Greek text has the prophet before.הת שבי Missing in Origen s version [not sure what al refer to].

Transcription

1 1 1 Kings 17:1-24 (Last edited October 31, 2011) (17:1) gentilic. 1 = article + הת ה ב י sojourner under BDB 444b. What is the = ת וש ב - noun = preposition + מ ת ש ב י 2?ג ר and ת וש ב difference between name. Place ג ל ע ד it? Proper name. Do you recognize א ח א ב formula. Longer oath חי יהוה אלהי י שראל 3 יהוה 4 אלהי י שראל stood. Literally who I stood before him = before whom I אשר עמדתי לפניו Hebrew does not have a pronoun like whom. This is a common construction not only in Hebrew but in other Semitic languages. The 3ms pronoun in לפניו is called a resumptive pronoun because it resumes (refers.יהוה אלהי י שראל back to) the object 1 * pr ο προφητης; > Oal ; prp.ה נ ב יא Yow. Actually we can figure most of this out. Original Greek text has the prophet before.הת שבי Missing in Origen s version [not sure what al refer to]..הת שבי the prophet before הנביא So maybe read 2 εκ Θεσβων, prb l ש ב י.מ ת Septuagint has of Tishbe, probably we should read מ ת ש ב י of Tishbe(?). 3 c -L + ο θεος των δυναμεων which means something like Septuagint (except Lucianic recension) adds the God of power. 4 d L > which means God of Israel missing from Lucianic recension of Septuagint. So most Greek translations read the Lord, the God of power, the God of Israel but the Lucianic recension reads simply the Lord.

2 2 378a. night-mist, dew under BDB = ט ל 564b. rain under BDB = מ ט ר Literally if these years (there) will be dew and/or אם יהיה השנים האלה טל ומטר rain. Oath formulas are a little confusing because everything after אם if is what the person swears will not or must not happen. A little odd. Literally except by the mouth of my word = except כי אם לפי דברי by the command/speaking of my word. It will not happen unless he says so. (17:2) Wow. Short verse. You may remember this from an early lesson in Kittel. In ויהי דבר יהוה אליו Hebrew the word of Adonai happens to the prophet. In English we often translate the word of Adonai comes. (17:3) this? help you analyze ת ל ך* Would ל ך before י or waw-reversive? Remember the 90% rule. Note ו Is this simple ופ נ ית consonantal suffix. פנה = turn, face under BDB 815a. A little odd but you may remember this from Genesis 12 where Adonai says ל ך to Abram ל ך ל ך literally go to you ~ get yourself = go (you). This is called the ethical dative and gives emphasis to a command. front, east, aforetime under BDB = ק ד ם - ה = noun (direction) + directive ק ד מ ה 869b. 711a. = Niphal hide; be hid, concealed under BDB סתר ו נ ס ת ר ת

3 3 torrent, torrent-valley under BDB 636a. Also known as a wadi = dry = נ ח ל stream bed that sometimes fills with water after rain. name. Place כ ר ית 434b. If not check under BDB?י ר ד ן = article + place name. Do you recognize ה י ר ד ן (17:4) 5 תשתה raven under BDB 788a. This is probably a good time to let you = ע ר ב - ה ע ר ב ים know something interesting about Hebrew. Biblical Hebrew has twenty characters in its alphabet right? However we know it had more than twenty sounds. Just as English has twenty six letters but more than forty different sounds. The Hebrew character ע actually stood for at least two sounds (1) ʿayin and (2) ġayin. We know this from Greek transcriptions of Hebrew from the first few centuries CE. In Arabic the word for raven is ġurāb(un). Way back in Iron Age Israel ע ר ב was probably pronounced something like ġurib(u). This is an example of the rare Pilpel conjugation. The Pilpel is formed by ל כ ל כ ל ך doubling the two strong consonants. Only hollow verbs and geminate verbs can appear in the Pilpel. The Pilpel describes something that happens repeatedly. כול = Pilpel sustain, contain under BDB 465a. My first published article dealt with a word in Hieroglyphic Egyptian which is similar to the Pilpel. In the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus is a section that describes injuries to the head. (Which is now ironic. In late 2015 I fell from an extension ladder and sustained a fractured skull with injuries to the brain. See Case Seven.) In one such case the physician-scribe describes the brain (Egyptian 3is = Hebrew אש (ר which is visible because of a severe head 5 Septuagint adds υδωρ water

4 4 (17:5) injury. The word he uses is np3p3 flutter, convulse. Compare Arabic farfara flap (wings of a bird). waw-consecutive. verb prefixed + ה Note apocapated form 3 rd ו י ע ש (17:6) מ Note.מ ב יא Note the ending. Form? Inflection? That leaves מ ב יא ים preformative and I class vowel. 133b. morning under BDB = ב ק ר?ע ר ב not ע ר ב sunset, evening under BDB 787b. Can you explain why = ע ר ב (17:7) 893b. end under BDB = ק ץ up, be dry, dried = יבש Six. verbs aka the Final י This is one of the true 1 st ו י יב ש withered under BDB 386a. 177b. rain, shower under BDB = ג ש ם (17:8) See 17:2. (17:9) Wait. If Adonai can command ravens to feed Elijah then why? There is a very important theological point here.

5 5 The form is a little tricky. Is this ṣorpatā(h) or.ה = Place name + directive צ ר פ ת ה ṣār e patā(h)? Check under BDB 864b for the clear answer. 6.צ יד ון = Preposition + place name. You should have no trouble recognizing ל צי ד ון widow under BDB 48a. This is an example of apposition. The noun = א ל מ נ ה and provide additional information. Not just any woman אשה follows אלמנה but a widow. I find it interesting that the writer uses the exact same language in verse 9 לכלכל ך (17:10) 7 ויקרא אליה as in verse 4 for the.ערבים Nice touch. אשה context? Hoo boy. Actually we have some good clues. What is the מ ק ש ש ת ת What verb form can we expect after a noun or pronoun? Note.אלמנה ending and מ preformative. Form? Inflection? It looks like a Piel participle but is not. This is a Polel. The Polel is the equivalent of the Piel for geminate and hollow verbs. See Kittel section 51.5 and page 443. The distinguishing characteristic of the Polel is a long O vowel after the first root letter כ וככ so מ ק ש ש ת is written defectively. קשש = gather stubble under BDB 905b. 781b. tree, trees, wood under BDB = ע ץ ע צ ים is a verb you simply need to recognize different forms thereof. Behaves לקח ק ח י like a 1 st weak verb. 6 nonn Mss Edd ת ה ; al ת ה, ( ) Σαρεπτα. Several manuscripts, editions Hebrew text by Kennicott, de Rossi and Ginsburg) read צ ר פ ת ה and others read פ ת ה.צ ר Septuagint (and Vulgate) render this place name Sarepta. 7 Septuagint reads Elijah called after her.

6 6 479a. article, utensil, vessel under BDB = כ ל י Does anything strike you as interesting or surprising about this scene? Who is Elijah? Where is he? To whom does he speak? And what does he ask? (17:11) 8 9 ל ק ח י (17:12) this?!? Wow. A woman who lives in Sidon says חי יהוה. And how does she know א לה י ך but א לה י Notice how she phrases this. Not אלהי ך this? 728a. 10 cake under BDB = מ ע וג 571a. fullness, that which fills under BDB = מ ל א 37. You should remember this word from Genesis כ ף 887b. flour, meal under BDB = ק מ ח 461b. jar under BDB = כ ד 8 10 d 3 Mss ל ק ח י ut 11 which means 3 manuscripts read ל ק ח י as in verse 11. Well points for consistency. However what do we do with this? 9 11 b -BA ( ) pr αυτη, frt l ל ה ק ח י which means Greek text (except for Vaticanus and Alexandrinus codices) (along with Syriac and Targum) puts αυτη to her before this word, so maybe we should read ל ה ק ח י to her, take. I d say we have a bit of a mess. This might be a good problem to cut your text critical teeth on. Look at the different witnesses. Now which reading most likely gives rise to all the others? 10 ( ) mdm =.מ א ומ ה Syriac (and Targum) have the Aramaic equivalent of anything. So does she say as the Lord your God lives if I have a cake, except a handful or if I have anything except a handful?

7 7 Let s try to piece this together. Literally except fullness כי אם מלא כף קמח בכד (of) hand (of) flour in the jar = except a handful of flour in a/the jar. 1032a. fat, oil under BDB = ש מ ן 860a. jar, jug (flat or broad shape) under BDB = צ פ ח ת = cardinal numer. Gender and state? See Isbell Absolute forms ש נ י ם normally precede the noun. so we know this is מ Note meteg under.מ ת נ ו + verb. That leaves ו ו מ ת נ ו māt e nū(w) not motnū(w). PGN? Form? Indication of conjugation other than Qal? Her reply is heart wrenching. This is one of my favorites stories in the Hebrew Bible. For the tragic pathos of the situation. And that Elijah is in the role of foreigner. Most of the people I work with are foreigners and over the last twelve years I have become especially sensitive to stories in which someone is in the role of foreigner/outsider/other. You might be surprised how many there are. Worth a book? (17:13) Form? PGN? Indication of conjugation other.א ל Note this verb comes after ת יר א י than Qal? ירא is one of the Final Six 1 st י verbs.. ך and ך - Make sure you know the difference between כ ד ב ר ך (adverb) surely; howbeit (in contrast to what comes before) under BDB = א ך 36b. Note regarding syntax א ך is what we call a restrictive adverb that restricts (qualified or limits) what comes before, and offers clarification and instruction. Often has an emphatic sense. 728a. disc or cake of bread under BDB = ע ג ה

8 8 = preposition + article + adjective. Literally in the first = first used ב ר אש נ ה adverbially. Make a little cake and bring (it) to me first. 11 ו ה וצ את 12 ו ל ך 30b. coming after, behind under BDB = א ח ר ון (17:14) lack, need, be lacking, decrease under BDB 341a. A rather famous root = חסר.יהוה ר ע י ל א א ח ס ר because of Psalm 23:1 Yeah like that helps much. This is a.ת ת Oh man. There is a ktib-qre. Read ת תן (17:15) 14 1 st and 3 rd weak verb in construct with.יהוה I just gave you the form. Review Isbell 256b if you are still stumped. Remember the infinitive construct of 1 st weak verbs usually ends in ת and the 1 st root letter disappears. And in this. ת case the weak 3 rd root letter assimilates to the I would however still like to know where תתן comes from sic L, mlt Mss Edd ; ת Ms י. ת This is how Leningrad Codex reads, several manuscripts (in Kennicott et al) have ת without the shwa, one manuscript has ת י and I will bring. This is the sort of difference we find between different Masoretes. Some feel the need to indicate no vowel after ת with a silent shwa. Some see no need. And some goofball may have made a mistake copying the verb Mss.ו ל כ י Spiffy. Although interesting. Two manuscripts read. ו ל כ י Could there be another form of the 2fs pronominal suffix that a couple manuscripts preserved? some manuscripts follow the Qre [this,ת ת is same as ת תן 19f. sic Q nonn Mss cf 6,,ת ת = 13. [לתתן part s a little unclear], compare 1 Kings 6:19 [where the text has 14 The original Greek text does not have כדבר אליהו - but some Greek manuscripts have και εδωκεν αυτω and she gave it him instead. For ובית ה and her house the Septuagint reads και τα τεκνα αυτης and her children, so some suggest וב נ ה and her son. You can see the scribes and translators trying to make sense of who all is in this story. Elijah, the woman, and her son only?

9 9 different? How is that.ה יא ו ה וא An odd Ketib-Qere. Read הוא והיא + noun + possessive suffix. PGN of suffix? An interesting piece of ו וב ית ה information. We are dealing with more than just the widow and her son. Maybe. Depends on how we deal with the text critical issues. days? 15 = Literally and she ate days. A little unclear. How many ותאכל... י מ ים (17:16). ת ה verbs is ה The 3fs perfect suffix for 3 rd כ ל ת ה אשר דבר This struck me as a little unusual. Rather than simply אשר דבר ביד אליהו (17:17)?ביד Why.באליהו 317b. be weak, sick under BDB = ח ל ה Perhaps.ב ע ל mistress under BDB 128a. Quite a rare noun as opposed to = ב ע ל ה she is not the poor, helpless widow as we often picture her to be. sickness under BDB 318a. So is this = ח ל י suffix. = noun + possessive ח ל י ו ḥolyō(w) or ḥāl e yō(w)? י = Niphal be left over, remain over under BDB 451a. Note how most 1 st יתר verbs are originally 1 st ו which reppears after a stem prefix. Or also her household? Is this a poor destitute woman living alone with her son? Or did her husband die and leave her the head of an entire household? 15 > *; O ( ) και απο της ημερας ταυτης (cj c 16). Not in original Greek. But Origen s recension of Septuagint (and Arabic, Syriac, Vulgate) reads and from this[?] day (connect with verse 16). Does the parenthetical comment mean verse 16 could read from this day the vessel of flour did not run out?

10 10 675b. breath under BDB = נ ש מ ה breath. = Literally until there was not left in him עד אשר לא נותרה בו נשמה (17:18) you? = Literally what to me and to מה לי ול ך and I class vowel. We have met ה preposition + verb. So what form? Note ל ה ז כ יר this verb before but check under BDB 270b to remind yourself. iniquity, guilt, punishment of iniquity under BDB 730b. Good opportunity = ע ון to see the short vowel chart in action. and I class vowel. Before you kill yourself ה + preposition + verb. Note ו = ול ה מ ית check under BDB 560a. (17:19) Review. י We have seen many forms like this earlier in the chapter. Note ת נ י Isbell 256 if you need to give yourself a hand. A little.י ע ל = verb + object suffix. Form? PGN? PGN of suffix? That leaves ו י ע ל ה ו tricky. The third root letter has disappeared before the suffix. This is one of those situations where because of the 1 st guttural and 3 rd ה you cannot tell the difference between the Qal and Hiphil conjugations. Which makes more sense? 751a. roof-chamber under BDB = ע ל י ה living. Literally which he is living there = where he was אשר הוא ישב שם 1012b. = Hiphil lay, make lie down under BDB שכב - ו י ש כ ב ה ו.נטה couch, bed under BDB 641b. Root = מ ט ה

11 11 (17:20) 16 אל יהוה also. + particle. Literally? ה = interrogative ה ג ם 158a. = Hitpolel seek hospitality with under BDB גור - מ ת ג ור ר (am) Literally over/upon the widow who I על האלמנה אשר אני מתגורר עמה seeking hospitality with her? = over/upon the widow with whom I have been staying? Remember that in Hebrew the way to say whom is אשר followed by corresponding pronominal suffix. = Hiphil do injury, hurt, do evil under BDB 949b. Final geminate verbs can רעע be difficult to analyze. הגם על האלמנה... הרעות להמית This is a rather complicated sentence. Try reading also upon/against the widow you did evil to kill her son? The את בנה phrase אשר אני מתגורר עמה is an adjectival clause that modifies.האלמנה Not easy to render into smooth English. Let s compare a few modern translations: NIV 1 Kings 17:20 Then he cried out to the LORD, "O LORD my God, have you brought tragedy also upon this widow I am staying with, by causing her son to die?" NRS 1 Kings 17:20 He cried out to the LORD, "O LORD my God, have you brought calamity even upon the widow with whom I am staying, by killing her son?" RSV 1 Kings 17:20 And he cried to the LORD, "O LORD my God, hast thou brought calamity even upon the widow with whom I sojourn, by slaying her son?" 16 Septuagint reads Ηλιου Elijah so And Elijah cried out.

12 12 TNK 1 Kings 17:20 He cried out to the LORD and said, "O LORD my God, will You bring calamity upon this widow whose guest I am, and let her son die?" I find the last example interesting. There is a big difference between asking G-d will you do this awful thing and let it happen? and have you done this awful thing and made it happen? (17:21) 551a. = Hitpolel measured (stretched himself) under BDB מדד beat, foot, anvil, occurrence; time under = פ ע ם number? Gender and פ ע מ ים BDB 821b. times. three occurrences = three שלש פעמים PGN?.ת ש ב to this form ת ש וב Is this tāšāb or tāšob? Compare imperfect ת ש ב Conjugation? Note א.נ Form? Remember we have talked about four different types of prefixed verb. (1) Imperfect (2) Wayyiqtol (3) Cohortative and (4)...? May you remember by reviewing Isbell What is the subject? inward part, midst under BDB 899a. It helps to understand that segolate = ק ר ב nouns in Biblical Hebrew were originally CvCC so *qirbu > *qirb > *qireb(?) > qéreb. The original form reappears with a vocalic suffix. = Literally please let return (the) soul/breath of this תשב נא נפש הילד הזה על קרבו boy to his midst = please let the soul/breath of this boy return into him. (17:22) The Septuagint reads this verse very differently for some reason. και εγενετο ουτως, και ανεβοησεν το παιδαριον and it happened thus, and the child cried out although read with Septuagint fragment 407 (and Josephus? a little unclear how to read the note) ανεβιωσεν and he lived again. Was there another version of this verse? Or was the translator not comfortable with Adonai doing what Elijah asked? Another good text critical issue to consider.

13 13 but ו י ה י I cannot quite explain why ו י ח י (17:23) silluq?. Maybe because of the ו י ח י?מ mother under BDB 51b. Can you explain the strong dagesh in = א ם - ל א מ ו We have seen a bunch of these in this chapter. The third root letter disappears ר א י before the vocalic suffix. son. adjective. Alive (is) your ח י (17:24) 773b. (adverb) now under BDB = ע ת ה For some reason this verb takes the perfect form even to express present י ד ע ת י tense. Literally now this I knew = now I know this. 18.פ י mouth under BDB 804b. In construct and with suffix = פ ה - ב פ י ך 54a. firmness, faithfulness, truth under BDB = א מ ת truth. = Literally and the word of Adonai in your mouth (is) ודבר יהוה בפי ך אמת Compare modern English translations. Does אמת function as an adverb to?דבר יהוה Or an adjective/predicate that modifies?דבר יהוה בפי ך emphasize Do you think there is a difference between the word of Adonai (in your mouth) is truth and the word of Adonai is truly in your mouth? NIV 1 Kings 17:24 Then the woman said to Elijah, "Now I know that you are a man of God and that the word of the LORD from your mouth is the truth." 18 Two manuscripts of original Greek and Syriac omit זה so now I know that instead of now I know this, that you are a man of God.

14 14 NRS 1 Kings 17:24 So the woman said to Elijah, "Now I know that you are a man of God, and that the word of the LORD in your mouth is truth." RSV 1 Kings 17:24 And the woman said to Elijah, "Now I know that you are a man of God, and that the word of the LORD in your mouth is truth." TNK 1 Kings 17:24 And the woman answered Elijah, "Now I know that you are a man of God and that the word of the LORD is truly in your mouth."