MEDICINE IN CHINA A History of Pharmaceutics

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1 MEDICINE IN CHINA A History of Pharmaceutics * PAUL U. UNSCHULD UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London

2 Contents Illustrations and Supplementary Material Acknowledgments xiii A. Introduction 1 xi 1. General Approach 1 2. The Social Context of Chinese Pharmaceutical Literature 3 3. Authorship and Scope of Contents 5 4. Illustrations, Drug Classification, and the Issue of Progress in Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutical Literature 6 B. Shen-nung, Pen-ts'ao, and the Origins of Pharmaceutical Literature in China 11 C. The Pen-ts'ao Literature with Comprehensive Contents 17 I. The Main Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature Early Pen-ts'ao Works before T'ao Hung-ching Structure and content of the Pen-ching The ten general sections in the first chapter of the Pen-ching The monograph section of the Pen-ching Observations on the content of the Pen-ching The classification of drugs in the Pen-ching The theoretical foundations of pharmaceutical knowledge in the Pen-ching The characteristics of the main pen-ts'ao tradition The Drug Works Compiled by T'ao Hung-ching T'ao Hung-ching The Pen-ts'ao works of T'ao Hung-ching The fragment of Tun-huang Observations on the work of T'ao Hung-ching The Hsin-hsiu pen-ts'ao The preface of the Hsin-hsiu pen-ts'ao The first government-sponsored materia medica in China Structure and contents of the Hsin-hsiu pen-ts'ao A supplement to the Tang pen-ts'ao the Pen-ts'ao shih-i The Ch'ung-kuang ying-kung pen-ts'ao The Works in the Main Pen-ts'ao Tradition of the Sung Period 53

3 vi CONTENTS 5.1. The intellectual situation during the time of the Northern Sung and its influence on the development of medicine The K'ai-pao hsin hsiang-ting pen-ts'ao The K'ai-pao ch'ung-ting pen-ts'ao The Chia-yu pu-chu Shen-nung pen-ts'ao The Tu-ching pen-ts'ao The Ch'ung-kuang pu-chu Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ping t'u-ching The Ching-shih cheng-lei pei-chi pen-ts'ao The Ching-shih cheng-lei ta-kuan pen-ts'ao The structure and contents of the Ta-kuan pen-ts'ao The Cheng-ho hsin-hsiu ching-shih cheng-lei pei-yung pen-ts'ao The Shao-hsing chiao-ting ching-shih cheng-lei pei-chi pen-ts'ao The Ch'ung-hsiu cheng-ho ching-shih cheng-lei pei-yung pen-ts'ao The Hsin-pien lei-yao t'u-chu pen-ts'ao Concluding Remarks on the Main Pen-ts'ao Tradition 83 II. The Pen-ts'ao Literature of the Chin-Yuan Epoch Toward a Pharmacology of Systematic Correspondence Symbolic syncretism The Pen-ts'ao yen-i The first three chapters of the Pen-ts'ao yen-i The monograph section of the Pen-ts'ao yen-i The theorization of drug knowledge The Pharmaceutical Literature of the Chin-Yuan Period The Chen-chu nang The Yung-yao fa-hsiang The Chen-chu nang chih-chang pu-i yao-hsing fu The T'ang-yeh pen-ts'ao The second preface of the T'ang-yeh pen-ts'ao The first chapter of the T'ang-yeh pen-ts'ao The drug monographs in the T'ang-yeh pen-ts'ao The Pen-ts'ao yen-i pu-i \\7 3. Later Works in the Chin-Yuan Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature The Pen-ts'ao fa-hui The Pen-ts'ao chi-yao The Pen-ts'ao hui The Pen-ts'ao shu 122 f 3.5. The Pen-ts'ao shu kou-yuan Concluding Observations on the Chin-Yuan Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature 126 III. Two Outstanding Drug Works of the Sixteenth Century The Yii-chih pen-ts'ao p'in-hui ching-yao Structure and contents of the work 131

4 CONTENTS vii 1.2. The transmission of the Pen-ts'ao p'in-hui ching-yao and the Pen-ts'ao p'in-hui ching-yao hsu-chi The further fate of the known versions of the Pen-ts'ao p'in-hui ching-yao The Pen-ts'ao kang mu Life and works of Li Shih-chen Structure and contents of the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The monograph of the drug pa-tou in the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The monograph of the drug a-fu-jung in the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The Ming editions of the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The Chin-ling edition of the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The Chiang-hsi edition of the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The Ch'ien-shih edition of the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The position of Li Shih-chen in the history of Chinese pharmaceutical literature Supplementary works to the Pen-ts'ao kang mu The Wan-fang chen-hsien The Pen-ts'ao kang mu shih-i 164 IV. The Eclectic Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature The Hui-t'u pen-ts'ao kang mu hui-yen The Pen-ts'ao hui-yao chien-chu The Pen-ts'ao pei-yao The Pen-ts'ao ts'ung-hsin The Pen-ts'ao ch'iu-chen Concluding Remarks on the Eclectic Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature 177; V. The Han-hsueh Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature The Intellectual Situation during the Ming and Ch'ing Period: The Return to the Sources The Drug Works in the Han-hsueh Tradition of Pen-ts'ao Literature The Shen-nung pen-ching (reconstruction by Lu Fu) The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ching shu The Pen-ts'ao ch'eng-ya pan-chieh The Pen-ts'ao ch'ung-yuan The Pen-ching feng-yiian The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ching pai-chung lu The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ching (reconstruction by Sun Hsing-yen) The Pen-ching shu-cheng The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ching (reconstruction by Huang Shih) The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao ching (reconstruction by Ku Kuan-kuang) The Shen-nung pen-ts'ao (reconstruction by Wang K'ai-yun) The Shen-nung pen-ching (reconstruction by Chiang Kuo-i) 202

5 viii CONTENTS VI. Concluding Remarks on the Han-hsiieh Tradition and on Pen-ts'ao Literature with Comprehensive Contents 203 D. The Pen-ts'ao Literature with Specialized Contents 205 I. Pen-ts'ao Works on Dietetics The Shen-nung Huang-ti shih-chin The Huang-ti tsa-yin shih chi The Lao-tzu chin-shih ching The Ts'ui Hao shih-ching The Shih-liao pen-ts'ao The Shih-hsing pen-ts'ao The Shih-chih t'ung-shuo The Yin-shan cheng-yao The Jih-yung pen-ts'ao The Chiu-huang pen-ts'ao The Shih-wu pen-ts'ao (Lu Ho) The Pen-ts'ao yueh-yen The Shih-wu pen-ts'ao (Wang Ying) The Pei-k'ao shih-wu pen-ts'ao kang mu 225 II. Monographic Pen-ts'ao Works The Chih-ts'ao t'u The Ho-shou-wu lu The Chung-ju lun The Jen-shen chuan The Ai-yeh chuan The Shen-p'u The Jen-shen k'ao The Kuei-k'ao 235 III. Pharmaceutical-Technological Pen-ts'ao Works On the Preparation of Drugs in Traditional Chinese Pharmacy The Lei-kung p'ao-chih lun The Chih-yao fa lun The Hsiu-chih yao fa The Chin-shih chih-yao fa The Pen-ts'ao meng-ch'uan The Pen-ts'ao yuan-shih ho Lei-kung p'ao-chih The P'ao-chih ta-fa The Lei-kung p'ao-chih yao-hsing chieh 251 IV. Pen-ts'ao Literature in Verse The Yao-hsing ko-k'uo The Hui-min chii pen-ts'ao shih-chien 253 V. Various Pen-ts'ao Works with Specialized Contents The Chih-wu ming-shih-t'u k'ao, a Pen-ts'ao Work Limited to Plants Regionally Specialized Pen-ts'ao Works The Hu pen-ts'ao The Nan-hai yao-p'u Lists of Secondary Names for Drugs The Chu-yao i-ming The Yao-ming p'u 259

6 CONTENTS ix 3.3. The Yao-ming shih The Chu-yao pieh-ming lu The Ku-chin yao-wu pieh-ming k'ao 259 E. The Chinese Pharmacopoeias of the Twentieth Century 261 I. The Pharmacopoeias of the Republic of China On the Historical Background of Medicine and Pharmacy in Early Twentieth-century China China's First Pharmacopoeia: the Chung-hua yao-tien of Structure and content of the first drug code of China The integration of Western terminology The Pharmacopoea Chinensis Editio II Structure and content of the Drug Code of the Republic of China, second edition The Pharmacopoea Chinensis Editio III 273 II. The Drug Codes of the People's Republic of China The First Drug Code of the People's Republic of China The preface Structure and content of the first drug code of the People's Republic of China Western and traditional Chinese elements in the first drug code of the People's Republic of China The Second Drug Code of the People's Republic of China (currently in force) The preface 280 \ 2.2. The monograph section of the first volume The appendixes of the first volume The second volume Concluding Remarks on the Chinese Drug Codes and on the Situation of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics in Contemporary China 284 Notes 289 Bibliography: Chinese Primary Sources 301 Chinese and Japanese Secondary Sources 305 Western Secondary Sources 313 Index of Persons 317 Index of Book Titles 339 Index of Drugs 351 General Index 363

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