The conjunctive vav (ו ) is prefixed to a Hebrew word, phrase, or clause for the following reasons:

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2 The conjunctive vav (ו ) is prefixed to a Hebrew word, phrase, or clause for the following reasons: To join a series of related nouns (translate and ); To join a series of alternative nouns (translate or ); To show contrast between clauses (translate but ); To introduce a new theme or idea (translate now ); To provide explanatory or circumstantial information when introducing a clause (translate and ). 2

3 Normally, a conjunctive vav is spelled with a vocal sheva (ו ) before most consonants; however, it can also be spelled with other vowels in certain circumstances. 3

4 The conjunctive vav is spelled according to the exception for the 1st Rule of Sheva (two shevas can t be together at the beginning of a word).,(י ) When the conjunctive vav precedes a yod sheva.(ו ) the vav is spelled with a hireq and Judah ו ויה ד ה 4

5 The conjunctive vav is spelled according to the 2 nd Rule of Sheva in the presence of a hateph vowel. The vav is spelled with the corresponding short vowel of the hateph vowel. and I ו א ני and do good ו ע שה ט וב so I can speak ו א דב ה 5

6 The conjunctive vav is spelled with a shureq (ו ) before: The consonants (labials) ב or מ or פ (BuMP rule); Words beginning with a vocal sheva. וב שם and by a name and Melchizedek ו מלכי צ ד ק and the fruit of your land ו פ י אדמ ת ך and in the streets of Jerusalem וב ות חצ י ו שלם 6

7 The conjunctive vav may, but is not always, spelled with a qamets before single syllable words and certain words that are accented on the first syllable. and night ו ל יל ה and earth ו א ץ and a generation ו ד 7

8 Some grammars make a distinction between the functions previously mentioned and call the conjunctive vav a: Vav-conjunctive; Vav-disjunctive; Vav-consecutive (also called a vav-conversive or reversing vav). Sometimes the word order is switched so that the word vav is either before or after the function of the vav. 8

9 A conjunctive vav is best translated and. A disjunctive vav is used to show contrast between clauses and is usually translated but. These two vavs are not prefixed to verbs. 9

10 Consecutive vavs are attached to verbs. A vav-patach-dagesh forte [ [ו is usually attached to yiqtol verbs (imperfect verbs). An imperfect verb is the mainline verb form in historical narrative. 10

11 Consecutive vavs are attached to verbs (cont.). A vav with a sheva [ו ] is usually attached to qatal verbs (perfect verbs). A perfect verb is the mainline verb form seen in forms of direct speech (predictive narrative and instructional discourse). 11

12 A consecutive vav also means and or but (like the conjunctive or disjunctive vavs do); however, the consecutive vav also links a string of events so that the action of a verb is the consequence of the preceding event. A consecutive vav can also be translated as then, so, or consequently. 12

13 Now let s see how the different kinds of conjunctive vavs are used in historical narrative in Genesis 31:

14 Genesis 31:17 ו י ק ם יע קב And/then (vav-consectutive) Jacob rose up ו ישא א ת ב נ יו and (vav-consecutive) he set his sons ו א ת נ שיו על הגמל ים and (vav-conjunctive) his wives on the camels. 14

15 Genesis 31:18 ו ינהג א ת כ ל מקנ ה ו And (vav-consecutive) he carried away all his cattle ו א ת כ ל כ שו... and (vav-conjunctive) all his goods 15

16 Genesis 31:19 ו ל ב ן ה לך לגזז א ת צאנ ו But (vav-disjunctive) Laban went to shear his sheep; ו תגנב חל א ת הת פים א ש לא ב י ה and (vav consecutive) Rachel had stolen the images/idols which [were] her fathers. 16

17 Genesis 31:20 ו יגנב יע קב א ת ל ב ל ב ן ה א מי... And (vav consecutive) Jacob stole away unknown to Laban the Syrian. 17

18 Genesis 31:21 ו יב ח ה וא So (vav consecutive) he fled ו כ ל א ש ל ו and (vav-conjunctive) all that he had/was his; 18

19 Genesis 31:21 (cont.) ו י ק ם and (vav consecutive) he rose up ו יע ב א ת הנ ה and (vav consecutive) passed over the river 19

20 Genesis 31:21 (cont.) ו י שם א ת פ נ יו ה הגלע ד and (vav consecutive) set his face [toward] the mountains of Gilead. 20

21 Genesis 31:22 ו י גד לל ב ן השל ב יום ישי כי ב ח יע קב And (vav consecutive) Laban was told on the third day that Jacob had fled. 21

22 Now let s see how the different kinds of conjunctive vavs are used in direct speech in Genesis 3:

23 Genesis 3:1 ו הנ ח ש ה י ה Now (vav-conjunctive) the serpent was ע ום מכל ה ית הש ד ה א ש ע שה י הו ה... more cunning than any beast of the field which Yehovah had made. 23

24 Genesis 3:2 ו תאמ ה אשה א ל הנ ח ש... And (vav consecutive) the woman said to the serpent (Forms of אמ usually introduce direct speech.) 24

25 Genesis 3:3 ו מפ י ה ע ץ א ש בתו ך הג ן... but (vav-disjunctive; note BuMP rule) of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden ו לא תגע ו בו פן תמ ת ון and (vav-conjunctive b/c it s part of a string of negatives) neither shall you touch it lest you die. 25

26 Genesis 3:4 ו יאמ הנ ח ש א ל ה א שה And (vav-consecutive) the serpent said to the woman, לא מו ת תמ ת ון You will not surely die (die die). (Die is repeated twice for emphasis.) 26

27 Biblical Hebrew A Compact Guide, Miles Van Pelt, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, copyright Biblical Hebrew An Introductory Grammar, Page H. Kelly, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, copyright Learning Biblical Hebrew A New Approach Using Discourse Analysis, B.M. Rocine, Smyth & Helwys Publishing, Inc., Macon, Georgia, copyright 2000.

28 Hebrew lessons compiled by: Beth C. Mehaffey Contact: betmeh2 at gmail.com 28

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