DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE

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1 CHAP TER 10 CHAPTER OUTLINE The Sui and Tang Empires, The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200 New Kingdoms in East Asia and Southeast Asia Concusion DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE Law and Society in China and Japan ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY Writing in East Asia, Fujita Art Museum Buddhism at a Distance The Buddhist monk Xuanzang returns to the Tang capita Chang an from Tibet in 645, his ponies aden with Sanskrit texts. Visit the website and ebook for additiona study materias and interactive toos: Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

2 Inner and East Asia, The powerfu and expansive Tang Empire ( ) ended four centuries of rue by short-ived and competing states that had brought turmoi to China after the fa of the Han Empire in 220 c.e. (see Chapter 5). Tang rue aso encouraged the spread of Buddhism, brought by missionaries from India and by Chinese pigrims returning with sacred Sanskrit texts. The Tang eft an indeibe mark on the Chinese imagination ong after it too fe. According to surviving memoirs, peope watched shadow pays and puppet shows, istened to music and schoary ectures, or took in ess edifying spectaces ike wresting and bear baiting in the urban entertainment quarters that fourished in southern China under the succeeding Song (soong) Empire. From the 1170s onward, singer-storyteers spun ong romantic narratives that aternated prose passages with sung verse. Master Tung s Western Chamber Romance stood out for its iterary quaity. In 184 prose passages and 5,263 ines of verse the narrator tes of a ove affair between Chang, a young Confucian schoar, and Ying-ying, a ravishing damse. Secondary characters incude Ying-ying s shrewd and wordy mother, a genera who practices just and efficient administration, and a fighting monk named Fa-ts ung (fa-soong). The romance is based on The Story of Ying-ying by the Tang period author Yüan Chen (you-ahn shen) ( ). As the tae begins, the abbot of a Buddhist monastery responds to Chang s request to rent him a study, singing: Sir, you re wrong to offer me rent. We Buddhists and Confucians are of one famiy. As things stand, I can t give you A pace in our dormitory, But you re wecome to stay In one of the guest apartments. As soon as Chang spies Ying-ying, who ives there with her mother, thoughts of studying fee his mind. Romance takes a detour, however, when bandits attack the monastery. A prose passage expains: During the T ang dynasty, troops were stationed in the P u prefecture. The year of our story, the commander of the garrison, Marsha Hun, died. Because the second-incommand, Ting Wen-ya, did not have firm contro of the troops, Fying Tiger Sun, a What is the importance of Inner and Centra Asia as a region of interchange during the Tang period? What were the effects of the fracturing of power in Centra Asia and China? How did East Asia deveop between the fa of the Tang and 1200? To what extent do shared phiosophies, technoogies, and commercia contacts justify thinking of East Asia as a unified cutura region in the post-tang era? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

3 284 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, subordinate genera, rebeed with five thousand sodiers. They piaged and pundered the P u area. How do I know this to be true? It is corroborated by The Baad of the True Story of Ying-ying. As the monks cower before the bandits, one of them ifts his robe to revea his three-foot consecrated sword. [Prose] Who was this monk? He was none other than Fa-ts ung. Fa-ts ung was a descendant of a tribesman from western Shensi. When he was young he took great peasure in archery, fencing, hunting, and often sneaked into foreign states to stea. He was fierce and courageous. When his parents died, it suddeny became cear to him that the way of the word was frivoous and trivia, so he became a monk in the Tempe of Universa Savation.... [Song] He didn t know how to read sutras; He didn t know how to foow rituas; He was neither pure nor chaste But indomitaby courageous Amidst the ove story, the ribadry, and the derring-do, the author impants historica vignettes that minge fact and fiction. Sophisticates of the Song era, iving a ife of ease, enjoyed these romanticized portrayas of Tang society. THE SUI AND TANG EMPIRES, Grand Cana The 1,100-mie (1,771-kiometer) waterway inking the Yeow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and competed during the Sui Empire. AP* Exam Tip Be prepared to discuss the major economic and technoogica advances of Tang and Song China, such as the Grand Cana. Reunification of China Under Sui Li Shimin One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r ). He ed the expansion of the empire into Centra Asia. Tang Empire Empire unifying China and part of Centra Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capita, Chang an. After the fa of the Han dynasty, China was fragmented for severa centuries. It was reunified under the Sui (sway) dynasty, father and son ruers who hed power from 581 unti Turks from Inner Asia (the part of the Eurasian steppe east of the Pamir Mountains) defeated the son in 615. He was assassinated three years ater, and the Tang fied the poitica vacuum. The sma kingdoms of northern China and Inner Asia that had come and gone during the centuries foowing the fa of the Han Empire had structured themseves around a variety of poitica ideas and institutions. Some favored the Chinese tradition, with an emperor, a bureaucracy using the Chinese anguage excusivey, and a Confucian state phiosophy (see Chapter 5). Others refected Tibetan, Turkic, or other regiona cutures and depended on Buddhism to egitimate their rue. Throughout the period the reationship between northern China and the deserts and steppe of Inner Asia remained a centra focus of poitica ife, a key commercia inkage, and a source of new ideas and practices. The Sui ruers caed their new capita Chang an (chahng-ahn) in honor of the od Han capita nearby in the Wei (way) River Vaey (modern Shaanxi province). Though northern China constituted the Sui heartand, popuation centers aong the Yangzi (yahng-zeh) River in the south grew steadiy and pointed to what woud be the future direction of Chinese expansion. To faciitate communication and trade with the south, the Sui buit the 1,100-mie (1,771- kiometer) Grand Cana inking the Yeow River with the Yangzi, and they aso constructed irrigation systems in the Yangzi Vaey. On their northern frontier, the Sui aso improved the Great Wa, the barrier against nomadic incursions that had been graduay constructed by severa earier states. Sui miitary ambition, which extended to Korea and Vietnam as we as Inner Asia, required high eves of organization and mustering of resources manpower, ivestock, wood, iron, and food suppies. The same was true of their massive pubic works projects. These burdens proved more than the Sui coud sustain. Overextension compounded the poitica diemma stemming from the miitary defeat and subsequent assassination of the second Sui emperor. These circumstances opened the way for another strong eader to estabish a new state. In 618 the powerfu Li famiy took advantage of Sui disorder to carve out an empire of simiar scae and ambition. They adopted the dynastic name Tang (Map 10.1). The briiant emperor Li Shimin (ee shir-meen) (r ) extended his power primariy westward into Inner Asia. Though he and succeeding ruers of the Tang Empire retained many Sui governing practices, Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

4 The Sui and Tang Empires, Inner Asia China Northeast Asia Japan Batte of Taas River Tanggut state on China s northwest frontier Sui unification 618 Tang Empire founded Li Shimin reign Wu Zhao reign An Lushan rebeion 840 Suppression of Buddhism Huang Chao rebeion 907 End of Tang Empire 960 Song Empire founded Southern Song period 668 Sia victory in Korea 916 Liao Empire founded 918 Koryo founded 1115 Jin Empire founded Taika era Nara as capita 752 Eye-Opening ceremony 794 Heian era Fujiwara infuence ca The Tae of Genji 1185 Kamakura Shogunate founded Li Shimin and Tang Empire AP* Exam Tip Understand reasons for the spread of major reigions such as Buddhism, but don t stress about memorizing the various sects of Buddhism. they avoided overcentraization by aowing oca nobes, gentry, officias, and reigious estabishments to exercise significant power (see Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in China and Japan). The Tang emperors and nobiity descended from the Turkic eites that buit sma states in northern China after the Han, as we as from Chinese officias and setters who had moved there. They appreciated the pastora nomadic cuture of Inner Asia (see Chapter 7) as we as Chinese traditions. Some of the most impressive works of Tang art, for exampe, are arge pottery figurines of the horses and two-humped cames used aong the Sik Road, briianty coored with gazes devised by Chinese potters. In warfare, the Tang combined Chinese weapons the crossbow and armored infantrymen with Inner Asian expertise in horsemanship and the use of iron stirrups. At their peak, from about 650 to 751, when they were defeated in Centra Asia (present-day Kyrgyzstan) by an Arab Musim army at the Batte of Taas River, the Tang armies were a formidabe force. Buddhism and the Tang Empire The Tang ruers foowed Inner Asian precedents in their poitica use of Buddhism. State cuts based on Buddhism had fourished in Inner Asia and north China since the fa of the Han. Some interpretations of Buddhist doctrine accorded kings and emperors the spiritua function of weding humankind into a harmonious Buddhist society. Protecting spirits were to hep the ruer govern and prevent harm from coming to his peope. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

5 286 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, Mahayana Sect Mahayana (mah-hah-yah-nah), or Great Vehice, Buddhism predominated. Mahayana fostered faith in enightened beings bodhisattvas who postpone nirvana (see Chapter 6) to hep others achieve enightenment. This permitted the absorption of oca gods and goddesses into Mahayana sainthood and thereby made conversion more attractive to the common peope. Mahayana aso encouraged transating Buddhist scripture into oca anguages, and it accepted reigious practices not based on written texts. The tremendous reach of Mahayana views, which proved adaptabe to different societies and casses of peope, invigorated trave, anguage earning, and cutura exchange. Eary Tang princes competing for poitica infuence enisted monastic eaders to pray for them, preach on their behaf, counse aristocrats to support them, and perhaps most important contribute monastic weath to their war chests. In return, the monasteries received tax exemptions, and privieges, and gifts. As the Tang Empire expanded westward, contacts with Centra Asia and India increased, and so did the compexity of Buddhist infuence throughout China. Chang an, the Tang capita, became the center of a continent-wide system of communication. Centra Asians, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Koreans reguary visited the capita and took away with them the most recent ideas and styes. Thus the Mahayana network connecting Inner Asia and China intersected a vigorous commercia word in which materia goods and cutura infuences mixed. Though Buddhism and Confucianism proved attractive to many different peopes, regiona cutures and identities remained strong, just as regiona commitments to Tibetan, Uighur (WEEger), and other anguages and writing systems coexisted with the widespread use of written Chinese. Texties refected Persian, Korean, and Vietnamese styes, whie infuences from every Interregiona Contacts Interactive Map MAP 10.1 The Tang Empire in Inner and Eastern Asia, 750 For over a century the Tang Empire controed China and a very arge part of Inner Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs, Turks, and Tibetans at the Taas River in presentday Kyrgyzstan ended Tang westward expansion. To the south the Tang dominated Annam, and Japan and the Sia kingdom in Korea were eading tributary states of the Tang. Cengage Learning Maximum extent of Tibet, ca. 800 Ara Sea Ara Sea 600 Mi. MONGOLIAN STE PPE T U R K ES ESTAN E TAN T AN N. Sea of Japan (East Sea) JAPAN UIGHUR EMPIRE Yeow Sea H C IN Ca n S TIBET Xi an (Chang an) Wei R. East China Sea KHURASAN a IN Kaifeng YA MTS. g put Brahma ra R. R. Xi R. A r abian S ea N M 90 E N 20 PAC I F IC OCEAN South China Sea M ). gr 80 E er anc of C NAN CHAO B ay of B enga 70 E 130 E ic Trop Guangzhou (Canton) A n A N N N A eko M ( V I ET I N DIA en R. n Ga es ALA Sawe IM wad dy R. In d us H TA N G EMPIRE. ir gz Y an Irra R. GANDHARA T I B E TA N P L AT E A U N 30 R AP LA Luoyang Gran d A Dunhuang TH Samarkand FERGHANA PA TA K L A M A K A N M I D E S E RT ang He R. ow R. ) HAN N S 140 E SILLA NOR XIAN TIA N 40 BI GO SOGDIANA Taas 751 Tashkent SO Bukhara Lake Lak e Bakha Ba Bakhash khash sh 300 R es R. AN us Ox TR xa rt 0 N Km. Hu Ja C H U R IAN PLAI N 0 MAN Sik Road S (Ye Tang Empire, E 10 N 110 E 120 E E Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

6 The Sui and Tang Empires, University of Pennsyvania Museum, image # tributary system A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct contro of empires based in China nevertheess enroed as tributary states, acknowedging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights or strategic aiances. Tribute PRIMARY SOURCE: Memoria on Buddhism Find out what it is about the practice of Buddhism in China that causes Han Yu to report that he is truy aarmed, truy afraid. Opposition to Buddhism Iron Stirrups This bas-reief from the tomb of Li Shimin depicts the type of horse on which the Tang armies conquered China and Inner Asia. Saddes with high supports in front and back, breastpates, and cruppers (straps beneath the tai that hep keep the sadde in pace) point to the importance of high speeds and quick maneuvering. Centra and Inner Asian horsemen had iron stirrups avaiabe from the time of the Huns (fifth century). Earier stirrups were of eather or wood. Stirrups coud support the weight of shieded and we-armed sodiers rising in the sadde to shoot arrows or use ances. part of Asia appeared in sports, music, and painting. Many historians characterize the Tang Empire as cosmopoitan because of its breadth and diversity. To Chang an by Land and Sea We-maintained roads and water transport connected Chang an, the capita and hub of Tang communications, to the coasta towns of south China, most importanty Canton (Guangzhou [gwahng-jo]). Though the Grand Cana did not reach Chang an, it was the key component of this transportation network. Chang an became the center of what is often caed the tributary system, a type of poitica reationship dating from Han times by which independent countries acknowedged the Chinese emperor s supremacy. Each tributary state sent reguar embassies to the capita to pay tribute. As symbos of China s poitica supremacy, these embassies sometimes meant more to the Chinese than to the tribute-payers, who might have seen them more as a means of accessing the Chinese trading system. Upheavas and Repression, The ater years of the Tang Empire saw increasing turmoi as a resut of confict with Tibetans and Turkic Uighurs. One resut was a backash against foreigners, which to Confucians incuded Buddhists. The Tang eites came to see Buddhism as undermining the Confucian idea Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

7 DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE Law and Society in China and Japan The Tang aw code, compied in the eary seventh century, served as the basis for the Tang ega system and as a mode for ater dynastic aw codes. It combined the centraized authority of the imperia government, as visuaized in the egaist tradition dating back to Han times, with Confucian concern for status distinctions and persona reationships. Like contemporary approaches to aw in Christian Europe and the Isamic word, it did not fuy distinguish between government as a structure of domination and aw as an echo of reigious and mora vaues. Foowing a Preface, 502 artices, each with severa parts, are divided into tweve books. Each artice contains a basic ordinance with commentary, subcommentary, and sometimes additiona questions. Excerpts from a singe artice from Book 1, Genera Principes, foow. The Ten Abominations Text: The first is caed potting rebeion. Subcommentary: The Gongyang (GON-gwang) Commentary states: The ruer or parent has no harborers [of pots]. If he does have such harborers, he must put them to death. This means that if there are those who harbor rebeious hearts that woud harm the ruer or father, he must then put them to death. The king occupies the most honorabe position and receives Heaven s precious decrees. Like Heaven and Earth, he acts to sheter and support, thus serving as the father and mother of the masses. As his chidren, as his subjects, they must be oya and fiia. Shoud they dare to cherish wickedness and have rebeious hearts, however, they wi run counter to Heaven s constancy and vioate human principe. Therefore this is caed potting rebeion. Text: The second is caed potting great sedition. Subcommentary: This type of person breaks aws and destroys order, is against traditiona norms, and goes contrary to virtue.... Commentary: Potting great sedition means to pot to destroy the ancestra tempes, tombs, or paaces of the reigning house. Text: The third is caed potting treason. Subcommentary: The kindness of father and mother is ike great heaven, iimitabe.... Let one s heart be ike the xiao bird or the jing beast, and then ove and respect both cease. Those whose reationship is within the five degrees of mourning are the cosest of kin. For them to ki each other is the extreme abomination and the utmost in rebeion, destroying and casting aside human principes. Therefore this is caed contumacy. Commentary: Contumacy means to beat or pot to ki [without actuay kiing] one s paterna grandparents or parents; or to ki one s paterna unces or their wives, or one s eder brothers or sisters, or one s materna grandparents, or one s husband, or one s husband s paterna grandparents, or his parents.... Text: The fifth is caed depravity. Subcommentary: This artice describes those who are crue and maicious and who turn their backs on moraity. Therefore it is caed depravity. Commentary: Depravity means to ki three members of a singe househod who have not committed a capita crime, or to dismember someone.... Commentary: The offense aso incudes the making or keeping of poison or sorcery. Subcommentary: This means to prepare the poison onesef, or to keep it, or to give it to others in order to harm peope. But if the preparation of the poison is not yet competed, this offense does not come under the ten abominations. As to sorcery, there are a great many methods, not a of which can be described. Text: The tenth is caed incest. Subcommentary: The Zuo Commentary states: The woman has her husband s house; the man has his wife s chamber; and of the famiy as the mode for the state. The Confucian schoar Han Yu ( ) spoke powerfuy for a return to traditiona Confucian practices. In Memoria on the Bone of Buddha written to the emperor in 819 on the occasion of ceremonies to receive a bone of the Buddha in the imperia paace, he scornfuy disparages the Buddha and his foowers: Now Buddha was a man of the barbarians who did not speak the anguage of China and wore cothes of a different fashion. His sayings did not concern the ways of our ancient kings, nor did his manner of dress conform to their aws. He understood neither the duties that bind sovereign and subject nor the affections of father and son. If he were sti aive today and came to our court by order of his ruer, Your Majesty might condescend to receive him, but... he woud then be escorted to the borders of the state, dismissed, and not aowed to deude the masses. How then, when he has ong been dead, coud his rotten bones, the 288 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

8 there must be no defiement on either side. If this is changed, then there is incest. If one behaves ike birds and beasts and introduces icentious associates into one s famiy, the rues of moraity are confused. Therefore this is caed incest. Commentary: This section incudes having iicit sexua intercourse with reatives who are of the fourth degree of mourning or coser.... In Japan during the same period, Prince Shotoku ( ), who governed on behaf of the empress Suiko, his aunt, set forth seventeen governing principes: Prince Shotoku s Constitution. These principes, which continued to infuence Japanese government for many centuries, refect Confucian ideas even though the prince was himsef a devout Buddhist. The compete text of five of these principes foows: I Harmony is to be vaued, and contentiousness avoided. A men are incined to partisanship and few are truy discerning. Hence there are some who disobey their ords and fathers and who maintain feuds with the neighboring viages. But when those above are harmonious and those beow are conciiatory and there is concord in the discussion of a matters, the disposition of affairs comes about naturay. Then what is there that cannot be accompished? VIII Let ministers and functionaries attend the courts eary in the morning, and retire ate. The business of the state does not admit of remissness, and the whoe day is hardy enough for its accompishment. If, therefore, the attendance at court is ate, emergencies cannot be met; if officias retire soon, the work cannot be competed. IX Trustworthiness is the foundation of right. In everything et there be trustworthiness, for in this there surey consists the good and the bad, success and faiure. If the ord and the vassa trust one another, what is there which cannot be accompished? If the ord and the vassa do not trust one another, everything without exception ends in faiure. XIII Let a persons entrusted with office attend equay to their functions. Owing to their iness or to their being sent on missions, their work may sometimes be negected. But whenever they become abe to attend to business, et them be as accommodating as if they had cognizance of it from before and not hinder pubic affairs on the score of their not having had to do with them. XVII Matters shoud not be decided by one person aone. They shoud be discussed with many others. In sma matters, of ess consequence, many others need not be consuted. It is ony in considering weighty matters, where there is a suspicion that they might miscarry, that many others shoud be invoved in debate and discussion so as to arrive at a reasonabe concusion. QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS 1. Why is one of these documents caed a aw code and the other a constitution? 2. How is the Confucian concern for famiy reations, duty, and socia status differenty manifested in the Chinese and Japanese documents? 3. Do these documents seem intended for government officias or for common peope? Sources: First seection from Wiiam Theodore de Bary and Irene Boom, eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition, vo. I, 2nd ed., (New York, Coumbia University Press, 1999), pp Second seection from Wiiam Theodore de Bary et a., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vo. I, From Eariest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Coumbia University Press, 2001), Copyright 2001 Coumbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the pubisher. fou and unucky remains of his body, be righty admitted to the paace? Confucius said, Respect spiritua beings, whie keeping at a distance from them. 2 Wu Zhao, a Femae Emperor Buddhism was aso attacked for encouraging women in poitics. Wu Zhao (woo jow), a woman who had married into the imperia famiy, seized contro of the government in 690 and decared hersef emperor. She based her egitimacy on caiming to be a bodhisattva, an enightened sou who had chosen to remain on earth to ead others to savation. She aso favored Buddhists and Daoists over Confucianists in her court and government. Later Confucian writers expressed contempt for Wu Zhao and other powerfu women, such as the concubine Yang Guifei (yahng gway-fay). Bo Zhuyi (baw joo-ee), in his poem Everasting Remorse, amented the infuence of women at the Tang court, which had caused the hearts of fathers and mothers everywhere not to vaue the birth of boys, but the birth of girs Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

9 290 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous District Museum Women of Turfan Grinding Four Women throughout Inner and East Asia were critica to a facets of economic ife. In the Turkic areas of Centra and Inner Asia, women commony headed househods, owned property, and managed businesses. These sma figurines, made to be paced in tombs, portray women of Turfan an Inner Asian area crossed by the Sik Road performing tasks in the preparation of wheat four. Cosing the Monasteries SECTION REVIEW Confucian eites heaped every possibe charge on prominent women who offended them, accusing Emperor Wu of grotesque tortures and murders, incuding tossing the dismembered but sti iving bodies of enemies into wine vats and caudrons. They bamed Yang Guifei for the outbreak of the An Lushan rebeion in 755 (see beow). Serious historians dismiss the stories about Wu Zhao as stereotypica characterizations of evi ruers. Eunuchs (castrated paace servants) charged by historians with controing Chang an and the Tang court and pubicy executing riva bureaucrats represent a simiar stereotype. In fact Wu seems to have rued effectivey and was not deposed unti 705, when extreme od age (eighty-pus) incapacitated her. Nevertheess, traditiona Chinese historians commony describe unorthodox ruers and a-powerfu women as evi, and the truth about Wu wi never be known. Even Chinese gentry iving in safe and prosperous ocaities associated Buddhism with socia is. Peope who worried about barbarians ruining their society pointed to Buddhism as evidence of the foreign evi, since it had such strong roots in Inner Asia and Tibet. Because Buddhism shunned earthy ties, monks and nuns severed reations with the secuar word in search of enightenment. They paid no taxes, served in After the period of disunity foowing the fa of the Han, China was united under the Sui, foowed by the Tang with its founder Li Shimin. Tang cuture was based on both Inner Asia nomadic cuture and war expertise and Chinese tradition. The Tang Empire, aong with the riva Uighur and Tibetan states, experienced poitica probems that steadiy weakened it. In China, this turmoi resuted in a backash against foreign and femae cutura infuences and especiay Buddhism, as Tang eites ed a neo-confucian reaction. The Tang fe due to a combination of destabiizing forces. no army. They deprived their famiies of advantageous marriage aiances and denied descendants to their ancestors. The Confucian eites saw a this as threatening to the famiy and to the famiy estates that underay the Tang economic and poitica structure. By the ninth century, hundreds of thousands of peope had entered tax-exempt Buddhist institutions. In 840 the government moved to crush the monasteries whose tax exemption had aowed them to accumuate and, serfs, and precious objects, often as gifts. Within five years 4,600 tempes had been destroyed. Now an enormous amount of and and 150,000 workers were returned to the tax ros. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

10 Buddhist Cave Painting at Dunhuang Hundreds of caves dating to the period when Buddhism enjoyed popuarity and government favor in China survive in Gansu province, which was beyond the reach of the Tang ruers when they turned against Buddhism. This cave, dated to the period , depicts the historica Buddha fanked by bodhisattvas. Scenes of the Buddha preaching appear on the wa to the eft. Pierre Coombe/Corbis Buddhist centers ike the cave monasteries at Dunhuang were protected by oca warords oya to Buddhist ruers in Inner Asia. Nevertheess, China s cutura heritage suffered a great oss in the dissoution of the monasteries. Some scuptures and grottoes survived ony in defaced form. Wooden tempes and façades shetering great stone carvings burned to the ground. Monasteries became ega again in ater times, but Buddhism never recovered the infuence of eary Tang times. An Lushan Rebeion Further Unrest The End of the Tang Empire, The campaigns of expansion in the seventh century had eft the empire dependent on oca miitary commanders and a compex tax coection system. Reverses ike the Batte of the Taas River in 751, where Arabs hated Chinese expansion into Centra Asia, ed to miitary demoraization and underfunding. In 755 An Lushan, a Tang genera on the northeast frontier, ed about 200,000 sodiers in rebeion. The emperor fed Chang an and executed his favorite concubine, Yang Guifei, who was rumored to be An Lushan s over. The rebeion asted for eight years and resuted in new powers for the provincia miitary governors who heped suppress it. A disgrunted member of the gentry, Huang Chao (wang show), ed the most devastating uprising between 879 and 881. Despite his ruthess treatment of the viages he controed, his rebeion attracted poor farmers and tenants who coud not protect themseves from oca bosses and oppressive andords, or who simpy did not know where ese to turn in the deepening chaos. The new hatred of barbarians spurred the rebes to murder thousands of foreign residents in Canton and Beijing (bay-jeeng). Loca warords finay wiped out the rebes, but Tang society did not find peace. Refugees, migrant workers, and homeess peope became common sights. Residents of northern China fed to the southern frontiers as groups from Inner Asia moved into ocaities in the north. Though Tang emperors continued in Chang an unti a warord terminated their ine in 907, they never regained power after Huang Chao s rebeion. THE EMERGENCE OF EAST ASIA, TO 1200 In the aftermath of the Tang, three new states emerged and competed to inherit its egacy (see Map 10.2). The Liao (ee-ow) Empire of the Khitan (kee-than) peope, pastora nomads reated to the Mongos iving on the northeastern frontier, estabished their rue in the north. They centered their government on severa cities, but the emperors preferred ife in nomad Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

11 292 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, Competing Traditions Song Empire Empire in centra and southern China ( ) whie the Liao peope controed the north. Empire in southern China ( ; the Southern Song ) whie the Jin peope controed the north. Distinguished for its advances in technoogy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. 60 N 50 N 40 N 30 N 20 N Khitan Peope Interactive Map MONGOLIAN PLATEAU UIGHURS TIBET N TANGGUT Saween R. 0 G O B I Huang He R. Chang an (Xi an) NANZHAO Km Mi. ANNAM Mekong R. NORTH CHINA PLAIN Yangzi R. Xi R. encampments. On the Inner Asian frontier in northwestern China, the Minyak peope (cousins of the Tibetans) estabished a state they caed Tanggut ( ) (TAHNG-gut) to show their connection with the faen empire. The third state, the Chinese-speaking Song Empire, came into being in 960 in centra China. These states embodied the poitica ambitions of peopes with different reigious and phiosophica systems Mahayana Buddhism among the Liao, Tibetan Buddhism among the Tangguts, and Confucianism among the Song. Cut off from Inner Asia, the Song used advanced seafaring and saiing technoogies to forge maritime connections with other states in East, West, and Southeast Asia. The Song eite shared the ate Tang disike of barbaric or foreign infuences as they tried to cope with mutipe enemies that heaviy taxed their miitary capacities. Meanwhie, Korea, Japan, and some Southeast Asian states strengthened poitica and cutura ties with China. The Liao and Jin Chaenge The Liao Empire of the Khitan peope extended from Siberia to Inner Asia. Variations on the Khitan name became the name for China in these distant regions: Kitai for the Mongos, Khitai for the Russians, and Cathay for Itaian merchants ike Marco Poo who reported on China in Europe (see Chapter 12). The Liao ruers prided themseves on their pastora traditions as horse and catte breeders, the continuing source of their miitary might, and they made no attempt to create a singe eite cuture. They encouraged Chinese eites to use their own anguage, study their own cassics, and see the emperor through Confucian eyes; and they encouraged other peopes to use their own anguages and see the emperor as a champion of Buddhism or as a nomadic chieftain. On baance, Buddhism far outweighed Confucianism in this and other northern states, where ruers depended on their roes as bodhisattvas or as Buddhist kings to egitimate power. Liao rue asted from 916 to Superb horsemen and archers, the Khitans aso chaenged the Song with siege machines from China and Centra Asia. A truce concuded in 1005 required the Song emperor to pay the Liao great quantities of cash and sik annuay. A century ater, the Song tired of paying tribute and secrety aied with the Jurchens of northeastern Asia, who aso resented Liao rue. In 1115 the Jurchens first destroyed the Liao capita in Mongoia and procaimed their own empire, the Jin (see Map 10.2), PLAIN MANCHURIAN Grand Cana SONG CHINA South China Sea JURCHENS 140 E Sea of Japan (East Sea) Sea HEIAN JAPAN LIAO Kyoto Beijing Seou Nara KORYO KOREA Yeow Sea Kaifeng 130 E Hangzhou East China Guangzhou 120 E and then turned on the Song. The Jurchens grew rice, miet, and wheat, but they aso spent a good dea of time hunting, fishing, and tending ivestock. Using Khitan miitary arts and poitica organization, they became formidabe enemies in an a-out campaign against the Song in They aid siege to the Song capita, Kaifeng (kie-fuhng), and captured the Song emperor. Within a few years the Song withdrew south of the Yeow River and estabished a new capita at Hangzhou (hahngjo), eaving centra as we as northern China in Jurchen contro (see Map 10.3). Annua payments to the Jin Empire staved off further warfare. Historians generay refer to this period as the Southern Song ( ). Song Industries The Southern Song came coser to initiating an industria revoution than any other premodern state. Many Song Bay of Benga 100 E CHAMPA 110 E 10 N Cengage Learning MAP 10.2 Liao and Song Empires, ca The states of Liao in the north and Song in the south generay ceased open hostiities after a treaty in 1005 stabiized the border and imposed an annua payment on Song China. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

12 AP* Exam Tip Be aware of the inteectua and technoogica deveopments of major empires, incuding Tang and Song China. The Emergence of East Asia, to N 50 N 40 N 30 N 20 N Bay of Benga MONGOLIAN PLATEAU UIGHURS TIBET N Cengage Learning Saween R. XIA 0 G O B I Huang He R. Chang an (Xi an) NANZHAO 100 E Iron and Stee Km Mi. MONGOLS ANNAM Mekong R. junk A very arge fatbottom saiing ship produced in the Tang, Song, and Ming Empires, speciay designed for ong-distance commercia trave. gunpowder A mixture of satpeter, sufur, and charcoa, in various proportions. The formua, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evi spirits. In ater centuries it was used to make exposives and grenades and to prope cannonbas, shot, and buets. neo-confucianism Term used to describe new approaches to understanding cassic Confucian texts that became the basic ruing phiosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century. NORTH CHINA PLAIN Yangzi R. Xi R. PLAIN MANCHURIAN CHAMPA Grand Cana 110 E SOUTHERN SONG CHINA Guangzhou South China Sea 120 E 140 E Sea of KAMAKURA JIN Japan JAPAN (East Sea) Kamakura Kyoto Beijing Seou Nara KORYO KOREA Yeow Sea Kaifeng 130 E Hangzhou East China Sea 10 N MAP 10.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, ca A f t e r 1127 Song abandoned its northern territories to Jin. The Southern Song continued the poicy of annua payments to Jin rather than Liao and maintained high miitary preparedness to prevent further invasions. Interactive Map advances in technoogy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics had come to China in Tang times, sometimes from very distant paces. Song officias, schoars, and businessmen had the motivation and resources to adapt this Tang ore to meet their miitary, agricutura, and administrative needs. Song mathematicians introduced the use of fractions, first empoying them to describe the phases of the moon. From unar observations, Song astronomers constructed a very precise caendar and, aone among the word s astronomers, noted the exposion of the Crab Nebua in Song inventors drew on their knowedge of ceestia coordinates, particuary the Poe Star, to refine compass design. The magnetic compass, an earier Chinese invention, shrank in size in Song times and gained a fixed pivot point for the neede. With a protective gass cover, the compass now became suitabe for seafaring, a use first attested in Deveopment of the seaworthy compass coincided with new techniques in buiding China s main oceangoing ship, the junk. A stern-mounted rudder improved the steering of the arge ship in uneasy seas, and watertight bukheads heped keep it afoat in emergencies. The shipwrights of the Persian Guf soon copied these features in their ship designs. Because they needed iron and stee to make weapons for their army of 1.25 miion men, the Song ruers fought their northern rivas for contro of mines in north China. Production of coa and iron soared. By the end of the eeventh century cast iron production reached about 125,000 tons (113,700 metric tons) annuay, putting it on a par with the output of eighteenth-century Britain. Engineers became skied at high-temperature metaurgy using enormous beows, often driven by water whees, to superheat the moten ore. Miitary engineers used iron to buttress defensive works because it was impervious to fire or concussion. Armorers mass-produced body armor. Iron construction aso appeared in bridges and sma buidings. Mass-production techniques for bronze and ceramics in use in China for neary two thousand years were adapted to iron casting and assemby. To counter cavary assauts, the Song experimented with gunpowder, which they initiay used to prope custers of faming arrows. During the wars against the Jurchens in the 1100s the Song introduced a new and terrifying weapon. Shes aunched from Song fortifications expoded in the midst of the enemy, bowing out iron shrapne and dismembering men and horses. The short range of these shes imited them to defensive uses. Economy and Society in Song China In a warike era, Song eite cuture ideaized civi pursuits. Sociay, the civi man outranked the miitary man. Private academies, designed to train young men for the officia examinations, became infuentia in cuture and poitics. New interpretations of Confucian teachings became so important and infuentia that the term neo-confucianism is used for Song and ater versions of Confucian thought. Zhu Xi (jew she) ( ), the most important eary neo-confucian thinker, wrote in reaction to the many centuries during which Buddhism and Daoism had overshadowed the precepts of Confucius. He and others worked out a systematic approach to cosmoogy that focused on the centra conception that human nature is mora, rationa, and essentiay good. To combat the Buddhist dismissa of wordy affairs as a transitory distraction, they reemphasized Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

13 294 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, Su Song s Astronomica Cock This gigantic cock buit at Kaifeng between 1088 and 1092 combined mathematics, astronomy, and caendarmaking with skifu engineering. The team overseen by Su Song paced an armiary sphere on the observation patform and inked it with chains to the water-driven centra mechanism shown in the cutaway view. The water whee aso rotated the Buddha statues in the mutistory pagoda the spectators are ooking at. Other devices dispayed the time of the day, the month, and the year. From Joseph Needham s Science and Civiization in China, Vo 4. After the origina diagram in Su Song s treatise Xinyi Xiangfayao, Meditative Buddhism Zen The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highy discipined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. Examination System individua mora and socia responsibiity. Their human idea was the sage, a person who coud preserve menta stabiity and serenity whie deaing conscientiousy with troubing socia probems. Whereas earier Confucian thinkers had written about sage kings and poitica eaders, the neo-confucians espoused the spiritua idea of universa sagehood, a state that coud be achieved through proper study of the new Confucian principes and cosmoogy. Popuar Buddhist sects aso persisted during the Song, as indicated by the song-story ine quoted at the beginning of this chapter: We Buddhists and Confucians are of one famiy. Whie historicay suitabe for the time before the Tang aboition of Buddhist monasteries when the origina story of Ying-ying was written, it is unikey that the ine woud have peased a Song audience if anti-buddhist feeings had remained so ferocious. Some Buddhists eaborated on Tang-era fok practices derived from India and Tibet. The best known, Chan Buddhism (known as Zen in Japan and as Son in Korea), asserted that menta discipine aone coud win savation. Meditation, a key Chan practice, was empoyed by Confucians as we as Buddhists. It afforded prospective officias reief from studying for civi service examinations, which continued into the Song from the Tang period. Unike the ancient Han poicy of hiring and promoting on the basis of recommendations, Song-stye examinations invoved a arge bureaucracy. Test questions, which changed each time the examinations were given, often reated to economic management or foreign poicy even though they were aways based on Confucian cassics. Hereditary cass distinctions meant ess than they had in Tang times, when nobe ineages payed a greater roe in the structure of power. The new system recruited the most taented men, whatever their origin. Yet men from weathy famiies enjoyed an advantage. Preparation for the tests consumed so much time that peasant boys coud rarey compete. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

14 The Emergence of East Asia, to Printing movabe type Type in which each individua character is cast on a separate piece of meta. It repaced woodbock printing, aowing for the arrangement of individua etters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century. Popuation Growth Success in the examinations brought good marriage prospects, the chance for a high saary, and enormous prestige. Faiure coud bankrupt a famiy and ruin a man both sociay and psychoogicay. This put great pressure on candidates, who spent days writing essays in tiny, dim, airess examination ces. A technica change from woodbock to an eary form of movabe type made printing cheaper. To promote its ideoogica goas, the Song government authorized the mass production of test preparation books in the years before Athough a man had to be iterate to read the preparation books and basic education was sti rare, a growing number of candidates entered the Song bureaucracy without nobe, gentry, or eite backgrounds. The avaiabiity of printed books changed country ife as we, since andords gained access to expert advice on panting and irrigation techniques, harvesting, tree cutivation, threshing, and weaving. Landords frequenty gathered their tenants and workers to show them iustrated texts and expain their meaning. New agricutura and was deveoped south of the Yangtze River, and iron impements such as pows and rakes, first used in the Tang era, were adapted to southern wet-rice cutivation. The growing profitabiity of agricuture interested ambitious members of the gentry. Sti a frontier for Chinese setters under the Tang, the south saw increasing concentration of and in the hands of a few weathy famiies. In the process, the indigenous inhabitants of the region, reated to the modern-day popuations of Maaysia, Thaiand, and Laos, retreated into the mountains or southward toward Vietnam. During the 1100s the tota popuation of the Chinese territories, spurred by prosperity, rose above 100 miion. The eading Song cities had fewer than a miion inhabitants but were sti among the argest cities in the word. Heath and crowding posed probems in the Song capitas. Mutistory wooden apartment houses fronted on narrow streets sometimes ony 4 or 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters) wide that were cogged by pedders or famiies spending time outdoors. The crush of peope caed for new techniques in waste management, water suppy, and firefighting. In Hangzhou engineers diverted the nearby river to fow through the city, fushing away waste and disease. Arab and European traveers who had firsthand experience with the Song capita, and who were sensitive to urban conditions in their own societies, expressed amazement at Hangzhou s amenities: restaurants, parks, bookstores, wine shops, tea houses, theaters, and the entertainments mentioned at the start of this chapter. Going Up the River Song cities hummed with commercia and industria activity, much of it concentrated on the rivers and canas inking the capita Kaifeng to the provinces. This detai from Going Upriver at the Qingming [Spring] Festiva shows a tiny portion of the scro painting s panorama. Painted by Zhang Zeduan sometime before 1125, its depiction of daiy ife makes it an important source of information on working peope. Before open shop fronts and tea houses a came caravan departs, donkey carts are unoaded, a schoar rides oftiy (if gingery) on horseback, and women of weath go by in cosed sedan-chairs. The Paace Museum, Beijing Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

15 296 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, The Payers Women often ensaved entertained at Chinese courts from eary times. Tang art often depicts women with sender figures, but Tang taste aso admired more robust physiques. Song women, usuay pae with wiowy figures, appear as here with bound feet. The practice appeared in Tang times but was not widespread unti the Song, when the image of weak, housebound women unabe to work became a status symbo and pushed aside the earier enthusiasm for heathy women who participated in famiy business. The Paace Museum, Beijing Trade and Credit Tax Farming New Cass Structure Status of Women The idea of credit, originating in the robust ong-distance trade of the Tang period, spread widey under the Song. Intercity or interregiona credit what the Song caed fying money depended on the acceptance of guarantees that the paper coud be redeemed for coinage at another ocation. The pubic accepted the practice because credit networks tended to be managed by famiies, so that brothers and cousins were usuay honoring each other s certificates. Fying money certificates differed from government-issued paper money, which the Song pioneered. In some years, miitary expenditures consumed 80 percent of the government budget. The state responded to this financia pressure by distributing paper money. But this made infation so severe that by the beginning of the 1100s paper money was trading for ony 1 percent of its face vaue. Eventuay the government withdrew paper money and instead imposed new taxes, sod monopoies, and offered financia incentives to merchants. Hard-pressed for the revenue needed to maintain the army, canas, roads, waterworks, and other state functions, the government finay resorted to tax farming, seing the rights to tax coection to private individuas. Tax farmers made their profit by coecting the maximum amount and sending an agreed-upon smaer sum to the government. This meant exorbitant rates for taxabe services, such as tos, and much heavier tax burdens on the common peope. Rapid economic growth undermined the remaining government monopoies and the traditiona strict reguation of business. Now merchants and artisans as we as gentry and officias coud make fortunes. With and no onger the ony source of weath, the traditiona socia hierarchy common to an agricutura economy weakened, whie cities, commerce, consumption, and the use of money and credit boomed. Urban ife refected the eite s growing taste for fine fabrics, porceain, exotic foods, arge houses, and exquisite paintings and books. In conjunction with the backash against Buddhism and reviva of Confucianism that began under the Tang and intensified under the Song, women experienced subordination, ega disenfranchisement, and socia restriction. Merchants spent ong periods away from home, and many maintained severa wives in different ocations. Frequenty they depended on wives to manage their homes and even their businesses in their absence. But though women took on responsibiity for the management of their husbands property, their own property rights suffered ega Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

16 New Kingdoms in East Asia and Southeast Asia 297 AP* Exam Tip The reasons for footbinding and its reation to status in Song China are important to understand. Footbinding SECTION REVIEW erosion. Under Song aw, a woman s property automaticay passed to her husband, and women coud not remarry if their husbands divorced them or died. The subordination of women proved compatibe with Confucianism, and it became fashionabe to educate girs just enough to read simpified versions of Confucian phiosophy that emphasized the owy roe of women. Modest education made these young women more desirabe as companions for the sons of gentry or nobe famiies and as iterate mothers in owerranking famiies aspiring to improve their status. The poet Li Qingzhao (ee CHING-jow) ( ) acknowedged and made fun of her unusua status as a highy ceebrated femae writer: Athough I ve studied poetry for thirty years I try to keep my mouth shut and avoid reputation. Now who is this nosy genteman taking about my poetry Like Yang Ching-chih (yahng SHING-she) Who spoke of Hsiang Ssu (sang sue) everywhere he went. 4 Her reference is to a hermit poet of the ninth century who was continuay and extravaganty praised by a court officia, Yang Ching-chih. Femae footbinding first appeared among save dancers at the Tang court, but it did not become widespread unti the Song period. The bindings forced the toes under and toward the hee, so that the bones eventuay broke and the woman coud not wak on her own. In nobe and gentry famiies, footbinding began between ages five and seven. In ess weathy famiies, girs worked unti they were oder, so footbinding began ony in a gir s teens. Many iterate men condemned the maiming of Severa riva states repaced the faen Tang Empire, and the cose reations between Centra Asia and East Asia ended. The Liao and Jin Empires encouraged cuturay diverse societies and confronted Song China with formidabe miitary threats. The Song Empire of centra and southern China buit upon Tang achievements in technoogy and science and promoted civi ideas. Under the Song, print cuture deveoped, urban popuations rose, commercia activity grew through innovation, and women were subordinated to men. innocent girs and the genera useessness of footbinding. Nevertheess, bound feet became a status symbo. By 1200 a woman with unbound feet had become undesirabe in eite circes, and mothers of eite status, or aspiring to such status, amost without exception bound their daughters feet. They knew that girs with unbound feet faced rejection. Working women and the indigenous peopes of the south, where northern practices took a onger time to penetrate, did not practice footbinding. Consequenty they enjoyed consideraby more mobiity and economic independence than did eite Chinese women. NEW KINGDOMS IN EAST ASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Confucian Cuture The best possibiities for expanding the Confucian word-view of the Song ay with newy emerging kingdoms to the east and south. Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, ike Song China, devoted great effort to the cutivation of rice. This fit we with Confucian socia ideas. Tending the young rice pants, irrigating the rice paddies, and managing the harvest required coordination among many viage and kin groups and rewarded hierarchy, obedience, and sef-discipine. Confucianism aso justified using agricutura profits to support the education, safety, and comfort of the iterate eite. In each of these new kingdoms Song civiization meded with indigenous cutura and historica traditions to create a distinctive synthesis. Farther to the south, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya marked the boundary of Chinese infuence. It maintained cose maritime reations with merchants from the Indian Ocean. Chinese Infuences Korea, Japan, and Vietnam had first centraized power under ruing houses in the eary Tang period, and their state ideoogies continued to resembe that of the eary Tang, when Buddhism and Confucianism seemed compatibe. Government offices went to nobe famiies and did not Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

17 ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY Writing in East Asia, An ideographic writing system that originated in China became a communications too throughout East Asia. Variations on this system, based more on depictions of meanings than representations of sound, spread widey by the time of the Sui and Tang Empires. Many East Asian peopes adapted ideographic techniques to writing anguages unreated to Chinese in grammar or sound. The Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese often simpified Chinese characters and associated them with the sounds of their own non-chinese anguages. For instance, the Chinese character an, meaning peace (Fig. 1), was pronounced an in Japanese and was famiiar as a Chinese character to Confucian schoars in Japan s Heian (hay-ahn) period. However, nonschoars simpified the character and used it to write the Japanese sound a (Fig. 2). A set of more than thirty of these syabic symbos adapted from Chinese characters coud represent the infected forms (forms with grammatica endings) of any Japanese word. Murasaki Shikibu used such a syabic system when she wrote The Tae of Genji. In Vietnam and ater in northern Asia, phonetic and ideographic eements combined in new ways. The apparent circes in some chu nom writing from Vietnam (Fig. 3) derive from the Chinese character for mouth and indicate a primary sound association for the word. The Khitans, who spoke a anguage reated to Mongoian, deveoped an ideographic system of their own, inspired by Chinese characters. The Chinese character wang (Fig. 4), meaning king, prince, ruer, was changed to represent the Khitan word for emperor by adding an upward stroke representing a superior ruer (Fig. 5). Because the system was ideographic, we do not know the pronunciation of this Khitan word. The Khitan character for God or Heaven adds a top stroke representing the supreme ruer or power to the character meaning ruer (Fig. 6). Though inspired by Chinese characters, Khitan writings coud not be read by anyone who was not specificay educated in them. The Khitans deveoped another system to represent the sounds and grammar of their anguage. They used sma, simpified eements arranged within an imaginary frame to indicate the sounds in any word. This idea might have come from the phonetic script used by the Uighurs. Here (Fig. 7) we see the word for horse in a Khitan inscription. Fitting sound eements within a frame aso occurred ater in hangu, the Korean phonetic system introduced in the 1400s. Here (Fig. 8) we see the two words making up the country name Korea. The Chinese writing system served the Chinese eite we. But peopes speaking unreated anguages continuay experimented with the Chinese invention to produce new ways of expressing themseves. Some of the resuting sound-based writing systems remain in common use; others are sti being deciphered. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 depend on passing examinations on Confucian texts. Landowning and agricuture remained the major sources of income, and andowners faced no chaenges from a merchant cass or urban eite. Nevertheess, earned men prized iteracy in cassica Chinese and a good knowedge of Confucian texts (see Environment and Technoogy: Writing in East Asia, ). Though forma education was avaiabe to ony a sma number of peope, the ruing and andhoding eites sought to insti Confucian ideas of hierarchy and harmony among the genera popuation (see Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in China and Japan). shamanism The practice of identifying specia individuas (shamans) who wi interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the eary medieva period and of eary societies of Centra Asia. Korea Our first knowedge of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam comes from eary Chinese officias and traveers. When the Qin Empire estabished its first coony in the Korean peninsua in the third century b.c.e., Chinese bureaucrats began documenting Korean history and customs. Han writers noted the horse breeding, strong hereditary eites, and shamanism (beief in the abiity of certain individuas to contact ancestors and the invisibe spirit word) of Korea s sma kingdoms. But Korea quicky absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism. Mountainous in the east and north, Korea was heaviy forested unti modern times. The and that can be cutivated (ess than 20 percent) ies mosty in the south, where a warm cimate and 298 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

18 New Kingdoms in East Asia and Southeast Asia 299 Kim Wonyong, ed. The Compete Coection of Korean Art, Vo 4. Seou: Tonghwa ch up an kongsa, 1974, pate 55, p. 76 Korean Wa Painting This depiction of women dancing before an audience comes from a sixthcentury tomb near an eary Korean capita north of the Yau River. Aristocratic Famiies Koryo Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongo invasion in Printing with Movabe Type Isands and Mountains monsoon rains support two crops per year. Popuation movements from Manchuria, Mongoia, and Siberia to the north and to Japan in the south promoted the spread of anguages that were very different from Chinese but distanty reated to the Turkic tongues of Inner Asia. In the sixth century the dominant andhoding famiies made inherited status the bone ranks permanent in Sia (SILL-ah or SHILL-ah), a kingdom in the southeast of the peninsua. In 668 the northern Koguryo kingdom came to an end after proonged confict with the Sui and Tang. Supported by the Tang, Sia took contro of much of the Korean peninsua. The Sia ruers imitated Tang government and examined officias on the Confucian cassics. The fa of the Tang in the eary 900s coincided with Sia s coapse and enabed the ruing house of Koryo (KAW-ree-oh), from which the modern name Korea derives, to rue a united peninsua for the next three centuries. Threatened constanty by the Liao and then the Jin in northern China, Koryo maintained amicabe reations with Song China in the south. The Koryo kings supported Buddhism and made superb printed editions of Buddhist texts. The odest surviving woodbock print in Chinese characters comes from Korea in the midde 700s. Commony used during the Tang period, woodbock printing required great technica ski. A caigrapher woud write the text on thin paper, which woud then be pasted upside down on a bock of wood. Once wetted, the characters showed through from the back, and an artisan woud carve away the wooden surface surrounding each character. A fresh bock had to be carved for each printed page. Korean artisans deveoped their own advances in printing, incuding experiments with movabe type. By Song times, Korean experiments reached China, where further improvements ed to meta or porceain type from which texts coud be cheapy printed. Japan Japan consists of four main isands and many smaer ones stretching in an arc from as far south as Georgia to as far north as Maine. The nearest point of contact with the Asian mainand ies 100 mies away in southern Korea. In eary times Japan was even more mountainous and heaviy forested than Korea, with ony 11 percent of its and area suitabe for cutivation. Mid winters Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

19 300 CHAPTER 10 Inner and East Asia, The Yamato Regime Women Ruers and monsoon rains supported the eariest popuation centers on the coastands of the Inand Sea between Honshu and Shikoku Isands. The first ruers to extend their power broady in the fourth and fifth centuries c.e. were based in the Yamato River Basin on the Kinai Pain at the eastern end of the sea. The first Chinese description of Japan, dating from the fourth century, tes of an isand at the eastern edge of the word, divided into hundreds of sma countries and rued over by a shamaness named Himiko or Pimiko. How the unification of Japan occurred remains a question, but horse-riding warriors from Korea may have payed a centra roe in uniting these sma countries under the Yamato-based ruers. In the mid-600s these ruers impemented the Taika (TIE-kah) and other reforms, giving the Yamato regime the key features of Tang government, which they knew of from Korean contacts and embassies to Chang an sent by five different kings. A ega code, an officia variety of Confucianism, and an officia reverence for Buddhism bended with the oca recognition of indigenous and immigrant chieftains as territoria administrators. Within a century, a centraized government with a compex system of aw had emerged, as attested by a massive history in the Confucian stye. Women from the aristocracy became roya consorts and thereby inked their kinsmen with the roya court. At the death of her husband in 592, Suiko, a woman from the immigrant aristocratic famiy of Soga, became empress. She occupied the throne unti 628, enjoying a onger reign than any other ruer down to the nineteenth century. Asuka, her capita, saw a fowering of Buddhist art, and her nephew Shotoku opened reations with Sui China and promugated in 604 Imperia Paace in Kyoto The first version of the paace was buit in the eighth century two kiometers away from the current site. The Kyoto paace compex was the primary residence of the Japanese emperors unti the midde of the nineteenth century, when the imperia capita moved to Tokyo. Being buit of wood with cypress-bark roofing, the buidings have been repeatedy ravaged by fire, but each restoration has utiized traditiona materias in an effort to preserve the historica forms. The atest rebuiding took pace in The paace compex incudes gardens and numerous buidings in a variety of styes particuar to different periods in its history. Christian Kober/Aamy Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. A Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or dupicated, in whoe or in part. Due to eectronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the ebook and/or echapter(s). Editoria review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materiay affect the overa earning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiona content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.