English Flashcard Companion

Transcription

1 English Flashcard Companion Jesse R. Scheumann 2018

2 Introduction to the English Flashcard Companion The vocabulary list in this companion corresponds to the numbering of the flashcards. As you learn each new flashcard, you should consult this list to make sure you notice exactly what we intended to illustrate. Each vocab entry gives an English translation and provides a Hebrew verse using the word, and many entries have information on usage and extra forms. Our list consists specifically of all verbs that belong to a root that occurs 100+ times and all non-verbs that occur 100+ times. Non-verb illustrations are simple and generic. Verbs illustrate an iconic usage, and every biblical character is recognizable from card to card. We reflect a growing movement of professors who require students to memorize all verbs as words in the 3ms qatal, not as consonantal roots. In this companion, we specify each verb s binyan (stem): Pa = pa al, Ni = nif al, Pi = pi el, Hi = hif il, and Htp = hitpa el. Most of the flashcards contain a textbox in a particular corner of the illustration to indicate whether the word is a verb, noun, adjective, or pronoun (see card #420, which is a key for reading the cards). Any other part of speech lacks a text box. There are thirty-eight words that were too abstract to illustrate. These flashcards contain an English translation. We designed each picture according to a common set of principles. By becoming familiar with these, you will be able to interpret each card more quickly and accurately. - The primary figure on the card is centered, foregrounded, and bolded with pen - All movement flows from right to left - The illustration captures the central sense of the word within its semantic range o Literal sense is preferred over metaphorical sense o One sense is preferred over multiple senses, unless a secondary sense seems On par with the first sense as central in the semantic range, or Unrelated to the primary sense and confusing even within context - A word with two senses has the Hebrew word or between the illustrations - A solid line separates a word and its antonym; the bolded scene illustrates the word - Antonyms with one form each are on the same card and separated by Hebrew and - If a general word is illustrated with a specific example, the card depicts one example only and includes an or in the bottom left-hand corner i

3 Rationale for Non-Verb Forms Noun flashcards list both the singular and plural forms. The plural form demonstrates that many nouns take irregular endings and that the added suffix often causes initial-vowel reduction. By memorizing the plural form, a learner will be more likely to recognize the inflected words in the Hebrew Bible. All adjectives list both the masculine and feminine singular forms. As with nouns, this helps students naturally absorb patterns of inflection. There are several cards that list multiple words. For these cards, there are always two or more morphologically-related words that were too difficult to distinguish with separate illustrations. We illustrated the more concrete word, and we listed the related word(s) in smaller font on the back. For example, card 271 illustrates the adjective strong, and also lists the related verb to be strong in smaller font under the adjective forms. We illustrated only the spatial sense for prepositions, even though most prepositions have logical extensions. These cards are designed for beginner students who, like children, thrive in absorbing the language as a simple, concrete system. Card 418 illustrates the spatial prepositions together on a single card. The maturing student who reads biblical texts will pick up on the logical extensions of these prepositions in context. This companion lists English translations for those logical extensions. We did illustrate each geographic place that occurs 100+ times. Even though these place names get transliterated into English, most people do not know where Moab was in relation to Israel, for example. We adapted our maps from Thomas V. Brisco, Holman Bible Atlas: A Complete Guide to the Expansive Geography of Biblical History (Nashville, Tennessee: B&H, 1998). The size of each nation most closely represents the height of its power in a way that does not overlap with any other nation. Card 419 illustrates all of the nations together. We did not illustrate personal names that occur 100+ times, because there is no way to illustrate what these people looked like. Furthermore, someone familiar with an English Bible will recognize these names quite easily, because English transliterates the Hebrew names. Page 80 in this companion lists all of these names in order of frequency. A new learner should read the list to get a feel for how English transliterates the Hebrew. ii

4 Rationale for Verb Forms This section is written especially for Hebrew teachers and students who come from a traditional Hebrew background. Those who are new to Hebrew do not need to read this. The biggest divergence in how we list vocabulary words is the way we treat verbs. Traditionally, verbs are listed according to their consonantal root, and they are often vocalized uniformly according to the default pa al (qal) pattern. This practice leaves students memorizing either an unpronounceable consonantal root (e.g.,( ש ל ך or lists many words as imaginary pa al verbs (e.g. ש ל ך throw ). Many verbal roots never occur in the Hebrew Bible as a pa al verb. ש ל ך simply occurs as a hif il word: ה ש ל י ך throw. We list verbs as actual words. An added benefit of learning these flashcards is that students will naturally absorb the inflectional patterns of each binyan. For each verb, we list the 3ms qatal (perfect) and yiqtol (imperfect) forms in large font on the back side of the card. A student can produce any derived conjugation (e.g. imperative, infinitive, participle) or inflected word if these two forms are mastered. The Hebrew clause at the bottom of a flashcard is taken from the illustrated verse, and is (often) slightly edited. All proper names are in grey font, and no words are written in their pausal form. We also converted every verbal form to a participle. We did this in part to show a third verbal form, but mainly to describe accurately the illustration on the front, which is a snapshot of an in-progress action. We believe the participle is the default form for communicating the present progressive tense. For example, see Gen 37:15 16; 1 Sam 17:45; Jer 1:11 13; see also Randall Buth, Word Order in the Verbless Clause: A Generative-Functional Approach, in Cynthia Miller, ed., The Verbless Clause in Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbraun s, 1999) iii

5 List of Abbreviations adj adjective adv adverb f feminine Hi hif il (a binyan/verbal stem) Htp hitpa el (a binyan/verbal stem) imp imperative inf infinitive m masculine n noun Ni nif al (a binyan/verbal stem) p plural Pa pa al (a binyan/verbal stem, often called qal) Pi pi el (a binyan/verbal stem) prep preposition pro pronoun ptcp participle s singular vyqtl vayyiqtol (a verbal conjugation) 1 1 st person (e.g. I, we ) 2 2 nd person (e.g. you ) 3 3 rd person (e.g. he, she, it, they ) iv

6 Table of Contents The order of these flashcards corresponds to our reading fluency course that is still in a beta version. The first seven groups of cards consist of concrete vocabulary that is easy to use in the classroom with props. The following sixteen groups of cards provide the vocabulary for a new story each week. Each story employs a certain subset of pa al, pi el, or hif il verbs. The final seven groups of cards relate to the book of Jonah, and include learning several nif al and hitpa el verbs. The exact order within each group of cards is determined by word frequency according to the following strata: verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and miscellaneous. The description of each group in this table is not exhaustive it merely highlights the emphasis of cards in that group. 1 5: nouns, article : verbs, nouns : singular subject pronouns, interrogatives, adjectives, prepositions : verbs, dual nouns, demonstrative pronouns : verbs, nouns, plural subject pronouns : verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions : verbs, nouns, numbers : pa al default qatal ( Hungry Woman story) : pa al 2 nd vav qatal ( A Man Had a Flock ) : pa al 3 rd he qatal ( Tower of Babel ) : pa al default qatal ( Samson and the Philistines ) : pa al default yiqtol ( Wise Solomon ) v

7 : pa al yiqtal ( Micah and the Levite ) : pa al 3 rd he yiqtol ( Water from the Rock ) : pa al 2 nd vav yiqtol ( David and Abigail ) : pa al 1 st yod yiqtol ( Abram and the Heir ) : pa al 1 st nun yiqtol ( The Ark and the Philistines ) : pi el default ( The Exodus ) : pi el 3 rd he ( The Call of Abram ) : hif il default ( The Spies Bad Report ) : hif il 2 nd vav ( David and Goliath ) : hif il 1 st nun/3 rd he ( Balaam Blesses Israel ) : hif il 1 st yod ( Battles of Jericho and Ai ) : nif al (Jonah 1:1 6) : hitpa el (Jonah 1:7 12) : (Jonah 1:13 2:2; 2:11 3:2) : (Jonah 3:3 9) : (Jonah 3:10 4:5) : (Jonah 4:6 11) : (Jonah 2:3 10) : names of people vi

8 1 (411) 1 (f) n sword ח רב 1. ו י ש ל ח א ה וד את י ד ש מ אל ו ו י ק ח את ה ח רב (Judg 3:21a) And Ehud sent out his left hand and took the sword. (Judg 3:21a) Consult card 420, which is a key for reading the cards. On one side it lists what the textbox represents on the fronts of the cards. On the other side, it describes what forms are listed on the backs of the cards. (137) (m) n horse ס וס 2. (5:9a 2) Kgs ו י ב א נ ע מ ן ב ס וס ו וב ר כ ב ו And Naaman came with his horse and with his chariot. (2 Kgs 5:9a) (135) (m), n chair כ throne ס א 3. (4:10a 2) Kgs ו נ ש ים ל ו ש ם מ ט ה ו ש ל ח ן ו כ ס א ומ נ ור ה Let us set for him there a bed and a table and a chair and a lamp. (2 Kgs 4:10a) (7:13 2) Sam ו כ נ נ ת י את כ ס א מ מ ל כ ת ו ע ד ע ול ם I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. (2 Sam 7:13) Even though כ ס א appears in the OT most often to refer to a throne, this is a context-specific meaning a king s chair. The basic meaning is a chair in general. (113) (m) ) כ שב form: n sheep (alt. כ בש 4. (14:13a (Lev ו ש ח ט את ה כ בש And he shall slaughter the sheep. (Lev 14:13a) (30,368*) the ה - 5. (2:1a (Gen ו י כ ל ו ה ש מ י ם ו ה א רץ And the heavens and the earth were finished. (Gen 2:1a) Hebrew only has the definite article. It lacks an indefinite article like a, an. The dash after a vocab word means that the word is never written as an independent word it is always adjoined to another word as a prefix. 1 This list of Hebrew vocabulary words was initially adapted from a list in Randall Buth, Living Biblical Hebrew: Selected Readings with 500 Friends (Zeeland, MI: Biblical Language Center, 2006): All of the wordfrequency numbers in parentheses in this companion are taken from Buth, unless they are marked with an asterisk; in these cases, the numbers reflect my own Logos searches. I have subtracted from and added to Buth s list using the frequency criteria described above in the introduction, critically examining the inclusion of every word. This is my own list and represents my own work. I have determined the order of vocabulary words, English translations, Hebrew verses chosen, English translations, comments on words, and verb phrases for the backs of the cards.

9 2 (626) up ; Pa carry נ ש pick א 6. (3:8a (Josh ו א ת ה ת צ וה את ה כ ה נ ים נ ש א י א ר ון ה ב ר ית And you shall command the priests, the ones who carry the ark of the covenant. (Josh 3:8a) ו י ש א ו ש ת י עש ר ה א ב נ ים מ ת ו ך ה י ר ד ן (Josh 4:8a) And they picked up twelve stones from the midst of the Jordan. (Josh 4:8a) For any vocab word, a diagonal line through the illustrated front with or in the middle indicates two different senses of the same word. The sense of to carry is the dominant usage of this word. When it means to pick up, eyes for its object: someone lifts up his eyes to see ע ינ י ם usually has נ ש א someone/thing (e.g. Gen 18:2; 22:4; Num 24:2; Josh 5:13) (ptcp) נ ש א (inf), ש א ת / נ ש א ו י ש א (vyqtl), ש א (imp), The priests are carrying the ark of the covenant (460) up, Pa arise ק get ם 7. (3:6b 1) Sam ו י ק ם ש מ וא ל ו י ל ך אל ע ל י And Samuel arose and walked to Eli. (1 Sam 3:6a) ו י ק ם (vyqtl), ק ום (imp), ק ום (inf), ק ם (ptcp) Samuel is getting up to walk to Eli (2,179) (m) ; n man א husband י ש 8. (6:9b (Gen נ ח א י ש צ ד יק Noah was a righteous man. (Gen 6:9b) (3:6b (Gen ו ת ת ן ג ם ל א י ש ה And she gave also to her husband. (Gen 3:6b) Context determines whether א י ש should be translated as man or husband. It always means husband if there is an attached pronoun (i.e. her man, like in Gen 3:6). (862) (m) n name ש ם 9. (3:20a (Gen ו י ק ר א ה א ד ם ש ם א ש ת ו ח ו ה And the man called the name of his wife Eve. (Gen 3:20a) (782) (f) ; n woman א wife ש ה 10. (12:11b (Gen א ש ה י פ ת מ ר אה א ת

10 3 A woman beautiful in appearance are you. (Gen 12:11b) (12:11a (Gen ו י אמר אל ש ר י א ש ת ו And he said to Sarai his wife. (Gen 12:11a) As with י ש,א context determines whether א ש ה should be translated as woman or wife. It always means wife if there is an attached pronoun (i.e. his woman, like in Gen 12:11a). (297) (m) n bread ל חם 11. (41:54b (Gen וב כ ל א רץ מ צ ר י ם ה י ה ל חם But in the land of Egypt there was bread. (Gen 41:54b) (270) (m) n meat, flesh ב ש ר 12. (17:6a 1) Kgs ו ה ע ר ב ים מ ב יא ים ל ו ל חם וב ש ר ב ב קר And the ravens were bringing to him bread and meat in the morning. (1 Kgs 17:6a) This word is often translated flesh, because it is used frequently to refer to humans as ב ש ר (e.g. Gen 2:23, 24; 6:3, 12, 13, etc.). The plural form card. only occurs once, so it is not listed on the ב ש ר ים (269) (f) n stone א בן 13. (17:49a 1) Sam י ש ל ח ד ו ד את י ד ו אל ה כ ל י ו י ק ח מ ש ם א בן And David sent his hand into the pouch and took from there a stone. (1 Sam 17:49a) (50,273*) then ; and ו - but, 14. (1:1a (Gen ב ר א א לה ים א ת ה ש מ י ם ו א ת ה א רץ God created the heavens and the earth. (Gen 1:1a) The dash after a vocab word means that the word is never written as an independent word it is always adjoined to another word as a prefix. (11,134*) marker) definite ) א direct object ת 15. ו י ר א א לה ים א ת כ ל א שר ע ש ה (Gen 1:31a) And God saw all that he had made. (Gen 1:31a) While there is some variation, the dominate use of this particle is to mark the definite direct object of transitive verbs. As a free-standing word, the object marker is spelled with a tsere: ת ;א when it is joined to the following

11 4 word by a maqqef,( ) it is spelled with a seghol:.את It does not receive a translation in English. (774) dwell ; Pa sit י ש ב 16. (4:5b (Jon ו י ע ש ל ו ש ם ס כ ה ו י ש ב ת ח ת יה And he made for himself there a shelter, and he sat underneath it. (Jon 4:5b) When י ש ב has the sense of dwell (e.g. Gen 13:12), it has the meaning of to dwell in a precise, clearly demarcated area, and so to be in a fixed position, or to sit (HALOT, 1497). ו י שב (vyqtl), ש ב (imp), ש בת (inf), י ש ב (ptcp) Jonah is sitting under the shelter [874] pro I א נ י.17 (1,316) [442] pro I א נ כ י (1:9a (Jon ע ב ר י א נ כ י ו את יהוה א לה י ה ש מ י ם א נ י י ר א I am a Hebrew and YHWH, the God of heaven, I fear. (Jon 1:9a) This is pronoun is unmarked for gender, so can refer to a male or female. (809) (ms) pro you א ת ה.18 א לה ים ע מ ך ב כ ל א שר א ת ה ע שה (Gen 21:22b) God is with you in all that you do. (Gen 21:22b) (1,533) that, pro he ה וא it; 19. (14:18b (Gen ו ה וא כ ה ן ל א ל על י ון And he was priest to God Most High. (Gen 14:18b) (145) that, pro she ה it; יא 20. (3:20b (Gen ה וא ה י ת ה א ם כ ל ח י She was mother of all living. (Gen 3:20b) (554)? pro what מה 21. (4:2 (Exod מ זה ב י ד ך ו י אמר מ טה What is this in your hand? He said, A staff. (Exod 4:2) This interrogative pronoun is written as מ ה when it precedes,א,ה or.ר It is written as מה when it precedes ע or ח (BHRG ). (423)? pro who מ י.22

12 5 (27:32a (Gen ו י אמר ל ו י צ ח ק א ב יו מ י א ת ה And his father Isaac said to him, Who are you? (Gen 27:32a) [557] adj good ט וב 23. (1:31a (Gen ו ה נ ה ט וב מ א ד And behold, it was very good. (Gen 1:31a) (600) [43] good Pa will י יט be ב (45:16b (Gen ו י יט ב ב ע ינ י פ ר ע ה And it was pleasing in the eyes of Pharaoh. (Gen 45:16b) All adjective flashcards list the masculine and feminine singular forms. The pa al verb י יט ב only occurs in the yiqtol and vayyiqtol. [521] great, adj big ג ד ול 24. את ה מ א ור ה ג ד ל ל ממ ש לת ה י ום (Gen 1:16b) The great light to rule the day. (Gen 1:16b) (588) [53] great Pa grow ג up, become ד ל (21:20a (Gen ו י ה י א לה ים את ה נ ע ר ו י ג ד ל And God was with the boy, and he grew up. (Gen 21:20a) [4,360] for, prep to ל - toward, 25. (9,824) [5,464] into, prep to אל toward, (16:9a (Gen ו י אמר ל ה מ ל א ך יהוה ש וב י אל ג ב ר ת ך And the angel of YHWH said to her, Return to your mistress. (Gen 16:9a) Whereas ל - is always written as a prefix, אל is an independent preposition. For the prepositions, we only tried to capture the locative/spacial sense, which is illustrated by the position of the sphere with respect to the box. Most prepositions have derived meanings that we did not illustrate. Consult card 418, which illustrates most of the spacial prepositions on one card. [5,772] concerning ; prep on ע against; ל 26. (48:14a (Gen ו י שת ע ל ר א ש אפ ר י ם And he placed (it) on the head of Ephraim. (Gen 48:14a) (5,912) [140] upwards prep above; מ ע ל

13 6 (20:4a (Exod ו כ ל ת מ ונ ה א שר ב ש מ י ם מ מ ע ל or any likeness of what is in heaven above. (Exod 20:4a) (809) adv after ; prep behind א ח ר.27 (32:21a (Gen ה נ ה ע ב ד ך י ע ק ב א ח ר ינ ו Your servant Jacob is behind us. (Gen 32:20a*) (32:21b (Gen ו א ח ר י כ ן אר אה פ נ יו And after this I shall see his face. (Gen 32:20b*) If א ח ר / א ח ר י appears before a noun, it functions spatially, behind ; if it appears before a verb, it functions temporally, after. (506) of prep under; instead ת ח ת 28. (18:8b (Gen ו ה וא ע מ ד ע ל יהם ת ח ת ה ע ץ And he was standing by them under the tree. (Gen 18:8b) (743*) particle) question ) ה (4:9b (Gen ה ש מ ר א ח י א נ כ י (351) or א ו 30. Am I the keeper of my brother? (Gen 4:9b) This interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word of a question. The most appropriate word (the focus of the question) is fronted in the clause, to which this particle attaches (BHRG 43.2). (44:19b (Gen ה י ש ל כם א ב א ו א ח Do you have a father or a brother? (Gen 44:19b) (2,624) make, Pa do ע ש ה.31 (7:5 (Gen ו י ע ש נ ח כ כ ל א שר צ ו ה ו יהוה And Noah did all that YHWH had commanded him. (Gen 7:5) ו י ע ש (vyqtl), ע ש ה (imp), ע ש ות (inf), ע שה (ptcp) (632) up Pa go ע ל ה.32 ו י ק ר א יהוה ל מ שה אל ר א ש ה ה ר ו י ע ל מ שה (Exod 19:20b) YHWH called Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. (Exod 19:20b) ו י ע ל (vyqtl), ע ל ה (imp), ע ל ות (inf), ע לה (ptcp)

14 7 Moses is going up to the top of the mountain (434) Pa stand ע מ ד.33 (3:5b (Exod ה מ ק ום א שר א ת ה ע ומ ד ע ל יו א ד מ ת ק ד ש ה וא The place on which you are standing is holy ground. (Exod 3:5b) ו י ע מ ד (vyqtl), ע מ ד (imp), ע מ ד (inf), ע מ ד (ptcp) Moses is standing on holy ground (306) down Pa go י ר ד 34. (1:5b (Jon ו י ונ ה י ר ד אל י ר כ ת י ה ס פ ינ ה But Jonah had gone down into the rear parts of the ship. (Jon 1:5b) ו י רד (vyqtl), ר ד (imp), ר דת (inf), י ר ד (ptcp) Jonah is going down into the rear parts of the ship (125) Hi throw ה ש ל י ך.35 (7:10b (Exod ו י ש ל ך א ה ר ן את מ ט ה ו ל פ נ י פ ר ע ה And Aaron threw his staff before Pharaoh. (Exod 7:10b) ה ש ל י ך throw is not derived from a pa al verb. (ptcp) מ ש ל י ך (inf), ה ש ל י ך ו י ש ל ך (vyqtl), ה ש ל ך (imp), Aaron is throwing his staff before Pharaoh (600) (m) n head ר א ש 36. (10:1a 1) Sam ו י צ ק ע ל ר א ש ו And he poured (it) on his head. (1 Sam 10:1a) (1,617) (f) n hand יד 37. (22:10a (Gen ו י ש ל ח א ב ר ה ם את י ד ו And Abraham sent out his hand. (Gen 22:10a) On the back of the card, the dual form י ד י ם (256x) is listed instead of the plural form י ד ות (20x). (868) (f) n eye; spring, well ע י ן 38. (6:8 (Gen ו נ ח מ צ א ח ן ב ע ינ י יהוה But Noah found favor in the eyes of YHWH. (Gen 6:8) (16:7a (Gen ו י מ צ א ה מ ל א ך יהוה ע ל ע ין ה מ י ם And the angel of YHWH found her by a spring of water. (Gen 16:7a)

15 8 Whenever ע י ן is used as spring/well, ם מי water is usually in the immediate context. On the back of the card, the dual form listed instead of the plural form ע ינ ות (5x). (982) (m), n nose א nostril; anger ף 39. (19:1b (Gen ו י ק ם ל ק ר את ם ו י ש ת ח ו א פ י ם א ר צ ה (757x) is ע ינ י ם And he rose to meet them, and he bowed with nostrils to the ground. (Gen 19:1b) (49:6b (Gen ב א פ ם ה ר ג ו א י ש In their anger they slayed a man. (Gen 49:6b) If א ף appears in the singular, it is nose ; if it appears in the dual ( א פ י ם ), it is nostrils. It never occurs in the plural form. If it takes on the metaphorical sense of anger, it usually occurs in idioms such as heat of nose or nose was kindled. There are a few instances where א ף means anger on its own outside of the idiomatic phrase. Context always makes it clear. (251) (f) n foot, leg; occurrence ר גל 40. (4:17a (Judg ו ס יס ר א נ ס ב ר ג ל יו אל א הל י ע ל And Sisera fled on his feet to the tent of Jael. (Judg 4:17a) ח שת ע ל ר ג ל יו (17:6a 1) Sam ומ צ ח ת נ And shin guards of bronze were on his legs. (1 Sam 17:6a) On the back of the card, the dual form ר ג ל י ם (164x) is listed instead of the plural form ר ג ל ים (4x). On these few occasions, the plural (not dual) form of this noun, means occurrences (e.g. Exod 23:14; Num 22:28, 32), synonymous with (588) (f) n ear א זן 41..(#71) פ ע ם (18:23a 1) Sam ו י ד ב ר ו ע ב ד י ש א ול ב א ז נ י ד ו ד את ה ד ב ר ים ה א לה And the servants of Saul spoke in the ears of David these words. (1 Sam 18:23a) On the back of the card, the dual form plural form, which doesn t occur. (178) (f) ; n lip ש shore; language פ ה 42. (107x) is listed instead of the א ז נ י ם

16 9 (23:24a (Deut מ וצ א ש פ תי ך ת ש מ ר ו ע ש ית What has gone out of your lips you shall keep and do. (Deut 23:23a*) On the back of the card, the dual form ש פ ת י ם (85x) is listed instead of the plural form ש פ ת ות (23x). If ש פ ה is used as a bound form with י ם "sea" (#337), the entire phrase ש פ ת י ם) lip of sea ) means seashore (e.g. Exod 14:30). Hebrew also uses lip sometimes to refer to a language (e.g. Gen 11:1). [968*] (m) pro this זה 43. (1,470) [502*] (f) pro this זא ת ח ד ש ה זה (13:5b (Exod ו ע ב ד ת את ה ע ב ד ה ה ז את ב And you shall perform this service in this month. (Exod 13:5b) (741) pro these א לה 44. (4:6b (Josh מ ה ה א ב נ ים ה א לה ל כם What are these stones to you? (Josh 4:6b) [139] is there י ש 45. (944) [805*] not there א is ין (17:7b (Exod ש הי יהוה ב ק ר ב נ ו א ם א י ן Is YHWH in our midst or not? (Exod 17:7b) א ין respectively. These are predicators of existence and non-existence negates participial statements and nominal clauses, while ל א (#73) negates finite clauses (e.g. qatal and yiqtol verbs). (1,992) enter, Pa come ב א 46. (7:9a (Gen ש נ י ם ש נ י ם ב א ו אל נ ח אל ה ת ב ה Two by two they came to Noah, into the ark. (Gen 7:9a) Context, especially the object of א,ב determines if the action is come or enter. ו י ב א (vyqtl), ב א (imp), ב א (inf), ב א (ptcp) Two by two they are coming to Noah (1,390) go, Pa walk ה ל ך.47 (22:8b (Gen ו י ל כ ו ש נ יהם י ח ד ו

17 10 And the two of them walked together. (Gen 22:8b) ו י ל ך (vyqtl), ל ך (imp), ל כת (inf), ה ל ך (ptcp) Abraham and Isaac are walking together to the mountain (949) grab, Pa take ל ק ח.48 (15:15 (Judg ו י מ צ א ל ח י ח מ ור ט ר י ה ו י ש ל ח י ד ו ו י ק ח ה He found a fresh jawbone of a donkey, and he sent out his hand and took it. (Judg 15:15) (ptcp) לק ח (inf), ק ח ת ו י ק ח (vyqtl), ק ח (imp), Samson is grabbing a fresh jawbone of a donkey (584) place Pa set ש down, ם 49. (22:9b (Gen ו י שם א ת ו ע ל ה מ ז ב ח מ מ ע ל ל ע צ ים And he placed him on the altar, on top of the wood. (Gen 22:9b) ו י שם (vyqtl), ש ים (imp), ש ים (inf), ש ם (ptcp) Abraham is placing Isaac on the altar (217) Pa drink ש ת ה.50 (17:6a (Exod ו י צ א ו מ מ נ ו מ י ם ו ש ת ה ה ע ם And water will come out from it, and the people shall drink. (Exod 17:6a) ו י ש ת (vyqtl), ש ת ה (imp), ש ת ות (inf), ש ת ה (ptcp) The people are drinking water from the rock (64) about Htp walk ה ת ה ל ך.51 (13:17a (Gen ק ום ה ת ה ל ך ב א רץ ל א ר כ ה ול ר ח ב ה Arise, walk about in the land, to its length and to its breadth. (Gen 13:17a) ה ת ה ל ך walk about is derived from the pa al verb ל ך walk ה (#48). Generally speaking, ה ל ך has a destination in mind, while ה ת ה ל ך does not. ו י ת ה ל ך (vyqtl), ה ת ה ל ך (imp), ה ת ה ל ך (inf), מ ת ה ל ך (ptcp) Abram is walking about in the land of Canaan (2,036) (m) n house ת בי 52. (12:15b (Gen ו ת ק ח ה א ש ה ב ית פ ר ע ה And the woman was taken to the house of Pharaoh. (Gen 12:15b) (580) (m) n water ם מי 53.

18 11 (37:24b (Gen ו ה ב ור ר ק א ין ב ו ם מי And the cistern was empty there was no water in it. (Gen 37:24b) (383) (m) n gold ז ה ב.54 (13:2 (Gen ו א ב ר ם כ ב ד מ א ד ב מ ק נה ב כ סף וב ז ה ב And Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold. (Gen 13:2) (141) (m) n wine י י ן 55. (14:18a (Gen ומ ל כ י צ דק מ ל ך ש ל ם ה וצ יא ל חם ו י י ן And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (Gen 14:18a) (516) pro we א נ ח נ ו.56 (42:32a (Gen ש נ ים ע ש ר א נ ח נ ו א ח ים ב נ י א ב ינ ו We are twelve brothers, sons of our father. (Gen 42:32a) (284) (mp) pro you א תם 57. (19:4a (Exod א תם ר א יתם א שר ע ש ית י ל מ צ ר י ם You have seen what I did to Egypt. (Exod 19:4a) (5,553) (mp) ; pro they ה those ם 58. (42:23a (Gen ו ה ם ל א י ד ע ו כ י ש מ ע י וס ף But they did not know that Joseph was listening. (Gen 42:23a) (859) even, adv also ג ם 59. (3:6b (Gen ו ת ת ן ג ם ל א י ש ה ע מ ה And she gave also to her husband with her. (Gen 3:6b) (1,362) against, prep in ב - at, by; with; 60. יהוה ב מ ק ום ה זה (Gen 28:16a) YHWH is in this place. (Gen 28:16a) (2,003) Pa give נ ת ן.61 (3:6b (Gen ו ת ת ן ג ם ל א י ש ה ע מ ה And she gave also to her husband with her. (Gen 3:6b) ו י ת ן (vyqtl), ת ן (imp), ת ת (inf), נ ת ן (ptcp) Eve is giving the fruit to her husband (788) Pa eat א כ ל.62

19 12 (3:6b (Gen ו ת ת ן ג ם ל א י ש ה ע מ ה ו י אכ ל And she gave also to her husband with her, and he ate. (Gen 3:6b) ו י אכ ל (vyqtl), א כ ל (imp), א כ ל (inf), א כ ל (ptcp) Adam is eating the fruit (171) Pa slay ה ר ג.63 (34:26a (Gen ו את ח מ ור ו את ש כם ב נ ו ה ר ג ו ל פ י ח רב Hamor and his son Shechem they slayed by the mouth of the sword. (Gen 34:26a) ה ר ג most often describes a slaying action done with a sword. ו י ה ר ג (vyqtl), ה ר ג (imp), ה ר ג (inf), ה ר ג (ptcp) Simeon and Levi are slaying Hamor and Shechem (167) Ni fight נ ל ח ם.64 (17:10b 1) Sam ת נ ו ל י א י ש ו נ ל ח מ ה י ח ד Give me a man and let us fight together. (1 Sam 17:10b) There is a related pa al verb ל ח ם fight that occurs 3x in the Tanakh (Ps refers to the fighting that usually occurs within a battle נ ל ח ם 56:2,3). 35:1; where one person tries to kill the other. It is not as broad as the English verb to fight, which can refer to a verbal spat. נ ל ח ם usually marks its.ע ם or preposition ב - object either with preposition (ptcp) נ ל ח ם (inf), ה ל ח ם (imp), ה ל ח ם (vyqtl), ו י ל חם David is fighting Goliath (109) out Pa pour ש פ ך.65 (4:9b (Exod ו ל ק ח ת מ מ ימ י ה י א ר ו ש פ כ ת ה י ב ש ה You shall take from the water of the Nile, and you shall pour (it) out on the dry ground. (Exod 4:9b) About 90% of the time, ש פ ך occurs in conjunction with ד ם blood either literally ( pour out blood in sacrificial acts with the altar) or metaphorically ( to shed blood ). ו י ש פ ך (vyqtl), ש פ ך (imp), ש פ ך (inf), ש פ ך (ptcp) Moses is pouring water from the Nile onto the dry ground

20 13 (72) Pa run ר ץ.66 (18:19a 2) Sam א ר וצ ה נ א ו א ב ש ר ה את ה מ ל ך Let me run please, that I may inform the king. (2 Sam 18:19a) ו י ר ץ (vyqtl), ר וץ (imp), ר וץ (inf), ר ץ (ptcp) Ahimaaz is running by way of the plain to David [2,518] (m) n king מ ל ך 67. (6:11a (Exod ב א ד ב ר אל פ ר ע ה מ ל ך מ צ ר י ם Go, speak to Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (Exod 6:11a) (2,815) [297] rule, Pa reign מ ל ך (15:18 (Exod יהוה י מ ל ך ל ע ל ם YHWH will reign forever. (Exod 15:18) (403) (m) n silver, money כ סף 68. (42:28a (Gen ה ו ש ב כ ס פ י ו ג ם ה נ ה ב א מ ת ח ת י My money has been returned; and also, behold, it is in my sack! (Gen 42:28a) (202) (m) n ark, chest א ר ון 69. (25:10a (Exod ו ע ש ו א ר ון ע צ י ש ט ים And they shall make an ark of wood from acacia trees. (Exod 25:10a) Although א ר ון simply denotes a chest in general, it most often refers to the ark of the covenant. (185) (m) n book, scroll ס פר 70. (5:1a (Gen זה ס פר ת ול ד ת א ד ם This is the book of the generations of Adam. (Gen 5:1a) (115) (f) n time, occurrence; foot, step פ ע ם 71. (33:3b (Gen ו י ש ת ח ו א ר צ ה ש ב ע פ ע מ ים And he bowed to the ground seven times. (Gen 33:3b) The sense of foot or step is very rare and is usually restricted to poetic material, but it does refer to the feet of the ark (e.g. Exod 25:12). [142] evil, adj bad ר ע 72. (3:22a (Gen ה ן ה א ד ם ה י ה כ א ח ד מ מ נ ו ל ד ע ת ט וב ו ר ע Behold, man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. (Gen 3:22a)

21 14 [203] misfortune, n evil ר ע [319] disaster, n evil ר ע ה (39:9b (Gen ו א י ך אע שה ה ר ע ה ה ג ד ל ה ה ז את And how could I do this great evil? (Gen 39:9b) (689) [25] evil Pa be ר bad, ע (38:10a (Gen ו י ר ע ב ע ינ י יהוה א שר ע ש ה And it was evil in the eyes of YHWH what he had done. (Gen 38:10a) [5,097] not, adv no ל א 73. ל א ת ע שה ל ך פ סל (Exod 20:4a) You shall not make for yourself a carved image. (Exod 20:4a) [725] not, adv no א ל (6:23 (Judg א ל ת יר א ל א ת מ ות Do not fear; you shall not die. (Judg 6:23) (5,933) [111] except, adv not ב ל ת י ל ב ל ת י ל כת א ח ר י א לה ים א ח ר ים (1 Kgs 11:10a) not to walk after other gods. (1 Kgs 11:10a) ל א occurs the most frequently because it can negate qatal and the yiqtol verbs. When it negates a yiqtol with an imperatival force, ל א takes on the sense of never, as in the Ten Commandments. א ל negates the jussive and ב ל ת י commands. can be used for both not ever and not now negative negates the infinitive. (489) yet, adv again ע וד still, 74. (35:9a (Gen ו י ר א א לה ים אל י ע ק ב ע וד And God appeared to Jacob again. (Gen 35:9a) (433) adv now ע ת ה.75 (18:11a (Exod ע ת ה י ד ע ת י כ י ג ד ול יהוה מ כ ל ה א לה ים Now I know that YHWH is greater than all the gods. (Exod 18:11a) (738) (aloud), Pa call ק cry out; read ר א 76. (39:14a (Gen ו ת ק ר א ל א נ ש י ב ית ה ו ת אמר ל הם

22 15 And she cried out to the men of her house and said to them. (Gen 39:14a) (24:7a (Exod ו י ק ר א ב א ז נ י ה ע ם And he read (it) in the ears of the people. (Exod 24:7a) ו י ק ר א (vyqtl), ק ר א (imp), ק ר א (inf), ק ר א (ptcp) Potiphar s wife is crying out to the men of the house (685) Pa return ש ב.77 (8:9a (Gen ו ת ש ב א ל יו אל ה ת ב ה And it returned to him, to the ark. (Gen 8:9a) ו י ש ב (vyqtl), ש וב (imp), ש וב (inf), ש ב (ptcp) The dove is returning to the ark understand (61(* Hi explain ה (cause to understand); ב ין 78. (8:16b (Dan ג ב ר יא ל ה ב ן ל ה ל ז את ה מ ר אה Gabriel, make this one understand the vision! (Dan 8:16b) (1:17b (Dan ו ד נ י אל ה ב ין ב כ ל ח ז ון ו ח למ ות And Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams. (Dan 1:17b) ה ב ין understand, give understanding is derived from the pa al verb understand (not a flashcard), which does occur about 64x in the ב ן// י ב ין Tanakh. ו י בן (vyqtl), ה ב ן (imp), ה ב ין (inf), מ ב ין (ptcp) Gabriel is explaining the vision to Daniel (2,512) (m) n Israel י ש ר א ל.79 (21:43a (Josh ו י ת ן יהוה ל י ש ר א ל את כ ל ה א רץ And YHWH gave to Israel all the land. (Josh 21:43a) Consult card 419, which shows where each of the geographical places are on a single map. (799) (m) n slave, servant ע בד 80. י ינ ו ל פ ר ע ה ב מ צ ר י ם (6:21a (Deut ע ב ד ים ה We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt. (Deut 6:21a) Context often helps decide whether the translation of servant or slave is more fitting. (985) (m) n enemy א י ב 81.

23 16 (7:6a (Esth ו ת אמר אס ת ר א י ש צ ר ו א וי ב ה מ ן ה ר ע ה זה And Esther said, A foe and an enemy is this evil Haman. (Esth 7:6a) (220) (f) n mother א ם 82. (3:20b (Gen ח ו ה כ י ה וא ה י ת ה א ם כ ל ח י Eve, because she was mother of all living. (Gen 3:20b) (161) (m), n warrior ג mighty man ב ור 83. (10:7b 2) Sam ו י ש ל ח את י וא ב ו א ת כ ל ה צ ב א ה ג ב ר ים And he sent Joab and all the army, the mighty men. (2 Sam 10:7b) (959) adj one אח ד.84 (2:24b (Gen ו ה י ו ל ב ש ר אח ד And they shall become one flesh. (Gen 2:24b) אח ד is an adjective; thus, it always appears after the noun it modifies. (768) n two ש נ י ם.85 (7:9a (Gen ש נ י ם ש נ י ם ב א ו אל נ ח אל ה ת ב ה Two by two they came to Noah, into the ark. (Gen 7:9a) While number 1 is an adjective, all other numbers are nouns. (494) n three ש ל ש ה.86 (9:19a (Gen ש ל ש ה א לה ב נ י נ ח These three were the sons of Noah. (Gen 9:19a) [413] great, adj much ר many; ב 87. נ שב ב מ צ ר י ם י מ ים ר ב ים 20:15a) (Num ו And we dwelt in Egypt many days. (Num 20:15a) [153] (m) ; n multitude ר ב greatness (1:11a (Isa ל מ ה ל י ר ב ז ב ח יכם What (lit. Why ) to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? (Isa 1:11a) (621) [59] great Pa be ר numerous; be ב ה (1:20b (Exod ו י רב ה ע ם ו י ע צ מ ו מ א ד And the people multiplied, and they became very strong. (Exod 1:20b) (4,475) when, because כ that, but, י 88.

24 17 (2:23b (Gen ל ז את י ק ר א א ש ה כ י מ א י ש ל ק ח ה ז את This one shall be called Woman, because from Man this one was taken. (Gen 2:23b) (178) why? ל מ ה.89 (12:18b (Gen ל מ ה ל א ה ג ד ת ל י כ י א ש ת ך ה וא Why did you not tell me that she is your wife? (Gen 12:18b) (565) truly ; but א only, ך 90. (9:4 (Gen א ך ב ש ר ב נ פ ש ו ד מ ו ל א ת אכ ל ו But meat with its life its blood you shall not eat. (Gen 9:4) [5,298] Pa say א מ ר.91 [1,086] Pi speak ד בר (7:9a (Exod כ י י ד ב ר א ל כם פ ר ע ה ל אמ ר When Pharoah speaks to you, saying... (Exod 7:9a) (7,810) [1,426] thing ; n word ד matter, ב ר (4:30a (Exod ו י ד ב ר א ה ר ן א ת כ ל ה ד ב ר ים And Aaron spoke all the words. (Exod 4:30a) א מ ר is the most general and frequent word for speaking in the Tanakh. It can be used to introduce all kinds of reported speech (i.e., commands, questions, exclamations, and statements), even internal speech (i.e., thinking). ד בר is less frequent and is used exclusively for conversation. (ptcp) א מ ר (inf), א מ ר (imp), א מ ר (vyqtl), ו י אמר ו י ד ב ר (vyqtl), ד ב ר (imp), ד ב ר (inf), מ ד ב ר (ptcp) Pharaoh is speaking to Moses and Aaron, saying (1,094) obey ; Pa hear ש מ ע.92 (7:15a (Judg ו י ה י כ ש מ ע ג ד ע ון את מ ס פ ר ה ח ל ום And it happened, after Gideon heard the telling of the dream... (Judg 7:15a) ש מ ע takes on the nuance of obedience in contexts where a command or desire is expressed, because to hear the request properly means to comply with it. This is why English often translates ש מ ע as obey. ו י ש מ ע (vyqtl), ש מ ע (imp), ש מ ע (inf), ש מ ע (ptcp)

25 18 Gideon is hearing the telling of the dream (448) Pa find מ צ א.93 (22:8a 2) Kgs ס פר ה ת ור ה מ צ את י ב ב ית יהוה I found the Book of the Law in the house of YHWH. (2 Kgs 22:8a) ו י מ צ א (vyqtl), מ צ א (imp), מ צ א (inf), מ צ א (ptcp) The high priest is finding the Book of the Law (225) for, Pi seek ב look ק ש 94. (23:14b 1) Sam ו י ב ק ש ה ו ש א ול כ ל ה י מ ים And Saul searched for him all the days. (1 Sam 23:14b) ב ק ש look for is not derived from a pa al verb. ו י ב ק ש (vyqtl), ב ק ש (imp), ב ק ש (inf), מ ב ק ש (ptcp) Saul is looking for David (118) (m) ; n fruit פ offspring ר י 95. (7:13b (Deut וב ר ך פ ר י ב ט נ ך ופ ר י א ד מ ת ך And he will bless the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your land. (Deut 7:13b) [106] near Pa come ק ר ב.96 (5:2b (Esth ו ת ק ר ב אס ת ר ו ת ג ע ב ר א ש ה ש ר ב יט And Esther came near, and she touched the head of the scepter. (Esth 5:2b) (191) [85] near Ni/Pa come נ ג ש (33:3b (Gen ע ד ג ש תו ע ד א ח יו until he came near to his brother. (Gen 33:3b) נ ג ש is unique in that it is a nif al word ג ש) (נ for the qatal and participle forms, but it is a pa al word ש) (י ג for the yiqtol, imperative, and infinitive forms. ו י ק ר ב (vyqtl), ק ר ב (imp), ק ר ב (inf), ק ר ב (ptcp) ו י ג ש (vyqtl), ג ש (imp), ג שת (inf), --- (ptcp) Esther is coming near to the king (172) Pa ask ש א ל.97 (8:10b 1) Sam ה ע ם ה ש א ל ים מ א ת ו מ ל ך

26 19 the people who asked for a king from him. (1 Sam 8:10b) ו י ש א ל (vyqtl), ש א ל (imp), ש א ל (inf), ש א ל (ptcp) The people are asking for a king from Samuel [235] (m), n God א god ל 98. [57] (m), n God א god (poetic singular form) ל וה (2,895) [2,603] (m), n God א gods לה ים (3:6a (Exod ו י אמר א נ כ י א לה י א ב י ך א לה י א ב ר ה ם And he said, I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham. (Exod 3:6a) (565) so, adv thus כ ן 99. (6:22b (Gen כ כ ל א שר צ ו ה א ת ו א לה ים כ ן ע ש ה According to all that God commanded him, thus he did. (Gen 6:22b) (130) really, indeed א ף 100. ה א ף ת ס פה צ ד יק ע ם ר ש ע (Gen 18:23b) Will you indeed sweep away righteous with wicked? (Gen 18:23b) This word and א ף nose, anger (#39) in the singular are homophones. They sound and are written the same; context alone determines the word. (563) Pa send ש ל ח.101 (2:5b (Exod ו ת ש ל ח את א מ ת ה ו ת ק ח ה And she sent her servant woman, and she took it. (Exod 2:5b) ו י ש ל ח (vyqtl), ש ל ח (imp), ש לח (inf), ש ל ח (ptcp) The daughter of Pharaoh is sending a servant woman to the basket (192) Pa love א ה ב.102 (29:30a (Gen ו יא ה ב ג ם את ר ח ל מ ל א ה Also, he loved Rachel more than Leah. (Gen 29:30a) ו יא ה ב (vyqtl), א ה ב (imp), א ה ב ה / א ה ב (inf), א ה ב (ptcp) Jacob loves Rachel more than Leah. (339) (m), n tree ע wood ץ 103. (22:3b (Gen ו י ב ק ע ע צ י ע ל ה And he split wood for a whole burnt offering. (Gen 22:3b)

27 20 (108) adv only ר ק.104 ל י צר מ ח ש ב ת ל ב ו ר ק ר ע (6:5b (Gen ו כ And every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil. (Gen 6:5b) [100] look, behold ה ן 105. (15:3a (Gen ה ן ל י ל א נ ת ת ה ז ר ע Behold, to me you have not given a seed. (Gen 15:3a) (1,137) [1,037] look, behold ה נ ה (3:8b (Ruth ו ה נ ה א ש ה ש כ בת מ ר ג לת יו And behold, a woman was lying at the place of his feet! (Ruth 3:8b) (154) Pa flee נ ס.106 is a discourse marker that shines a spotlight on the utterance that ה ן / ה נ ה follows: Attention is focused on events that are surprising or unexpected for the person addressed or the characters in a story. It often introduces an important change of perspective in a story. (BHRG ) (17:51b 1) Sam ו י ר א ו ה פ ל ש ת ים כ י מ ת ג ב ור ם ו י נ ס ו And the Philistines saw that their warrior was dead, and they fled. (1 Sam 17:51b) ו י נ ס (vyqtl), נ וס (imp), נ וס (inf), נ ס (ptcp) The Philistines are fleeing before David (34) Pa rest נ ח.107 (8:4 (Gen ו ת נ ח ה ת ב ה ע ל ה ר י א ר ר ט And the ark came to rest upon the mountains of Ararat. (Gen 8:4) ו י נ ח (vyqtl), נ וח (imp), נ וח / נ וח (inf), נ ח (ptcp) The ark is resting on the mountains of Ararat (3,514) happen, Pa be ה become; י ה 108. (1:13 (Gen ו י ה י ע רב ו י ה י ב קר י ום ש ל י ש י And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (Gen 1:13) When ה י ה is followed by ל - + noun, the verb often means become : 2:24). and they shall become one flesh (Gen ו ה י ו ל ב ש ר אח ד ו י ה י (vyqtl), ה י ה (imp), ה י ות (inf), --- (ptcp)

28 21 (273) (m) ( n flock(s צ אן 109. (4:2b (Gen ו י ה י ה בל ר ע ה צ אן Now Abel was a shepherd of a flock. (Gen 4:2b) Sheep and goats often grazed together, so צ אן usually refers to a flock consisting of both. But צ אן can refer to a flock of only sheep as distinguished from goats like in 1 Sam 25:2. Likely you could also have a itself refers to a flock of small צ אן consisting only of goats, but צ אן domesticated animals. Context can provide other specifics. (151) of, prep opposite נגד in front 110. (5:13a (Josh ו ה נ ה א י ש ע מ ד ל נג ד ו And behold, a man was standing opposite him. (Josh 5:13a) (161) aside Pa turn ס ר 111. (3:3a (Exod ו י אמר מ שה א ס ר ה נ א ו אר אה את ה מ ר אה ה ג ד ל ה זה And Moses said, I shall turn aside that I may see this great sight. (Exod 3:3a) ו י ס ר (vyqtl), ס ור (imp), ס ור (inf), ס ר (ptcp) Moses is turning aside to see the bush [123] middle, n half ח צ י.112 (19:41b 2) Sam ו ג ם ח צ י ע ם י ש ר א ל and also half of the people of Israel. (2 Sam 19:40b*) (5,531) [5,408] every, n all כ ל each, (19:41b 2) Sam ו כ ל ע ם י ה וד ה And all of the people of Judah. (2 Sam 19:40b*) כ ל is translated all before a definite, plural, or a collective noun and every before an indefinite or singular noun (HALOT, 474). כ ל is written with a qamets chatuf ל ) (כ when joined to the following word by a maqqef. (2,040) (f) n face פ נ ים 113. (17:3a (Gen ו י פ ל א ב ר ם ע ל פ נ יו And Abram fell on his face. (Gen 17:3a).פ נ י always occurs in this plural form. The bound (construct) form is פ נ ים

29 22 (332) (m) n open ש field דה 114. (25:29b (Gen ו י ב א ע ש ו מ ן ה ש דה ו ה וא ע י ף And Esau came in from the field, and he was exhausted. (Gen 25:29b) Bushes and plants naturally grow in a ש דה as food for wild animals (hence, Esau s hunting). A ש דה could be cultivated for crops (e.g. Ruth 2:2). (1,323) than, prep from מ out of; because; ן 115. (22:11a (Gen ו י ק ר א א ל יו מ ל א ך יהוה מ ן ה ש מ י ם And the angel of YHWH cried to him from heaven. (Gen 22:11a) (41) exalted Pa be ר high, be ם 116. (6:1a (Isa ו אר אה את א ד נ י י ש ב ע ל כ ס א ר ם ו נ ש א I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up. (Isa 6:1a) The nuance of being exalted, which is emphasized a lot in the Psalms, is a sense derived from being lifted high. ו י ר ם (vyqtl), ר ום (imp), ר ום (inf), ר ם (ptcp) The Lord is high who is on a throne [601*] (m) n heart ל ב 117. (7:14a (Exod כ ב ד ל ב פ ר ע ה The heart of Pharaoh is heavy. (Exod 7:14a) (853) [*252] (m) n heart ל ב ב (14:5b (Exod ו י ה פ ך ל ב ב פ ר ע ה And the heart of Pharaoh was turned. (Exod 14:5b) There is no semantic or syntactic difference between the two forms. Both forms appear frequently in narrative and poetic material. Even morphophonologically, both can appear with pronominal suffixes and as bound (construct) nouns. (237) (m) n peace ש ל ום 118. (6:23b (Judg ש ל ום ל ך א ל ת יר א ל א ת מ ות Peace to you. Do not fear you will not die. (Judg 6:23b) ש ל ום peace is related to the adjective ש ל ם whole (#416). [5,500*] pronoun), pro who א that, which (relative שר 119.

30 23 (1:31a (Gen ו י ר א א לה ים את כ ל א שר ע ש ה And God saw all that he had made. (Gen 1:31a) pronoun), pro who ( ש - that, which (prefixed relative (also: ש - [136] (5,636) (6:17b (Judg ו ע ש ית ל י א ות ש א ת ה מ ד ב ר ע מ י And you shall make me a sign that you are speaking with me. (Judg 6:17b) (99*) because prep on account of, י ע ן 120. (22:16b (Gen י ע ן א שר ע ש ית את ה ד ב ר ה זה Because you have done this thing (Gen 22:16b) About two-thirds of the time, introducing a protasis (conditional) statement. (1,126) Pa see ר א ה.121 (3:6a (Gen ו ת רא ה א ש ה כ י ט וב ה ע ץ ל מ א כ ל because, to mean א שר occurs with י ע ן And the woman saw that the tree was good for food. (Gen 3:6a) ו י ר א (vyqtl), ר א ה (imp), ר א ות (inf), ר אה (ptcp) The woman sees that the tree is good for food (*199) Pa build ב נ ה.122 (11:4a (Gen נ ב נה ל נ ו ע יר ומ ג ד ל Let us build for ourselves a city and a tower. (Gen 11:4a) ו י בן (vyqtl), ב נ ה (imp), ב נ ות (inf), ב נה (ptcp) The children of man are building a tower (6,828*) (m) n YHWH י הו (God s covenant name) ה 123. יהוה א לה י א ב ת יכם (Exod 3:15a) YHWH, the God of your fathers. (Exod 3:15a) (4,887) (m) n son ב ן 124. (21:2a (Gen ו ת לד ש ר ה ל א ב ר ה ם ב ן And Sarah bore for Abraham a son. (Gen 21:2a) (165) (m), n man א mankind; Adam ד ם 125. (6:5b (Gen ו י ר א יהוה כ י ר ב ה ר ע ת ה א ד ם ב א רץ YHWH saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth. (Gen 6:5b)

31 24 (2:20b (Gen ול א ד ם ל א מ צ א ע זר But for Adam he did not find help. (Gen 2:20b) א ד מ ה mankind; Adam is morphologically related to the noun א ד ם ground (#388). If it occurs with the article, it can t refer to Adam, because Hebrew proper nouns don t take the article. (62) finished Pa be כ ל ה.126 הל מ וע ד (39:32a (Exod ו ת כל כ ל ע ב ד ת מ ש כ ן א And all the work of the tabernacle of the tent of meeting was finished. (Exod 39:32a) כ ל ה never occurs as a participle, so the verbal form in the verb phrase on the back of the card is a qatal. ו י כל (vyqtl), --- (imp), כ ל ות (inf), --- (ptcp) All the work of the tabernacle is finished (2,498) (f) ; n land ארץ earth 127. (47:13b (Gen ו ת ל ה א רץ מ צ ר י ם ו א רץ כ נ ע ן The land of Egypt and the land of Canaan languished. (Gen 47:13b) (1:1 (Gen ב ר א ש ית ב ר א א לה ים א ת ה ש מ י ם ו א ת ה א רץ In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. (Gen 1:1) (1,042) (f), n city ע town יר 128. (11:4a (Gen נ ב נה ל נ ו ע יר Let us build ourselves a city. (Gen 11:4a) (187) (m), n neighbor ר friend ע 129. (20:17a (Exod ל א ת ח מ ד ב ית ר ע ך You shall not covet the house of your neighbor. (Exod 20:17a) (145) (f) ; n service ע work, slavery ב ד ה 130. (8:22a (Num ב א ו ה ל ו י ם ל ע ב ד את ע ב ד ת ם ב א הל מ וע ד The Levites entered to perform their service in the tent of meeting. (Num 8:22a) (5:9a (Exod ת כ ב ד ה ע ב ד ה ע ל ה א נ ש ים Let the work be heavy upon the men. (Exod 5:9a)

32 25 ע ב ד work, service is morphologically related to the pa al verb ע ב ד ה work (#589). ע ב ד ה is used most often in the 2 nd half of Exodus, Numbers, and the books of Chronicles to refer to the service at the tent of meeting. Sometimes it is used to refer to the slavery in Egypt; other times it refers to work in general. (117) Pa turn פ נ ה.131 (7:23a (Exod ו י פן פ ר ע ה ו י ב א אל ב ית ו And Pharaoh turned, and he went into his house. (Exod 7:23a) ו י פן (vyqtl), פ נ ה (imp), פ נ ות (inf), פ נה (ptcp) Pharaoh is turning from Moses and Aaron (110) turn Pa stretch נ ט out; ה 132. (14:21a (Exod ו י ט מ שה את י ד ו ע ל ה י ם And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea. (Exod 14:21a) Besides stretching out one s hand, the most common usage of נ ט ה is to stretch out (i.e. pitch ) a tent (e.g. Gen 26:25). By extension, נ ט ה also means to turn (oneself) aside (e.g. Num 21:22a). ו י ט (vyqtl), נ ט ה (imp), נ ט ות (inf), נ טה (ptcp) Moses is stretching out his hand over the sea [1,091] prep with ע ם.133 (29:9b (Gen ו ר ח ל ב א ה ע ם ה צ אן And Rachel came with the flock. (Gen 29:9b) (2,029) [938] prep with א ת (5:22a (Gen ו י ת ה ל ך ח נ ו ך א ת ה א לה ים And Enoch walked with God. (Gen 5:22a) The preposition א ת with and the direct object marker א ת (#15) are homophones. They sound and are written the same; context alone determines which word it is. (1103) adv before prep in ל front of; פ נ י 134. (27:7b (Gen ו א ב רכ כ ה ל פ נ י יהוה ל פ נ י מ ות י And I shall give a blessing in front of YHWH before I die. (Gen 27:7b)

33 26 If ל פ נ י appears before a noun, it functions spatially, in front of ; if it (197) therefore ל כ ן.135 appears before a verb, it functions temporally, before. ל פ נ י consists of the preposition ל - to and the bound (construct) form of פ נ ים face (#113). A literal translation would be to the face of. (22:19a 1) Kgs ל כ ן ש מ ע ד ב ר יהוה Therefore, hear the word of YHWH. (1 Kgs 22:19a) (465) by Pa pass ע over, pass ב ר 136. (12:12a (Exod ו ע ב ר ת י ב ארץ מ צ ר י ם ב ל י ל ה ה זה And I will pass over the land of Egypt during this night. (Exod 12:12a) ו י ע ב ר (vyqtl), ע ב ר (imp), ע ב ר (inf), ע ב ר (ptcp) The angel of YHWH passes over the land of Egypt (118) seize, Pa catch ל כ ד.137 (15:4a (Judges ו י ל ך ש מ ש ון ו י ל כ ד ש ל ש מ א ות ש וע ל ים And Samson went and caught 300 foxes. (Judges 15:4a) ו י ל כ ד (vyqtl), ל כ ד (imp), ל כ ד (inf), לכ ד (ptcp) Samson is seizing a fox (114) sacrifice, Pa slaughter ז ב ח.138 (1:16b (Jon ו י ז ב ח ו ז ב ח ל יהוה And they sacrificed a sacrifice to YHWH. (Jon 1:16b) ז ב ח occurs occasionally as slaughter even when sacrifice is not in view (e.g. Deut 12:15, 21; 1 Sam 28:24). (ptcp) ז ב ח (inf), ז ב ח (imp), ז ב ח ו י ז ב ח (vyqtl), The sailors are sacrificing a sacrifice to YHWH (121) (m), n strength כ ח power 139. (16:6a (Judg ה ג יד ה נ א ל י ב מה כ ח ך ג ד ול Tell me, please, in what is your great strength? (Judg 16:6a) (111) (m) n pillar ע מ וד 140. (7:21a 1) Kgs ו י קם את ה ע מ ד ים ל א ל ם ה ה יכ ל And he raised the pillars for the porch of the temple. (1 Kgs 7:21a)

34 27 ע מ וד pillar is related to the pa al verb ע מ ד stand (#33). (204) (ב ר ית ; Pa cut כ make a covenant (with ר ת.141 (24:5b 1) Sam ו י כ ר ת את כ נ ף ה מ ע יל א שר ל ש א ול And he cut the corner of robe that belonged to Saul. (1 Sam 24:4b*) This verb most often occurs in conjunction with ב ר ית covenant (#229) as to cut a covenant. This probably comes from the common covenant making ceremony of cutting animals in half and having one or both parties.ב ר ית walk through the pieces to signify the pledge. For more, see ו י כ ר ת (vyqtl), כ ר ת (imp), כ ר ת (inf), כ ר ת (ptcp) David is cutting the corner of the robe that belongs to Saul (191) Pa remember ז כ ר.142 (42:9a (Gen ו י ז כ ר י וס ף א ת ה ח למ ות And Joseph remembered the dreams. (Gen 42:9a) ו י ז כ ר (vyqtl), ז כ ר (imp), ז כ ר (inf), ז כ ר (ptcp) Joseph remembers the dream (133) chase, Pa pursue ר ד ף.143 (14:9a (Exod ו י ר ד פ ו מ צ ר י ם א ח ר יהם And Egypt pursued them. (Exod 14:9a) ו י ר ד ף (vyqtl), ר ד ף (imp), ר ד ף (inf), ר ד ף (ptcp) Egypt is chasing after the children of Israel (68) established Ni be נ ready; be כ ון 144. (34:2a (Exod וה י ה נ כ ון ל ב קר ו ע ל ית ב ב קר אל ה ר ס ינ י Be ready by morning, and come up in the morning to Mount Sinai. (Exod 34:2a) (12:3 (Prov ל א י כ ון א ד ם ב ר ש ע A man is not established by wrongdoing. (Prov 12:3) נ כ ון be ready, established is not derived from a pa al verb. ו י כ ון (vyqtl), ה כ ון (imp), --- (inf), נ כ ון (ptcp) Moses is ready to go up to Mount Sinai (581) n hundred מ א ה.145