663b. = Piel act as overseer, superintendent, director under BDB נצח

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Ariel Rogers
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1 1 Psalm 22:1-32 (22:1) (of, belonging to). The ל Grammatical note = Possessive למנצח... לדוד preposition ל can indicate that its object is owned or possessed by someone. The idea of possession is not necessarily literal; it may indicate a relationship other than possession This is also called periphrastic ל or the genitive.ל When the object of ל is someone who wrote something, it is sometimes referred to as the ל of author or the ל auctoris. See Williams, 270. So it is unclear that the superscription is attempting to express that David (or the director) is the author or if the psalm is associated with David (or the director). 663b. = Piel act as overseer, superintendent, director under BDB נצח??? 1 = Root hind, doe under BDB 19a. = אי ל ה 1007a. dawn under BDB = ש ח ר (22:2) 2 736b. leave, forsake, loose under BDB = עזב far, be, or become, = רחק distant, far, distance under BDB 935a. Root = ר ח וק distant. spacious? make wide, = ישע salvation under BDB 447a. Root = י ש וע ה roar. 3 = שאג roaring under BDB 980b. Root = ש אג ה אלי 4 [אלי] 1 Septuagint (Symmachus, Targum) της ἀντιλημξεως =?אי ל ת compare 20 2 We should pause for a moment to compare Psalm 22:2 (Eng 22:1) to the words of Jesus while on the cross [b] Ἠλὶ ἠλὶ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι in Matthew 24:36 or Ἐλωῒ ἐλωῒ [c] λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι in Mark 15:34. This is the opening question in Aramaic although we do not find this exact translation in any of the Targumim. Jesus is certainly quoting Psalm 22:2. However he appears to be expressing Psalm 22:2a in his own words. 3. שג א ת י = μου Septuagint (Syriac) των παραπτωματων 4 Septuagint adds προσχες μοι.

2 2 5 רחוק מישועתי (22:3) 772b. = I answer, respond under BDB ענה spread = דום "silence, still waiting, repose" under BDB 189a. Rare. Root = ד ומ י ה slander, whisper??? (22:4) (of) Syntax? Remarkable statement. Simply inhabits prayer יו שב תהלת י שראל Israel? י שב does not take preposition here. קדו ש 6 תהלות 7 (22:5) face. I = trust under BDB 105a. Arb baṭaḥa to throw one down upon his בטח escape, Piel bring into security, deliver, cause to escape under BDB = פלט 812a. Archaizing? Check out that pronominal suffix. ותפלטמו (22:6) zaʿaqa. under BDB 277a. Arb (צעק "cry, cry out, call" (parallel form of = זעק 572a. = Niphal slip away, escape under BDB מלט.בה ת Arm.בוס be ashamed, Polel delay (in shame) under BDB 101b. Sab = בוש Arb bāt disperse. 5 Syriac W w) rḥqt mnj pwrqnj et removeris a me salute meam. 6 Septuagint* ἐν ἁγιοις, Septuagint L (Vulgate) -ίῳ. 7 Septuagint sg compare a few manuscripts,תהלת Syriac (b)šwbḥk (in) gloria tua.

3 3 (22:7) worm? gnaw? = תלע worm under BDB 1069a. Root = ת ול ע ת 357b. reproach under BDB = ח רפ ה "despise" under BDB 102a. Arb bazā raise the head loftily and = בזה disdainfully. (22:8) 541a. mock, deride under BDB = לעג פטר separate, remove, set free, Hiphil separate under BDB 809b. Ph = פטר depart (die?). Akk paṭāru split, break through. Amarna escape, set free. Arb.פט ר paṭara split, create. Arm 631a. quiver, wave, waver, tremble, totter under BDB = נוע (22:9) Bibleworks says this is a.ג ל roll, roll away under BDB 164a. Note form = גלל Qal imperative 2ms?!? 8 664b. = Hiphil snatch away, deliver under BDB נצל keep, delight in under BDB 342b. Arb ḥapiẓa be mindful of, attentive to, = ח פ ץ.חפצבעל protect. Ph in PN (22:10) Arm. burst forth under BDB 161b. = גיח גוח (meaning dubious). Arb = בטן body, belly, womb under BDB 105b. Root = ב ט ן baṭnu(n). breast. moisten; = שדה "female breast" under BDB 994b. Root = ש ד 8 Septuagint (Syriac ἤλπισεν compare Matthew 27:43, read ;ג ל Targum jšbḥ praedicabit, Targum W šbḥ.

4 4 מבטיחי 9 על שדי 10 (22:11) (PN meaning dubious). Arb salaka שלך = Hiphil throw, fling, cast. Ph של ך travel (or cause to travel) along a road, cause to enter. gentle. be soft, = רחם "womb" under BDB 933a. Root = ר ח ם (22:12) 865a. straights, distress under BDB = צ ר ה 898a. near (adverb) under BDB = ק ר וב 740a. help, succor under BDB = עזר (22:13) bull? cow, = פ ר heifer, cow under BDB 831a. Close enough to = פ ר ה mighty, valiant under BDB 7b. Note construct singular form without = א ב יר dagesh. wait, hope כ ת ר = Piel surround, Hiphil throw out under BDB 509b. Arm כתר for. (22:14) remove. part, open under BDB 822b. Arb faṣa(y) I, II separate, = פצה 382b. tear, rend, pluck under BDB = טרף 980b. roar under BDB = שאג 9. מ בט ח י Cairo, a few manuscripts, Septuagint, Syriac, Hieronymous 10. מ שדי One manuscript, Septuagint, Syriac W, Hieronymous

5 5 (22:15) 1049b. pour, pour out under BDB = שפ ך divide, Hiphil divide, separate, make a division, separation under BDB = פרד 825a. Arb farada be single, sole (also divide, unroll). bone, substance, self under BDB 782b. You should know this common = ע צ ם noun by now. (unknown). = דנג wax under BDB 200a. Root = ד ונ ג dissolve, melt, Niphal melt under BDB 587b. Note form! Final geminate = מסס verbs can be difficult. (only plural) internal organs, inward parts (intestines, bowels), belly under = מ ע ה BDB 588b. (22:16) 386a. be dry, dried up, withered under BDB = יבש LBH. earthenware, earthen vessel, sherd, potsherd under BDB 360a. P and = ח ר ש Arm ס.ח ר Root חר ש = scratch, lacerate..כחח strength, power under BDB 470b. Root = כ וח.דב ק,דב ק cling, cleave, keep close under BDB 179b. Arab dabiqa. Aram = דבק.לקח II = jaw under BDB 544b. Root מ לק ח מ לק וח י ם Rare. 11 bestow. = שפת "set" (denominative) under BDB 1046a. Sab = שפת (22:17) 417a. congregation under BDB = ע ד ה 11 Latin G deduxerunt, read probably. שפ ת נ י Note shift from you to they.

6 6 evil, I = (denominative) be evil, bad, Hiphil do an injury, hurt, do רעע wickedly under BDB 949b. Note the difficult form. Arb naqafa fregit caput, ut cerebrum.נ ק ף strike off under BDB 668b. Arm = נקף appareret. Vulgar Arb snap (with the finger). Akk naqpu mutilated (?). English Bibles translate surround so? I honestly am not sure where many translations get dried up or כארי pierced. 12 (22:18) 613b. = Piel/Hiphil look, regard, pay attention to under BDB נבט Note ראה in a strong negative sense like stare, look at. (22:19) 323b. = Pual be divided under BDB חלק garment, covering under BDB 93b. Note the masculine plural construct of = ב ג ד.ב גד י Plural construct בג ד ים Plural ב ג ד a segholate noun. Singular put on = לבש garment, clothing, raiment under BDB 528b. Root = לב וש (garment). (place). stones, stony = גרל lot (f) under BDB 174a. Root = ג ור ל (22:20) 935b. distant, far under BDB = ר ח ק Hapax. help under BDB 33b. = א י ל ות 740b. help, succor, assistance under BDB = ע זר ת,ע זר ה 12 A few manuscripts, editions,כאר ו two manuscripts, editions כ ר ו compare Septuagint (Syriac) ωρυξαν, Aquila ως ζητουντες δησαι. כור II = (meaning dubious perhaps) bore, dig, hew under BDB 468b. Hapax? Akk kâru fell (trees).

7 7 ḫâšu. haste, make haste under BDB 301b. Akk = חו ש (22:21) 664b. = Hiphil take away, snatch away; rescue, recover under BDB נצל < ה צ יל ה BDB352a. sword under = ח ר ב 476b. = dog under BDB כ ל ב only, only one, solitary under BDB 402b. Note 1cs pronominal = י ח יד - יח יד ת י suffix added after fs ending. The verses have started responding to that which was written at the beginning and middle of Psalm 22. The beginning talks about all of the evil things that are out to get the person, and that no one except the Lord will offer help. (22:22) 446a. 13 = Hiphil deliver, save under BDB ישע 71b. lion under BDB = ארי ה 14.א without ר מ ים wild ox under BDB 910a. Here written = רא ם horn under BDB 901b. There is a text critical note which is difficult to = ק ר ן understand. 772b. = I answer, respond under BDB ענה (22:23) = Piel recount, relate under BDB 708a. This is a cohortative, it expresses a ספר command or desire in 1 st person. How do we know the stem? 26a. brother under BDB = אח 13 Cairo Geniza manuscripts has עה so הו שיעה paragogic he? 14. רא מ ים Many manuscripts read

8 8 874b. assembly, convocation, congregation under BDB ק ה ל 237a. = I shine under BDB הלל = II be boastful, Piel praise under BDB 237b. Arb halla shout (in joy הלל and terror). Akk alālu shout for joy, rejoice. (22:24) be heavy, weighty, burdensome, honoured, Piel make heavy; make = כ ב ד honourable, glorify under BDB 457a. BDB157b. 15 sojourn (live in the land as a foreigner) under = גור 158b. = III dread under BDB גור (22:25) 102a. despise under BDB = בזה 1054b. detestation, detestable thing under BDB = ש ק ץ Rare. = Piel (denominative) detest, make detestable under BDB 1055a. שקץ Hapax? 16 affliction under BDB 776b. = ע נ ות 776b. poor, afflicted, humble under BDB = ע נ י פניו b. = Piel cry out for help under BDB שוע 18 ממנו וב שועו אליו 15 Cairo Geniza and a few manuscripts of the Septuagint have י ג ור ו so prefix rather than imperative. 16 Septuagint, Syriac (following Targumim and Vulgate) suggest צ ע ק ת cry(?). 17 Cairo Geniza has פנים face, presence rather than his face/presence. 18 Septuagint has 1cs suffixes (rather than 3ms suffixes) so from me my me.

9 9 (22:26) 623b. vow under BDB = נ ד ר of, what is conspicuous or in front, (always as adverb or preposition) in front = נ ג ד in sight of, opposite to under BDB 617a. (22:27) 776b. poor, afflicted, humble, meek under BDB = ע נ ו be sated, satisfied, surfeited under BDB 959a. Akk šebû. Arb sabiʿa. Arm = שב ע.סב ע 237b. = Piel praise under BDB הלל < י ה לל ו to this. This is י חי ה Difficult form to analyze. Compare regular Qal prefix 3ms י ח י a jussive form and remember that the jussive form for weak verbs is often different from the regular prefix. For 3rd ה verbs the final syllable often is apocopated (drops off). 19 לבבכם (22:28) ends, ceasing; end, extremity; non-existence under BDB 67a. Here = א פ ס < אפס י extremities (of the earth). 20 לפני ך Notice the consistent pattern by which the other translations/versions have 3rd person instead of more direct 2nd person. What might explain this? Could there be a theological/ideological reason? or could this have to do with setting/location? What if this psalm was intended for public performance in the temple in Jerusalem and now there is no temple? Would that make a difference? (22:29) 19 2 manuscripts and Septuagint and Syriac say לב ב ם their heart. 20 Manuscript, Syriac, Jerome, Vulgate, Arabic have equivalent of לפ נ יו before him.

10 10 574b. kingship, royalty under BDB = מל וכ ה dry earth, dust under BDB 779b = ע פ ר.משל = III rule, have dominion, reign under BDB 605b. Ph מ של 21 ומ של (22:30) Looking at the text critical notes verses are a mess. Lots of different versions and proposed emendations. אכלו וי שחתוו 22 dasina. be fat, grow fat under BDB 206a. Arb = ד ש ן 206b. fat (in sense of vigorous, stalwart ones ) under BDB = ד ש ן Arb karaʿa put one s mouth into.כר ע bow down under BDB 502b. Arm = כרע water or water vessel (kneel to drink?). confusing. 23 Literally and his soul (will) not live. Very strange and ונפ שו לא חיה Literally what we have is something like and all the fat ones of the earth ate and worshiped, all those going down to the dust will bow down before him, and his spirit will not live(?). Even if we go with some of the other versions and emend the text we get something like surely to him all the fat ones (valiant?) of the earth will bow down (in worship) and my soul will live(?) for him. NIV: All the rich of the earth will feast and worship; all who go down to 21 Perhaps read ו ה וא מ and he rules, compare Septuagint and Syriac. 22 Read א ך ל ו י surely to him will bow down, א י ך ל ו י how to him will bow down? 23 ונפ שו לא חיה זרע (a) Which means delete as a gloss. So the editors think this whole line נפ שי was added to clarify and explain. Weak. (b) Septuagint, Syriac have 1cs suffix so יעבדנו and my soul. (c) Septuagint (along with Syriac and Hieronymous version of Psalms which follow Septuagint) have to him rather than not. We can tell that translations and versions struggled to make sense of this entire verse.

11 11 (22:31) the dust will kneel before him-- those who cannot keep themselves alive. NRSV: To him, indeed, shall all who sleep in the earth bow down; before him shall bow all who go down to the dust, and I shall live for him. NJPS (Tanakh): All those in full vigor shall eat and prostrate themselves; all those at death's door, whose spirits flag, shall bend the knee before Him. Which of these seems to make best use of the Masoretic Text? And/or do you think other readings make more sense? Recognize the heavy suffix (which one will only see with indicative and י ע בד נ ו.י ע בד cohortative and never with preterite or jussive forms). That leaves letter. Note shwa under prefix pronoun and U class vowel under first root י ס פ ר What stem is this? 189b. 24 period, generation, dwelling under BDB = ד ור < ל ד ור Literally seed/descendants will serve him, will be told about(?) my Lord to (a) generation = descendants/offspring will serve him, (future) generation(s) will be told about my Lord. Difficult and unclear. (22:32) יבאו 25 ע שה 26 Literally they will come, and they will tell of his righteousness to a people being born, that he acted. Again compare a few modern translations: 24 Septuagint (Syriac) equivalent of ד ור generation. 25 Septuagint connects with verse Septuagint (Syriac) add ο κυιος the Lord.

12 12 NPJS (Tanakh): to come; they shall tell of His beneficence to people yet to be born, for He has acted. NRSV: and proclaim his deliverance to a people yet unborn, saying that he has done it. Initial translation: But you Lord are not far. My strength, hurry to help me. Take away the sword from my soul. My beloved, from the hand of the dog. Deliver me, and from the mouth of the lion. You have heard me from the rams horns. I declare your name to my brothers, in the middle of the congregation I will praise you. You that fear the Lord praise him all of the seed of Jacob, honour him and fear him all the seed of Israel. Surely he has not despised and not detested the affliction of the afflicted one. And he didn t hide his face from him but when he cried to him he heard. For you my praise will be in the abundant congregation. My promise will be paid in front of those that fear you. The meek will eat and they will be satisfied, those that seek the Lord will praise him. Your heart shall live forever. They will remember and they will turn to the Lord all the end of the earth and all the family of the nations will worship before him. For the kingdom is the Lord s and he rules in the nations. All who are rich upon earth will eat and worship. All who descend to dust bow before him, for no one can keep his soul alive. A seed will serve him, it will be recorded, the Lord for future generations. They will come and declare his righteousness. To a people will be born that he who has done this.

Humanity s Downfall and Curses

READING HEBREW Humanity s Downfall and Curses IN THIS LECTURE: 1. Reading from the Torah 2. Reading from the Siddur 3. Reading from the Dead Sea Scrolls Words of the Week Look for these words while reading