1. What was the Opium war, and why was it fought? 2. What were the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions? 3. Who was Sun Yixian, and what did he want?

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2 1. What was the Opium war, and why was it fought? 2. What were the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions? 3. Who was Sun Yixian, and what did he want?

3 Early Trade For years the Chinese traded silk, porcelain, and tea to European merchants for silver and gold. However, rulers of the Qing dynasty refused to westernize, or adopt western ways.

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5 Early Trade The Chinese had a favorable balance of trade, while Europeans had a trade deficit with China. Balance of Trade difference between how much a country imports (buys) and exports (sells). Trade Deficit when a nation imports more than it exports.

6 Early Trade By the 1800s, Europeans wanted to increase their trade with China because they needed raw materials to fuel their industries. The Chinese refused to increase trade with the West, believing they had nothing to gain.

7 Opium Trade In the 1800s the British East India Company began growing opium, and sold it to the Chinese. Many Chinese became addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the opium, which disrupted the Chinese economy. Chinese Opium Addict

8 Opium Trade The Chinese government outlawed opium, destroyed all it could find, and executed the Chinese drug dealers. Nevertheless, British merchants continued to export the drug from India into China.

9 Chinese Opium Den

10 Chinese Opium Den

11 Chinese Opium Den

12 Opium Trade In 1839 British and Chinese warships clashed in the Opium War. The British won easily because of their modern navy.

13 Chinese Soldiers

14 Chinese Fort

15 British Victory

16 The Treaty of Nanking After the war, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanking, which gave Hong Kong to Britain, opened five ports to foreign trade, and made China pay for war losses. Signing the Treaty China was also forced to accept extraterritoriality, which allowed foreigners to live under their own laws while in China. Other western powers also forced China to sign unequal, or one-sided, treaties.

17 British attacks Ports opened after the Treaty of Nanking

18 The Treaty of Nanking The western powers carved out spheres of influence in China, which were areas where they claimed exclusive trade privileges. Russia and Japan took parts of China as well.

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21 Taiping Rebellion Imperialism increased poverty, corruption, drugs, and chaos throughout China. From , poor, angry Chinese peasants revolted against the weak and corrupt Qing dynasty in what became known as the Taiping Rebellion.

22 Taiping Rebellion The leader of the rebellion, Hong Xiuquan, was inspired by visions, and believed he was a prophet. Hong was influenced by Christian missionaries. The rebellion of Heavenly Peace lasted 14 years and cost 40 million lives. Although Hong lost and committed suicide, the Qing dynasty was severely weakened. Hong Xiuquan

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25 Boxer Uprising By 1900, strong antiforeign feelings grew among the Chinese. Frustrated Chinese formed a secret society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. The Europeans called them Boxers because they were skilled in the martial arts.

26 The goal of the Boxers was to remove all the foreigners and end their influence upon Chinese religion, architecture, customs, and technology, as well as unfair trade.

27 In 1900 the Boxers made their move and attacked foreign communities across China, killing many westerners.

28 In response, the western powers and Japan Boxer Uprising sent troops to China and crushed the uprising. With the Boxers defeated, many Chinese realized the need for westernization and reform.

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30 Sun Yixian After the Boxer Uprising was suppressed, nationalism grew in China. Reformers wanted individual rights, an end to the Qing dynasty, and a strong, respected China. Sun Yixian, the leader of the reformers, was educated in the west. Sun had Three Principles of the People which he used to rally the Chinese. Sun Yixian

31 Sun Yixian Sun Yixian Sun s Three Principles were: 1. Nationalism: China must be free of foreign rule. 2. Democracy: China must no longer have a ruling dynasty, and everyone must be equal. 3. Livelihood: There must be economic security for all Chinese.

32 In 1911, workers, peasants, students, and warlords toppled the 2,000-year-old monarchy, and Sun Yixian was named the president of the new Chinese Republic. For the next 37 years China would be filled with war, and the Republic was finally overtaken by Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1949.