so strong a desire! The French Revolution is but the precursor of another revolution, far greater, far more solemn, which will be the last. What do we want more than equality in law? We want this equality not merely written down in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: we want it in our midst, beneath the roofs of our houses. We will consent to everything for it; we will make a clean sweep to hold to it alone. Perish, if need be, all the arts as long as we have real equality!... We aim at... the COMMON good or the COMMUNITY OF GOODS! No more private property in land: The earth is nobody's. We claim, we will the common use of the fruits of the earth: its fruits are everybody's. Ancient habits, archaic prejudices again try to prevent the establishment of the Republic of Equals. The organizing of real equality, the only state which answers all requirements without making victims or costing sacrifices, perhaps will not at first please everyone. The egoist and ambitious man will scream with rage. Those who possess unjustly will cry out, injustice! Their exclusive delights, their solitary pleasures, their personal ease will leave bitter longings in the hearts of some individuals who have grown effete by their neighbor's toil. Lovers of absolute power, and worthless tools of arbitrary authority, will find it hard to bring their proud chiefs to the level of equality. Their short-sight cannot penetrate into the near future of the common good; but what is the power of a few thousand malcontents against the mass of men, entirely happy and wondering that they sought so long for what was beneath their hand. On the morrow of this true revolution they will say: What, was the common good so easy? We had but to will it. Ah, why did we not will it sooner? Was it necessary to repeat it to us so often? Yes, without doubt, but one man on earth more rich and powerful than his fellows, his equals, shatters the equilibrium; and crime and unhappiness arise on earth... People of France, Open your eyes and hearts to the fulness of joy. Recognize and proclaim with us THE REPUBLIC OF EQUALS. From Maximilien Robespierre, The Moral and Political Principles of Domestic Policy (1794) Some time ago we set forth the principles of our foreign policy; today we come to expound the principles of our internal policy. After having proceeded haphazardly for a long time, swept along by the movement of opposing factions, the representatives of the French people have finally demonstrated a character and a government... But, up to the very moment when I am speaking, it must be
4 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 4 agreed that we have been guided, amid such stormy circumstances, by the love of good and by the awareness of our country's needs rather than by an exact theory and by precise rules of conduct, which we did not have even leisure enough to lay out. It is time to designate clearly the purposes of the revolution and the point which we wish to attain: It is time we should examine ourselves the obstacles which yet are between us and our wishes, and the means most proper to realize them: A consideration simple and important which appears not yet to have been contemplated. Indeed, how could a base and corrupt government have dared to view themselves in the mirror of political rectitude? A king, a proud senate, a Caesar 1, a Cromwell 2 ; of these the first care was to cover their dark designs under the cloak of religion, to covenant with every vice, caress every party, destroy men of probity, oppress and deceive the people in order to attain the end of their perfidious ambition. If we had not had a task of the first magnitude to accomplish; if all our concern had been to raise a party or create a new aristocracy, we might have believed, as certain writers more ignorant than wicked asserted, that the plan of the French revolution was to be found written in the works of Tacitus 3 and of Machiavelli; we might have sought the duties of the representatives of the people in the history of Augustus 4, of Tiberius 5, or of Vespasian 6, or even in that of certain French legislators; for tyrants are substantially alike and only differ by trifling shades of perfidy and cruelty. For our part we now come to make the whole world partake in your political secrets, in order that all friends of their country may rally at the voice of reason and public interest, and that the French nation and her representatives be respected in all countries which may attain a knowledge of their true principles; and that intriguers who always seek to supplant other intriguers may be judged by public opinion upon settled and plain principles. Every precaution must early be used to place the interests of freedom in the hands of truth, which is eternal, rather than in those of men who change; so that if the government forgets the interests of the people or falls into the hands of men corrupted, according to the natural course of things, the light of acknowledged principles should unmask their treasons, and that every new faction may read its death in the very thought of a crime. Happy the people that attains this end; for, whatever new machinations are plotted against their liberty, what resources does not public reason present when guaranteeing freedom! What is the end of our revolution? The peaceful enjoyment of liberty and equality; the reign of that eternal justice whose laws have been inscribed, not in marble and stone, but in the hearts of all men, even in that of the slave who forgets them and in that of the tyrant who denies them. We seek an order of things in which all the base and cruel passions are enchained, all the beneficent and generous passions are awakened by the laws; where ambition becomes the 1 Julius Caesae was the Roman general who played a pivotal role in transforming the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. After conquering much of Western Europe, he consolidated his power in Rome, undermining the republican government. He was assassinated by a group of Roman senators, led by Brutus, who sought to restore the republic. 2 Oliver Cromwell was the English political and military leader who led the Puritan Parliamentary forces in the revolution against King Charles I, and in the brief establishment of the republican commonwealth. 3 Tacitus was a first and second century C.E. Roman senator and historian. His two major surviving works, the Annals and the Histories, were an account of early Roman empire. 4 The first Roman emperor, he joined forces with Marc Antony and Marcus Aurelius to form a triumvirate to rule Rome after the assassination of his uncle, Julius Caesar. He eventually seized power from the other two, and consolidated the power of the emperor. His rule began the period of Pax Romana, a centuries long period of relative peace and prosperity. 5 The second Roman emperor after Augustus, and one of the Rome s greatest generals. 6 A first century C.E. Roman emperor.
5 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 5 desire to merit glory and to serve our country; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, and the people to justice; where our country assures the well-being of each individual, and where each individual proudly enjoys our country's prosperity and glory; where every soul grows greater through the continual flow of republican sentiments, and by the need of deserving the esteem of a great people; where the arts are the adornments of the liberty which ennobles them and commerce the source of public wealth rather than solely the monstrous opulence of a few families. In our land we want to substitute morality for egotism, integrity for formal codes of honor, principles for customs, a sense of duty for one of mere propriety, the rule of reason for the tyranny of fashion, scorn of vice for scorn of the unlucky; self-respect for insolence, grandeur of soul for vanity, love of glory for the love of money, good people in place of good society... which is to say, all the virtues and all the miracles of the republic in place of all the vices of the monarchy... What kind of government can realize these wonders? Only a democratic or republican government... Democracy is not a state in which the people, continually meeting, regulate for themselves all public affairs, still less is it a state in which a tiny fraction of the people, acting by isolated, hasty, and contradictory measures, decide the fate of the whole society... Democracy is a state in which the sovereign people, guided by laws which are of their own making, do for themselves all that they can do well, and by their delegates do all that they cannot do for themselves... But, in order to lay the foundations of democracy among us and to consolidate it, in order to arrive at the peaceful reign of constitutional laws, we must finish the war of liberty against tyranny and safely cross through the storms of the revolution: that is the goal of the revolutionary system which you have put in order... Now, what is the fundamental principle of popular or democratic government, that is to say, the essential mainspring which sustains it and makes it move? It is virtue. I speak of the public virtue which worked so many wonders in Greece and Rome and which ought to produce even more astonishing things in republican France that virtue which is nothing other than the love of the nation and its laws... Since the soul of the Republic is virtue... it follows that the first rule of your political conduct ought to be to relate all your efforts to maintaining equality and developing virtue... Thus everything that tends to excite love of country, to purify morals, to elevate souls, to direct the passions of the human heart toward the public interest ought to be adopted or established by you. Everything which tends to concentrate them in the abjection of selfishness, to awaken enjoyment for petty things and scorn for great ones, ought to be rejected or curbed by you. Within the scheme of the French revolution, that which is immoral is impolitic, that which is corrupting is counterrevolutionary... This great purity of the French Revolution's fundamental elements... is precisely what creates our strength and our weakness: our strength, because it gives us the victory of truth over deception and the rights of public interest over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies against us all men who are vicious, all those who in their hearts plan to despoil the people... We must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish, [and] in these circumstances, the first maxim of our policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror. If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, amid revolution it is at the same time [both] virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is impotent. Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice; it is therefore an emanation of virtue... It has been said that terror was the mainspring of despotic government. Does our government, then, resemble a despotism? Yes! Subdue liberty's
6 Terror In the Defense of Liberty? The Radicalizing French Revolution 6 enemies by terror, and you will be right, as founders of the Republic. The government of the revolution is the despotism of liberty against tyranny. Some people would like to govern revolutions by the quibbles of the law courts and treat conspiracies against the Republic like legal proceedings against private persons. Tyranny kills; liberty argues. And the code made by the conspirators themselves is the law by which they are judged.
The Terror Justified:
The Terror Justified: Speech to the National Convention February 5, 1794 Primary Source By: Maximilien Robespierre Analysis By: Kaitlyn Coleman Western Civilizations II Terror without virtue is murderous,
More informationThe French Revolution. Human Legacy, Chapter 20.1& 20.2 Pages
The French Revolution Human Legacy, Chapter 20.1& 20.2 Pages 598-606 Creating a New Nation The violence that marked the beginning of the Revolutions eventually lessened. At this stage in the Revolution,
More informationReading Guide Chapter 19 A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon I. Beginnings: The American Revolution 1.
Reading Guides 1 st Semester Page 1 Reading Guide Chapter 19 A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon I. Beginnings: The American Revolution 1. Causes 2. Actions during the
More informationChapter 7-2. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Chapter 7-2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror I) The Assembly Reforms France II) Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions III) War and Extreme Measures IV) The Terror Grips France V) End of the Terror I) The
More informationTEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Radical Period of the French Revolution
Radical Period of the French Revolution Objectives Understand how and why radicals abolished the monarchy. Explain why the Committee of Public Safety was created and why the Reign of Terror resulted. Summarize
More informationRevolution Brings Reform and Terror
Chapter 7-2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Essential Question: How did the slogan Liberty, Equality and Fraternity sum up the goals of the Revolution? The Assembly Reforms France Conflicting Goals
More informationCharles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities
Focus It was the best of times, It was the worst of times, It was the age of wisdom, It was the age of foolishness, It was the epoch of belief, It was the epoch of incredulity. --Charles Dickens A Tale
More informationFrench Revolution. French Society Divided Constitutional Government 1 st Republic Napoleon s Empire Peace in Europe
French Revolution French Society Divided Constitutional Government 1 st Republic Napoleon s Empire Peace in Europe French Society Divided I. L Ancien Régime Three estates determined a person's legal rights
More informationThe French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 6 World History A
The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 6 World History A Section 1 1. Know what bourgeoisie is and which groups of people made up the bourgeoisie. 2. Know what ancient regime was. 3. Know what many
More information4.6 Execution of Louis XVI and Reign of Terror
4.6 Execution of Louis XVI and Reign of Terror I. Peasants fear violence from nobles A. Did this happen? No Great Fear Sweeps France B. What did happen? Peasants became outlaws. The king prepares an army
More informationComparing Republics. Rome Powers America. Consuls EXECUTIVE President. *Senate *Centuriate Assembly *Tribal Assembly. *House of Representatives
Warm-Up What island did Rome get after the first Punic War? Who led the Carthaginians in the second Punic War? What famous travel method did they utilize? Name the three legislative bodies in the Roman
More informationKey Terms: Create flashcards for the following terms. Include a description and the historical significance for each.
Unit 2: Part III Revolutionary Upheaval Ch. 12 Wood; Ch. 19 McKay Name Key Terms: Create flashcards for the following terms. Include a description and the historical significance for each. I.D. s Day 1
More informationMaximilien Robespierre Speech To The National Convention
Maximilien Robespierre Speech To The National Convention We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer,
More informationThe Republic. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 Main Idea
Main Idea The Republic An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Content Statement 8/Learning Goal: Describe how Enlightenment ideas
More informationThe Tennis Court Oath- June 20, 1789
The Tennis Court Oath- June 20, 1789 The Tennis Court Oath was a result of the growing discontent of the Third Estate in France in the face of King Louis XVI's desire to hold on to the country's history
More informationNapoleon was and still is a controversial figure. He rose to power following a period of Terror in
STUDENT NAME February 7, 2015 HST 112 Napoleon: Successor to the French Revolution Napoleon was and still is a controversial figure. He rose to power following a period of Terror in France and brought
More informationGare L Explosion 1794 by Varlet
Gare L Explosion 1794 by Varlet Gare L Explosion 1794 by Varlet On October 6, 1794, Varlet published a sixteen page pamphlet entitled Gare L Explosion. 1 Behold the Explosion! In this same work, Varlet
More informationMonday, November 17, Revolution Brings Reform & Terror. Assembly Reforms France. Assembly Reforms France. Assembly Reforms France 11/17/2014
Monday, November 17, 2014 Revolution Brings Reform & Terror Take Out: HW! AKA Friday s classwork Writing utensil Notes Today: The French Revolution Revolution Brings Reform & Terror Homework: Online Revolution
More informationRevolutionary Violence. Christopher Lilley
Revolutionary Violence Christopher Lilley A HEROINE, MALE CITIZENS AND FEMALE CITIZENS THE HEROINE pointing to the arc de triomphe Musical Interlude Worthy children of Mars, end your wait! Avenge suffering
More informationThe Republic. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 Main Idea
Main Idea The Republic An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Content Statement 8/Learning Goal: Describe how Enlightenment ideas
More informationFrench Revolution Dinner Party
Name: Date Due: Period: # French Revolution Dinner Party The year is 1792 and revolution is raging across France. As an enlightened member of society, you are hosting a dinner party hoping to bring all
More informationFrench Revolution DBQ
French Revolution DBQ 2015/2016 Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-6. The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. This question is designed
More informationWORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 18 PACKET: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON (1789 CE CE)
WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 18 PACKET: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON (1789 CE - 1815 CE) Take-Home Homework Packet 100 Points Honor Code I understand that this is an independent assignment and that I can
More informationTimeline - Key Events of the French Revolution ( )
Timeline - Key Events of the French Revolution (1789-1794) Over four years after the start of the French Revolution, France descended into a period commonly known as the, when over 16,000 people were executed
More informationDirections (You will have 20 minutes max)
Directions (You will have 20 minutes max) 1) Fill in the rest of the grid and making sure all components are there (title, section, quote) 2) Write your paragraph on the back: In what ways did the Enlightenment
More informationEssential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question:?
Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question:? In addition to Greece, a significant classical civilization was ancient Rome Impact
More informationStudy Guide Chapter 11 Rome: Republic to Empire
Study Guide Chapter 11 Rome: Republic to Empire 1) republic: a form of government in which citizens elect their leaders 2) legion: large groups of Roman soldiers 3) patrician: the ruling class 4) plebeian:
More informationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opf27gaup9u&index=10&list=plb DA2E52FB1EF80C9
SECTION 5: ROMAN EMPIRE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opf27gaup9u&index=10&list=plb DA2E52FB1EF80C9 DECLINE OF ROMAN REPUBLIC ECONOMIC TURMOIL Rich vs. Poor Latifundia-Huge Estates (Plantations) Republican
More informationThe French Revolution
The French Revolution Estates The Old Regime France consisted of three social classes called estates. The First Estate. The Catholic Church (Archbishops, bishops) The Church owned 10% of France The French
More informationSection I: The French Revolution Begins Notes
Section I: The French Revolution Begins Notes 1. What time period does the French Revolution occur? What is the population of Paris during this time? 2. How would you define and unjust government? 3. Would
More informationSSWH3: Examine the political, philosophical, & cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE/AD
SSWH3: Examine the political, philosophical, & cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE/AD B. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals, include: Socrates,
More informationTrouble in the Republic
Trouble in the Republic Large gap between rich and poor ( no middle class) Farmer's: debt, farms ruined by war, small couldn't compete with large Patrician's buying land and creating large farming estates
More informationCopyright Clara Kim All rights reserved.
Copyright Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. Roman Legion Divided into infantry and cavalry 5,000 Soldiers Every citizen had to serve for 10 years Roman Legion Divided into smaller groups of 80 men called
More informationWarm-Up Question: Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question: What is Hellenism? Why was Alexander of Macedonia considered great? In addition to
More informationAlexander the Great and Julius Caesar. like the light of sun for the conquered states and is often referred to as a philosopher for his
Last Name 1 Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar The Roman Empire has introduced several prominent figures to the world, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar among them.
More informationRevolution Threatens the French King
Section 1 Revolution Threatens the French King A. Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about the dawn of revolution in France, write notes to answer questions about the causes of the French Revolution.
More informationQuestion: Would you risk taking part in a revolution against your government?
Question: Would you risk taking part in a revolution against your government? PATTERNS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF HISTORY IS THE RECOGNITION OF PATTERNS REVOLUTIONS FALL INTO THIS CATEGORY (except
More information3. The large rivers such as the,, and provide water and. The Catholic Church was the major landowner and four out of people were involved in.
Social Studies 9 Unit 4 Worksheet Chapter 3, Part 1. 1. The French Revolution changed France forever and affected the rest of and the development of. France was the largest country in western Europe, yet
More informationThe Struggle with Carthage
The Struggle with Carthage Rome began as a small city-state in central Italy. It expanded its power and conquered a large area around the Mediterranean Sea, but its system of government did not survive
More informationFrench Revolution. By Rush Webster, Gary Ulrich, Isabelle Herringer, Lilah Hwang
French Revolution By Rush Webster, Gary Ulrich, Isabelle Herringer, Lilah Hwang The Terror, a stage of the French Revolution in which the corrupt nobility were publicly executed by the enraged and impoverished
More informationRise of the Roman Empire 753 B.C.E. to 60 C.E.
Rise of the Roman Empire 753 B.C.E. to 60 C.E. Today s Questions How was Rome founded? What led to the formation of Rome s republic? How was the Roman republic organized? What events led to imperialism
More informationBBC. The Fall of the Roman Republic. By Mary Beard. Last updated Roman revolution
BBC The Fall of the Roman Republic By Mary Beard Last updated 2011-03-29 Roman revolution In 133 BC, Rome was a democracy. Little more than a hundred years later it was governed by an emperor. This imperial
More informationAncient Rome: From Republic to Empire Notes**
Name Period Ancient Rome: From Republic to Empire Notes** The city of Rome was a dangerous place during the late republic (100BCE 50BCE) Politics were not working anymore Generals were fighting for control
More informationChapter 5. Section 2
Chapter 5 Section 2 The price of success Roman military success increased the wealth of Roman citizens at home. social and economic consequences. Consequences of wealth The rich got richer while the poor
More informationCONTROL OCTAVIAN TRIUMVIRATE
(1) None of the senators who assassinated Julius Caesar had the power to CONTROL Rome on their own Caesar's adopted son and heir, OCTAVIAN, was determined to take revenge for Caesar s death Octavian created
More informationCSI: WHO KILLED JULIUS CAESAR?
Detective Name Period Date CSI: WHO KILLED JULIUS CAESAR? Victim s Name: Julius Caesar Birthplace: Roman Empire Birth date: July, 100 BCE Death: March 15, 44 BCE (55 years old) Eyes: Green Hair: Brown,
More informationHow is he involved? Station I: Diary of Augustus Caesar. 1. Who did Augustus blame for killing Caesar?
Station I: Diary of Augustus Caesar 1. Who did Augustus blame for killing Caesar? 2. How did Augustus say the senate felt toward Julius Caesar? a. angry b. jealous c. sad d. happy 3. How was Julius related
More informationUnit 7 Lesson 4 The End of the Republic
Unit 7 Lesson 4 The End of the Republic Lesson 4 The End of the Republic 1. A Roman legion is building a pen to hold their officers horses. A post is put every 6 feet along a rectangular fence that is
More informationThe Fall of Ancient Rome. Unit 1
The Fall of Ancient Rome Unit 1 Do Now: Wednesday September 7, 2016 What do you remember from your seventh grade study of Ancient Rome? Make a list of everything you remember about the Ancient Romans:
More informationAICE European History Summer Assignment, 2015 France, Mars, 5/2015
AICE European History Summer Assignment, 2015 France, 1789 1814 Mars, 5/2015 Introduction: This year, AICE European History will combine elements of two (2) courses: AS Level European History and A-Level
More information6 th Grade Social Studies. Ch. 9.2 & Vocabulary. The Path of Conquest
6 th Grade Social Studies Ch. 9.2 & Vocabulary The Path of Conquest 1. B.C.-Romans extended their rule a. Fought many wars b. B.C. Rome controlled nearly all of the Italian Peninsula 2. The Wars a. Carthage-
More informationSTAGE : Radical Stage
Stage 1: National Assembly 1789-1791 Stage 2: Radical Revolution 1792-1794 Stage 3: Directory 1795-1799 Stage 4: Age of Napoleon 1799-1815 STAGE 2 1792-1794: Radical Stage 1 2 3 4 April 1792 January 1793
More informationHOw ROME SHAPED THE WORLD
HOw ROME SHAPED THE WORLD EARLY ROMANS EARLY ROMANS - Not war like or prosperous - Essential link between trade routes - Divided into two groups: The Patricians- formed the city s aristocracy, perform
More informationAfter Sulla died and Rome had returned to republican government, Cicero began his rise through the ranks of the magistrates from quaestor to praetor
I seem to read the history of all ages and nations in every page and especially the history of our country for forty years past. Change the names and every anecdote will be applicable to us. John Adams
More informationEarly Rome: A Blend of Cultures
Name: Date: Period: Early Rome: A Blend of Cultures I taly is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Greece. Greece and Rome share similar climates of warm, dry summers and mild winters. Unlike
More informationGlobal History Prelude to Revolution 1. What type of government did the French have at the outset of revolution?
Prelude to Revolution 1. What type of government did the French have at the outset of revolution? 7. Why were the bourgeoisie unhappy? 2. How did the government deny people rights? 8. Why had the economic
More informationAnalyzing Resistance, Collaboration, & Neutrality In the French Revolution
Analyzing ance, Collaboration, & Neutrality In the French Revolution Directions: The French Revolution was one of the most shocking and tumultuous events in history. Its causes included the monarchy s
More informationAICE European History Summer Assignment, 2015 France, Mars, 5/2015
AICE European History Summer Assignment, 2015 France, 1789 1814 Mars, 5/2015 Introduction: This year, AICE European History will combine elements of two (2) courses: AS Level European History and A-Level
More informationEUROPEAN HISTORY SECTION II Part A (Suggested writing time 45 minutes) Percent of Section II score 45
EUROPEAN HISTORY SECTION II Part A (Suggested writing time 45 minutes) Percent of Section II score 45 Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-11. The documents have
More informationGuide Unit 4 Rome: Augustus. S 3/28 RFC 3-6 Frivolous Inspirations (I - 15:30-28:30) RFC 6-8 An Innocent Face (I - 28:30-37:15)
DUE DATE READING TOPIC Th 3/26 AR 155-157 Augustus Introduction RFC 1-3 Order from Chaos (0:25-15:30) F 3/27 AR 157-161 Actium AR 161-165 The Spoils of War S 3/28 RFC 3-6 Frivolous Inspirations (I - 15:30-28:30)
More informationIn addition to Greece, a significant classical civilization was ancient Rome. Its history from 500 B.C A.D is known as the Classical Era.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION In addition to Greece, a significant classical civilization was ancient Rome Its history from 500 B.C.- 600 A.D is known as the Classical Era. Impact of Geography on Rome: Identify 1
More informationRome (509 B.C.E. 476 C.E.)
Ancient Rome Rome (509 B.C.E. 476 C.E.) Geographically Rome was well-situated The Alps to the north provided protection The sea surrounding the Italian peninsula limited the possibility of a naval attack
More informationEmpire. 1. Rise of Rome 2. The Roman Republic 3. Decline of the Republic and Rise of the
1. Rise of Rome 2. The Roman Republic 3. Decline of the Republic and Rise of the Empire 4. The Pax Romana 5. The Rise of Christianity 6. The Fall of Rome Geography Etruscans Latins Carthaginians Greeks
More informationAncient Rome Part One: Early Kingdom and Republic
Ancient Rome Part One: Early Kingdom and Republic By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 01.23.17 Word Count 1,089 Visitors walk among ancient ruins at the Roman Forum in Rome, Italy, October 28,
More informationEurope from Napoleon to the PRESENT
www.indiana.edu/~hist104 Europe from Napoleon to the PRESENT DISCUSSION CLASSES MEET TODAY AND TOMORROW. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE READING before you leave today. Remember: If you miss more than two discussion
More informationGladiator Movie -- What really happened? What d they add in?
Gladiator Movie -- What really happened? What d they add in? I S THE FILM GLADIATOR A TRUE STORY? Yes and no. While it is obvious that an impressive amount of historical and scholarly research was undertaken
More informationCSI: Rome The Assassination of Julius Caesar
CSI: Rome The Assassination of Julius Caesar Did Julius Caesar know he was going to be assassinated? Was there a single killer or were dozens of men involved? What were the reasons for the assassination?
More information1 Rome Test: Foundation to Empire
1 Rome Test: Foundation to Empire Part I Match (10) 1. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2. Hannibal 3. Sulla 4. Romulus 5. Lucretia 6. Tiberius Gracchus 7. Livy 8. Julius Caesar 9. Tarquin 10. Sabines a.virtuous
More informationThe Principles Contained in the United States Constitution With Biblical References and a Brief Historical Reference
The Principles Contained in the United States Constitution With Biblical References and a Brief Historical Reference by Max Lyons, PhD The United States Constitution, "Our Ageless Constitution" so named
More informationRevolutions Enlightenment ideas help spur revolutions in America and France
11/28 Bell-Ringer Silent Read Chapter 18 Section 1 Define: Estates General & Deficit Spending Explain: Tennis Court Oath & Storm on the Bastille You have 10 minutes Revolutions Enlightenment ideas help
More informationHobbes, Thomas Hobbes's influence. His life.
Hobbes, Thomas (1588 1679), was an English philosopher. His most famous work, Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil (1651), was concerned with political
More informationName: Period: Due Date:
Name: Period: Due Date: 7 th Grade Social Studies Unit 4 Age of Revolutions Part 1: Vocabulary (40% of grade): identify or explain the significance of each term/ person/ place listed using the internet,
More information1. Were the Founding Fathers mostly agnostics, deists, and secularists?
1. Were the Founding Fathers mostly agnostics, deists, and secularists? 2. Is there any sense in which the United States was conceived as a Christian Nation? 3. Did the Founders intend to erect a wall
More informationIELTS Academic Reading Sample 54 - The Family of Germanicus. The Family of Germanicus
IELTS Academic Reading Sample 54 - The Family of Germanicus \ You should spend about 20 minutes on the questions 1-16 which are based on the following reading passage. Read the following passage and answer
More informationChapter 8 Reading Guide Rome Page 1
Chapter 8 Reading Guide Rome Page 1 Section 1 Rome s Beginnings The Origins of Rome: Main Idea played a key role in the rise of Roman civilization 1. is a long, narrow Peninsula with a shape that looks
More informationSOL 6 - WHI. The Romans
SOL 6 - WHI The Romans The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin. The Italian peninsula was protected by
More informationSummary. The origins of Rome The Monarchy The Republic. The Empire. Make your own timeline. Society Institutions Expansion Crisis of the Republic
The origins of Rome The Monarchy The Republic Society Institutions Expansion Crisis of the Republic The Empire Society and Economy Pax Romana The crisis Make your own timeline Summary The Origins of Rome
More informationThe Development of Christianity. Chapter 5.4
The Development of Christianity Chapter 5.4 Religion in the Roman Empire Augustus revived traditional Roman religious festivals and ceremonies to bring back the Roman state religion. It focused on the
More information!"#$%&'()#*+,-)-%")./"'$%)0"1+2,-&+') by Charles De Jesus, Kelly Anne Dooley and Michael Pezone
!"#$%&'()#*+,-)-%")./"'$%)0"1+2,-&+') by Charles De Jesus, Kelly Anne Dooley and Michael Pezone This article offers summaries of events along with essential questions, documents and document-based questions
More informationCRISIS AND REFORMS CRISIS AND REFORMS DIOCLETIAN ( )
CRISIS AND REFORMS After death of Marcus Aurelius (the end of the Pax Romana) the empire was rocked by political and economic turmoil for 100 years Emperors were overthrown regularly by political intrigue
More informationDo Now: Find your name and your seat DO NOT EAT M&MS (yet) Look over SAQ, we will discuss
Do Now: Find your name and your seat DO NOT EAT M&MS (yet) Look over SAQ, we will discuss Era of Expansion SAQ a. b. c. Rational child rearing - not too lax or too authoritarian. Everything you do should
More informationBorn on Stratford-on-Avon in 1564 & died in Married Anne Hathaway in 1582 & had 3 children
Video on His Life (2:01) Born on Stratford-on-Avon in 1564 & died in 1616 Married Anne Hathaway in 1582 & had 3 children From 1594 until his death, he was part of Lord Chamberlain s Men (a group of actors)
More informationTHE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Essential Question: What factors led to the collapse of the Roman Empire and what effect did the fall of Rome have on the Mediterranean world? Warm-Up Question:
More informationAncient Rome & The Origin of Christianity Outcome: A Republic Becomes an Empire
Ancient Rome & The Origin of Christianity Outcome: A Republic Becomes an Empire 1 Constructive Response Question Compare and contrast the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire using specific examples: Classify
More informationMock Lincoln-Douglas Debate Transcript 1. Opening Statements
Mock Lincoln-Douglas Debate Transcript 1 Background: During the mid-1800 s, the United States experienced a growing influence that pushed different regions of the country further and further apart, ultimately
More informationName: Teacher: Mrs. Giermek
Name: Teacher: Mrs. Giermek 1. During the early 1800s, which was a major influence on the struggles for political independence in Latin America? 1. poor conditions in urban centers in Latin America 2.
More informationHow Does Rome Go from Republic to Empire?
How Does Rome Go from Republic to Empire? The Punic Wars (264 146 BCE) Both Rome and Carthage want control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the first war, Rome wins and forces Carthage to hand over three
More informationI. AUGUSTUS A. OCTAVIAN 1. CAESAR'S ADOPTED SON 2. FOUGHT FOR POWER. a. 17 YEARS OF CIVIL WAR IN ROME 3. MARC ANTONY
ROMAN EMPIRE NOTES I. AUGUSTUS A. OCTAVIAN 1. CAESAR'S ADOPTED SON 2. FOUGHT FOR POWER a. 17 YEARS OF CIVIL WAR IN ROME 3. MARC ANTONY a. MAIN RIVAL, VENGEFUL, DETERMINED, POWERFUL 4. OCTAVIAN WINS a.
More information12/13/2017. Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome. Three Periods of Roman History. The Etruscans. I. Kingdom: 753 BC 509BC. Tiber River Seven Hills
Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of Roman History I. Kingdom: 753 BC 509BC Tiber River Seven Hills II. Republic: 509 BC 31 BC III. Empire (Imperial) : 31 BC 476 AD (Western) 31 BC 1453
More informationThe Failure of the Republic
The Failure of the Republic As Rome expanded, the social and economic bases of the Roman republic in Italy were undermined While men from independent farming families were forced to devote their time to
More informationThe Declaration of Independence & The Declaration of Rights of Man. Annotations & Questions. American Declaration of Independence CENTRAL IDEA:
Name: Global History II, Carr Aim: What were the causes of the French and American Revolutions? Date: Period: The Declaration of Independence & The Declaration of Rights of Man Directions: Read the following
More informationI. William Shakespeare
I. William Shakespeare Birth and Early Life April 23, 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon Parents: John Shakespeare and Mary Arden Young Adulthood Age 18 marries Anne Hathaway (26) 3 children (Susanna, and twins
More informationOn the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship
On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship The Marquis de Condorcet July 1790 An Online Library of Liberty Document About the Author: Condorcet was a mathematician, a philosophe, permanent
More informationJean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right (1762)
Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right (1762) Source: http://www.constitution.org/jjr/socon.htm Excerpts from Book I BOOK I [In this book] I mean to inquire if, in
More informationThe Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10 SCRIPT
The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10 SCRIPT Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the
More informationI. William Shakespeare
I. William Shakespeare A. Birth and Early Life 1. April 23, 1564 2. Stratford-upon-Avon 3. Parents: John Shakespeare and Mary Arden B. Young Adulthood 1. Age 18 marries Anne Hathaway (26) 2. 3 children
More informationInformation for Emperor Cards
Information for Emperor Cards AUGUSTUS CAESAR (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) has been called the greatest emperor in all of Roman history. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, war broke out among the many groups
More informationWHERE WAS ROME FOUNDED?
The Origins of Rome: WHERE WAS ROME FOUNDED? The city of Rome was founded by the Latin people on a river in the center of Italy. It was a good location, which gave them a chance to control all of Italy.
More informationChapter 10 Rome from City-State to Empire
Chapter 10 Rome from City-State to Empire p126 Roman Foundations Italy settled by Indo-Europeans about 1500 BCE Rome: City-state situated half way down Italian Peninsula Etruscans Arrived in Italy around
More informationFrom Republic to Empire:
From Republic to Empire: Geography Rome is located in the middle of Italy On the banks of the Tiber River Established on the top of 7 hills Geography Geography Roman historian Livy wrote: Not without reason
More information