IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: A CASE STUDY OF LUCKNOW METROPOLIS, INDIA

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1 IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: A CASE STUDY OF LUCKNOW METROPOLIS, INDIA Presented By: Dr. Sarika Shukla & Anamika Shukla I.T.P.G. College, Lucknow & Symbiosis Law School, Noida Id- drsarikashukla7@gmail.com, anamika.shukla0927@gmail.com

2 INTRODUCTION Indian towns on the basis of their morphological characteristic may be classified under two broad categories- 1. Indigenous type : characteristic like Indian city, 2. European type: These include cantonment, civil lines, railway colonies, etc. A segment of academia is discoursing on over-urbanization in India when the reality is that urban growth has crawled and urban population of 11% in the 1950 s to a mere 28% in 2001 and 31.6% by That is in last 60 years Lucknow city has witnesses 20.6% increase in urban population.

3 AIM Main aim of this study is to make an attempt to analyze the changing pattern of Lucknow City, Uttar Pradesh, India.

4 METHODOLOGY This is an emperical study. Study is based on secondary data. Data has been collected from various Books and government departments eg. Census, Remote Sensing Application Centre, Lucknow Chapter, Ground Water Department, SUDA, UPSIDC, Municipal Corporation, Lucknow, Lucknow Development Authority, City and Town Planning. Collected data has been compiled and presented through relevant maps, tables, graphs as and when required.

5 Lucknow is the capital of most populas state of India: Uttar Pradesh and a city of national importance owing to its historical and political significance. It is one of the most prosperous and culturally rich cities in India. Location : Lucknow is situated on the banks of the river Gomti between 26 o 30 to North latitude and 80 o 30 to 81 o 13 East longitude with an average height of 403 above mean sea level. The general slope of the land in the district is from north-northwest to south-southeast with lateral slope towards the river Gomti and which flows through the heart of the city from west to east. Lucknow city is directly linked to big cities north, east, south and west through rail, air and road links. Lucknow has an extreme tropical climate. Summers can be quite hot with temperatures rising to 40-45º C, while winters are cold, with temperatures dipping to 3-4º C. The average annual rainfall is 1010 mm, received mostly during the monsoon season. Continued STUDY AREA

6 The City of Lucknow is a part of the district of Lucknow. The urban area of Lucknow spreads on both banks of the river Gomti (a tributary of river Ganges) called the Cis (older Lucknow with essence of Mugal and British architect) and Trans (post independence) respectively. Physical configuration is almost flat with some irregularities of physical constituents are found at micro level which differentiate its entity. Broadly, it may be divided into three distinct physical divisions, which are as follows i. The Gomti Basin ii. The Sai and its catchment's area iii. The Central upland

7 Cultural Glimpse of Lucknow Metropolis Lucknow the golden city of the east retains an old world charm that fascinates one and all. It is regarded as one of the finest cities of India. Lucknow emanates a culture that combines emotional warmth, a high degree of sophistication, courtesy and a love for gracious living. This sublime cultural richness famous as 'Lucknavi Tahzeeb' blends the culture of two communities living side by side for centuries, sharing similar interest, speaking a common language. It was an ancient seat of learning. It has been a city of garden and impressive monuments places of worship belonging to all seats and denomination of important religion dot the city's landscape. The culture of north India is best reflected in the Ganga Jamuni Tahzeeb achieved here. Lucknow is known for its unique ability to hold and achieve harmony, to assimilate the old order within the new, to look to the future and seek inspiration from past. InfoTech companies and corporate houses have come to Lucknow making it a truly cosmopolitan city. Through the ages Lucknow has been a city where the rays of different cultures, castes and creeds fell into focus, where Indians and foreigners alike came, where charmed by its composite culture and peaceful ambience and made it their home leaving their mark on the city.

8 Decadal Variation of Population in Lucknow District Decade No. of inhabited Villages Population Decadal Percentage Increase Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Source: District Census Handbooks

9 Workers of Lucknow City between in Percentage (%) Year * Population 10,08,000 16,69,204 42,45,509 32,26,000 45,000,00 Types % % % % % Primary Workers Secondary Workers Tertiary Workers Total Source: Census 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 *Projected Population

10 URBAN SPRWAL of LUCKNOW METROPOLIS Urban sprawl is changing the dynamics of Lucknow s morphology. Earlier the city was expanding along Lucknow-Faizabad road and Lucknow-Kanpur road in the linear form but past five decades it is witnessing concentric growth which always exerts pressure on the core areas. The expansion of the study area is restricted from northwest, south and south-east by the water logging as well as ravines and cantonment respectively. In the north, northeast and south-west direction are witnessing urban expansion long the Sitapur, Faizabad and Kanpur roads.

11 In 1987 the urban area of Lucknow city was sq.kms which in grew to sq.kms. 77.4% increase between span of 17 years. By 2021 it is likely to increase approx sq.kms. The area under cultivation is reported to be 1, sq.kms constituting 58.1 % of the total geographical area of the district as against 62.5 % in 1981 census. Thus 4.4 % decrease in the area under cultivation is probably due to speedy sprawling and urbanization of the district (in past decades the study area is witnessing a real estate boom with a large number of private developers entering the market.) The highest increase has been in the residential areas from 1981 to 2001 nearly 99.4 %. Trends of land use has been interesting, especially the fact that residential use has grown dramatically in comparison to all other uses, although there has also been notable growth in commercial, industrial and public service land use. Since 1981, 84 villages have been fully and 6 villages partly within the Municipal Corporation, Lucknow. 248 more villages are to be merged within MCL.

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13 Sl. No. Change in Categories Area In sq.km. In % 1 Agriculture to built-up land Plantation to built-up land Wetland to built-up land Wasteland to built-up land Rural to built-up land Forest to built-up land Water body to built-up land Land under transformation Total Land Transformation of Lucknow in the last 25 years Source: Dutta, 2010

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15 Urban Growth of Lucknow City (Built-up Area & Population) 300 Urban growth of Lucknow Built-up Area and Population ( ) Area (sq. km) Population (in lakhs) 50 5 Area (in sq. km.) Population (in lakhs) Year 0 Source: RSAC, Lucknow

16 MIGRATION Migration From Rural Areas to Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (% of total migrants) 10.3 Source: Census, Employment Business Education Marriage Moved after birth Moved with Household Others Migration From Urban Areas to Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (% of total migrants) Employment Business Education Marriage Moved after birth Moved with Household Others

17 City being administrative capital of the state, it houses many central government regional offices apart from premier institutions of learning. Lucknow attracts not only migrants in search of employmentfull, partial, marginal or supplemental from its rural vicinity and other urban areas but also those in search of its institutions of health and learning. Due to increase in urbanization and population density, the study area is under-going through urban ills like traffic congestion, pollution, waste, unauthorized and unplanned development, illegal colonies etc. are threat for good governance challenges. Influx of the population has impacted the land use pattern of the study area posing numerous problems like change in physical as well as cultural environment, slum development, generation and accumulation of all sorts of wastes, colossal pressure on various amenities, arising hydrological scarcity etc. Thus high decadal growth rates are in conflict with traditions, making huge demands on land, transport and services.

18 EXISTING & PROJECTED POPULATION OF LUCKNOW CITY 100% 90% 80% POPULATION GROWTH 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Lucknow N.N. Cantonment Lucknow Town Group Source: Master Plan 2021

19 IMPACT According to the World Bank ground water partnership associate, 2009, groundwater overexploitation and its impacts are: A In the 1950s, the pre-monsoon depth to water-table in Lucknow City appears to have been for the most part less than 10 m bgl and even shallower along the Gomti River flood plain (Figure A & B ). Today it has been widely depressed to below 20 m bgl and has passed 30 m bgl in some areas (such as Gomti Nagar, Indira Nagar, Vikas Nagar) and continues to decline at rates in excess of 1.0 m/a although in some outlying newlydeveloped colonies it remains within 15 m of the surface. The consequences of water-table decline is that the Gomti River changing from effluent condition (gaining flow from natural groundwater discharge) to influent condition (losing flow to groundwater infiltration) which gives rise to concern about groundwater pollution from polluted river-water and lack of flow for dilution of sewage discharges much greater constraint on the use of surface-mounted centrifugal pumps for tube well pumping and general need for much more expensive pumping equipment although there are no reports of significant groundwater-extraction related land subsidence. B Source: U.P., SWARA Continued

20 Due to very gradual slope and poor drainage, there are a number of shallow water bodies called Jheels, these dry up in summer season and swells up in monsoon season causing water logging and marshy areas. The area along the river on Cis Gomti side is comparatively less in area and is more congested than that on the Trans Gomti side. Primary cause of pollution of the river is due to industrial effluents. 26 drains dispose the city s sullage water in the river making it highly contaminated. Continued

21 Bio medical waste (BMW) generate kgs per month. Main areas of concentration zones of Air pollution are commercial areas, traffic congestion nodes and industries. Improper disposal of garbage also generates air pollution and health issues. Main zones of noise pollution are commercial and industrial areas. Encroachment and roadside markets are very disorganized subject to profuse littering. Lucknow s traffic has become crawling serpent. 30%-35% of the city s population is below the poverty line. In Lucknow there are 530 slums with the population of 2000 or more and going as high as 12,000, they pop up like mushroom along Gomti river bed, railway line or at any vacant/open place. Continued

22 Slums in Lucknow City: Agencies Total Population Slum Population Total Population Slum Population Census Master Plan DUDA(2005) OXFAM(2005) SUDA(2005) Source: LCDP, 2006 Continued

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25 Existing and Proposed Land Use Distribution Existing Land Use Proposed Land Use LandUse Area (in Ha) % of total area Area(in Ha) % of total area Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Recreation/Open Spaces Public Utilities Transpotation Water Bodies Others Total Source: Master Plan (draft)2021

26 For too long Indian policy makers have argued that more than 50% India lives in million villages and hamlets and development policies were as well as are to a substantial extent, geared to discourage rural-urban migration by: i. Providing in-situ employment and ii. Large public expenditure on rural development programmes.

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28 CONCLUSION Cities are the epicenter of changing paradigms. Its growth from infant stage to maturity stage is due to the human resource indulged in diversified sphere to explore their potential. Ambience of a city, skyscrapers or mushroom of slums is determined by the type of migrants. Government, policy makers should have holistic approach in the process of urban sprawl, better compensation for acquired land so that farmer migrants may have better livelihood and there will be win-win situation in nation building.

29 THANK YOU