AP European Review: Period 1:

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1 AP European Review: Period 1: Renaissance -time frame and basic definition: -lasted from means rebirth -a revival of thought, literature, and the arts -started in Italy and then spread to the north -only really impacted the upper classes -peasantry were largely illiterate and Renaissance ideas had little impact on common people -big important thing you must remember: Renaissance is helping to shift the European worldview from one based on ecclesiastical and classical authority to one based on inquiry and observation of the natural world -Italy at the time of the Renaissance -not united, split into 5 main powers: -Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Naples -northern Italian city states were heavily involved in trade (Genoa, Venice, and Milan) -had multiple cities, Italy was very urbanized at this point in time -this made it very different compared to the rest of Europe -many cities had populations around 100,000 -political rights were very restricted and city-states were usually governed by wealthy merchants -most important city and family was Florence with the Medici -Florence became the center of the Renaissance -Medici family were huge patrons of the arts -commissioned works for figures such as Donatello and da Vinci -had gotten their power from their banking -wealth families that gained money from banking and commerce were able to act as patrons and fund art -Italy also faced outside invasions during this time -both France and Spain invaded to take areas -Charles V of the Habsburgs would invade as well in the 1500s -this led to the end of the Italian Renaissance

2 -basic characteristics of the Renaissance -Renaissance was characterized by an intellectual movement called humanism -humanism had some major features -1. Revival of antiquity -remember, the Renaissance had this revival of classical texts -this led to new methods of scholarship and new values in society and religion -humanists studied the classics of Rome and Greece to understand human nature -also heavily interested in ancient values and history as well as well as languages -this movement became an educational movement as humanists opened schools to study all of this -believed this would teach future generations proper skills -this heavily challenged the Catholic Church and other traditional institutions -it is going to shift the focus of education away from theology -2. Individual focus -wanted to pursue glory and showcase unique talents of humankind -3. Idea of virtu -idea of excelling in all pursuits -big idea of Pico della Mirandola in his Oration on the Dignity of Man -heavily focused around the dignity of man -reason was important -4. Secular in nature -focused on the here and now -Key Writers 1. Petrarch ( ) -father of humanism -Letters to Laura 2. Pico della Mirandola ( ) -Oration of the Dignity of Man (1486) -man has great potential - to man it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills 3. Leonardo Bruni -promoted a revival of classical texts 4. Machiavelli ( ) -The Prince -secular model for individual and political behavior 5. Baldassare Castiglione ( ) -Book of the Courtier (1528) -work on social etiquette and how to be a true gentlemen

3 -Italian Art -patrons were huge -gave commissions for art out to major figures (Catholic Church was heavily involved with this too) -also used art to display their power and fame -characteristics of art -proper perspective, shading with chiaroscuro, individualism, realistic, etc. -classical forms and Christian subjects used -some key artists and sculptors: -1. Donatello ( ) -David -2. Leonardo da Vinci ( ) -Mona Lisa, Last Supper -3. Raphael ( ) -School of Athens -4. Michelangelo ( ) -David, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Pieta Northern Renaissance -features: -remember, the printing press allowed for the ideas of the Renaissance to spread northward -also helped encourage vernacular literature, which led to the development of national cultures -also played a role with the Protestant Reformation in the north -had its own humanism movement: Christian Humanism -emphasized early church writings to have answers to reform the Church -wanted a fusion of classical and Christian ideals -key writers: 1. Erasmus ( ) -In Praise of Folly -criticized church issues and wanted reform from within 2. Thomas More ( ) -Utopia -mixed religious ideals with civic humanism -advocated for a humanistic education -3. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press around key artists to know: -art characteristics -oil painting and more contemporary figures -1. Jan Van Eyck ( ) -Arnolfini and His Wife -perfected oil painting -2. Albrecht Durer ( ) -known for woodcuts -3. Hans Holbein the Younger ( ) -portrait painter of the north

4 New Monarchs and Politics -what were the New Monarchs? -these were kings that began to consolidate power in their countries -never achieved absolute power though -they also never formed into modern nation states -features of new monarchs -1. Reduced power of nobility (focus was now on educated, skilled, and wealth people) -did this through a variety of ways: -increased taxation in their countries -confiscated lands -hired mercenary armies or created large professional armies -paid these groups from the royal treasury -2. Created a strong administrative bureaucracy (strong centralized state) -this was used to centralize control -relied upon educated and middle-class officials -3. Increased the political influence of the middle class -4. Reduced the power of the Catholic Church (things more secular for laws and justice) -secular, not religious, law ruled the day with these figures -secular political theories began to dominate too -ideas from Machiavelli were big -also ideas from figures like Jean Bodin for eventually absolutism were important -these ideas provided for new concepts of the state -key example of a new monarch -England -Henry VII (r ) -took power after the War of the Roses ( ) -had defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field -started the Tudor dynasty in England -features of rule -reduced the influence of the nobility through the Star Chamber -this was a special court that held secret trials to intimidate and influence prominent nobles -no more private armies for nobles -built up financial resources -extended royal authority into the countryside with justices of the peace -expanded British trade -also remember in England that commercial groups began to gain more power and play a greater role in affairs -the landed gentry began to increase in power in the House of Commons

5 -along with new monarchs, you had a military revolution during this time period for state control -armies went away from nobles and knights to professional standing armies -trained -infantry forces arranged in disciplined squadrons emerged -militaries also larger since the King controlled the military -new firearms developed (made knights and cavalry ineffective) -had mobile cannons -elaborate fortications -all of this was financed by new taxes -big figure that illustrated new military techniques for this time period was Gustavus Adolphus (r ) -developed flexible tactics and the salvo (all row fired at once) -mobile cavalry with firearms -light artillery -monarchs and corporate groups often got into competition for power during this time period -led to different distributions of power and governmental authority -big thing, that falls more into period 2, was the different developments in France and England toward the end of the period -England s parliament became more powerful than the king after the English Civil War -French monarchy became absolutist under King Louis XIII and King Louis XIV, especially after the Fronde Age of Discovery -Europeans are going out to explore -sometimes known as Old Imperialism -causes -god, glory, and gold -gold and spices and luxury goods to enhance wealth and power -Christianity served as a motive for exploration -wanted to spread faith, combat Islam, and it was used as a justification for the subjugation of others -New Monarchies -Renaissance ideas of the individual -economic motivations -wanted to gain direct access to spices -rise of mercantilism gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and wanting colonies overseas -wanted new areas of trade -trying to find a way around Arab intermediaries

6 -new inventions allowed for Europeans to establish colonies overseas -advances in cartography -new instruments -magnetic compass -astrolabe -new ships -European caravel -Lateen sail -gunpowder weapons -European countries established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion and negotiation -1. Portugal -motivations -water route to Asia to tap into the spice trade -also wanted gold from Africa -wanted to spread Christianity -key people -1. Prince Henry the Navigator -established a school and organized explorations -allowed the Portuguese to establish trade outposts in West Africa -2. Bartholomew Diaz -rounded Cape of Good Hope in Vasco de Gama -completely rounded the Cape of Good Hope in helped the Portuguese establish trade routes to India -areas of control -important note: Portugal basically established a trade post empire, they were not necessarily interested in conquering large areas of land to control -took over trade posts off the West Coast of Africa, Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia -2. Spain -key people: -1.Columbus -sailed to the Caribbean -began a system of exploitation in the region -2. Major Spanish Conquistadors -Cortes conquered the Aztec -Pizarro conquered the Inca -this led to Spanish control over a good portion of America -important: Bartholomew de las Casas criticized all of this -A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies -remember the silver trade for Spain

7 -3. Dutch -established the Dutch East India Company -would eventually expel Portugal from India and Southeast Asia -took over most of Portuguese coastal forts and trade posts -began to challenge Spain in the New World in French -with the explorations of Jacques Cartier, the French began to establish settlements in North America -focused on the area of Canada and river valleys in North America -French also gained territory in India -5. England -first permanent settlement at Jamestown -religious reasons led to settlement in New England -also had a heavy focus on India -Impacts -1. Columbian Exchange -very important in here -exchange of goods, people, food, and disease from old to new worlds -had items like the potato, maize, tobacco, and syphilis to Europe -had items like smallpox, horses, and slaves to the Americas -90% of the population was killed off in the Americas from smallpox and other disease -2. Slave trade from Africa (asiento) -Portugal introduced it to Brazil -slavery was linked to sugar production (expanded due to it) -heavily entrenched within the triangular trade 3. World economy created -brought about commercial empires in Europe -Spanish silver began to make its way across the world -the Atlantic became the major center of economic power -shifted away from Mediterranean 4. Racism began to increase

8 Commercial Revolution and New Economic Theories -exploration also led to what is referred to as the commercial revolution -Commercial Revolution ( ) -causes -increase in banking classes across Europe -population growth -from new world foods -70 million in 1500 and 90 million in new trade routes from exploration -price revolution -upward trend in prices had occurred -part of this was from gold and silver inflation from the New World -capitalism beginning to increase as well -characteristics -1. Banking and trade -Medici in Italy and Fuggers in Germany were huge bankers for the time period -Antwerp in Belgium became the banking center and commercial center of Europe in the 16 th century -Amsterdam would replace it in the 17 th century -2. Chartered companies formed -British East India Company for example -had joint-stock companies that began to emerge -investors would pool resources for a common purpose -early example of capitalism -3. Stock markets emerged -Antwerp bourse is a good example -4. New industries emerged -enclosure movement in England -putting-out or cottage industry in western Europe -industries to help with exploration emerged -more consumer goods such as sugar and tea -5. New economic elites -gentry in England was the big example -class still demonstrated power -all of this led to the rise of mercantilism -goal was to get a self-sufficient economy -create a favorable balance of trade and get as much gold and silver as possible -use a variety of methods to do this -protective tariffs, colonies, etc.

9 -impact of this -previous trade monopolies declined such as the Hanseatic League in Northern Europe and Venice in Italy -capitalism began to rise toward the end of the period -middle class increased -urbanization occurred -population recovered from the plague finally in the 16 th century -with increased populations, there were uneven price increases -agricultural goods increased in price more than wages, which reduced the standard of living for some -with increased population, people began to migrate to cities -this placed challenges on the elites to govern the cities -biggest example was increased crime and sanitation problems -some cities tried to regulate public morals -best example was Calvin s Geneva -despite the growth in the economy, most Europeans still focused around agriculture -based lives around the seasons, village, or manor -subsistence agriculture was the rule in most areas -three-crop rotation common -farmers had to pay rent and labor services still for their land -price and commercial revolutions did lead to a commercialization of agriculture -this mostly benefited large landowners -big example of this was the enclosure movement in England -western Europe had gotten rid of serfdom by this point, Eastern Europe still had it -some peasants began to revolt in the west as landlords tried to abolish rights or restrict them -remember the German Peasants Revolt which was partially inspired by this Reformation -time frame and definition -1500s and 1600s -this was a movement to reform, change, and break off from the Catholic Church -would destroy the religious unity of Western Europe -produced four major movements: 1. Lutheranism 2. Calvinism 3. Anglicanism 4. Anabaptism

10 -causes -1. Church Crises -Church had been weakened by things such as the Great Schism and Conciliar Movement -2. Religious abuses -simony -immorality of the clergy -sale of indulgences -false sacred relics -nepotism -absenteeism -3. Church critics -Wycliffe and Hus -religious movements such as the Brothers of the Common Life or Modern Devotion -4. Renaissance Humanism -Northern/Christian Humanists inspired Reformation leaders -5. Political factors -head of states willing to go against the Church to weaken its power -Major Protestant Groups 1. Lutheranism -led by Martin Luther -had become very upset at the Church practice of selling indulgences and the various abuses in the Church -the big figure that upset him was Johann Tetzel -had been tasked with selling indulgences with build St. Peter s Basillica -in response to this, Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the Church door in Wittenberg on October 31, list of complaints against the Church -eventually, Luther was excommunicated at the Diet of Worms in Beliefs -salvation by faith alone -only two sacraments: communion and baptism -the Bible is the sole authority -rejected the papacy -priesthood of all believers -clergy can marry

11 -violent reformation -two major events: -1. German Peasants Revolt ( ) -peasants revolted due to lack of rights and Luther s ideas -revolt crushed by German princes -Luther urged princes to put down revolt to protect his movement and since he did not like violence against authority -2. Schmalkaldic Wars -Lutheran princes battled against Catholic princes and emperor Charles V -eventually, the violence between the two was ended by the Peace of Augsburg (1555) -made it so princes in Germany could either choose Lutheranism or Catholicism (that s it) -made the division of Christianity and Germany permanent in the area -essentially, it reaffirmed the independence of many German states -halted German unification until Areas of Lutheranism -North German States -Scandinavia -some portions of East Europe -2. Calvinism -founding -started by the figure John Calvin -published most of his ideas in the key work: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) -this was the foundational work of Calvinism -key idea was predestination -idea that God has already chosen who is going to hell and heaven -those that were saved were called the elect -success demonstrated you were saved -Calvin s Geneva -Calvin created a theocracy for his religion in Geneva, Switzerland -established their own council to control the city -harsh life (no drinking for example) -Areas of Calvinism -Dutch Reformed Church -Huguenots in France -Presbyterians -Puritans in England

12 -3. Anabaptists -beliefs -voluntary association of believers -complete separation of Church and state -no infant baptism, adults only -end of the world was near -no trinity -importance -the idea of separation of Church and state and no infant baptism led to the both Protestants and Catholics condemning and persecuting the Anabaptists -remember the incident of Munster -4. Anglicanism -started in England by Henry VIII -why? -keep in mind this was political not religious -remember, Henry VIII had been a devout Catholic and had condemned Martin Luther -Henry VIII broke from the Church since his wife, Catherine of Aragon, could not give him a male heir -the Pope at the time, Clement VII, refused to annul the marriage -Henry VIII completely broke from the Catholic Church -issued the Act of Supremacy in declared Henry the head of the Church of England or the Anglican Church -Henry VIII then married Anne Boleyn -Henry VIII also took other actions -took all Catholic land away, which included monasteries -this was around 25% of the land in England -closed all monasteries down -passed Act of Succession in 1534 to make subjects take a loyalty oath -Church of England was basically Catholicism with Henry as its head at this time -Mary I (r ) -attempted a return back to Catholicism, but it ultimately failed -did persecute various Protestants - Bloody Mary -English Reformation under Elizabeth -had various religious issues with Catholics and Protestants -passed what was known as the Elizabethan Settlement -had to conform to the Anglican Church in the open, but could practice what you wanted at home -clergy can marry -services can be based in English -hierarchal structure established -Elizabeth made supreme governor of the Church

13 Counter-Reformation/ Catholic Reformation -definition -an attempt by the Catholic Church to fight back against the Protestants -big features: 1. Council of Trent ( ) -church council called by Pope Paul III to fix abuses and strengthen the Church -did two things -1. Reaffirmed beliefs -kept all Catholic ideology and traditions -all seven sacraments -importance of the Pope -Latin services -clergy can t marry -good works and faith for salvation -purgatory -veneration of saints -2. Reformed Church abuses -got rid of all the major issues -created seminaries to train priests -gave bishops greater control over their priests and territories -2. Religious Orders made -big one you need to know are the Jesuits -founded by Ignatius Loyola ( ) -a soldier -organized the order based on military lines -wrote the guide book to the Jesuits: the Spiritual Exercises -moral self-discipline -oath to the Pope -goals of Jesuits: -spread Catholicism overseas -establish schools to educate people in Catholicism -go against Protestants and stop their spread -3. Baroque Movement ( ) -art movement -tried to teach Catholicism in a concrete and emotional way -an attempt to glorify the Catholic Church -key example of this is Bernini s Ecstasy of St. Teresa

14 Wars of Religion -Overview -lasts from fueled by both religion and political issues -Protestants vs. Catholics -will go over major events for each country/region -1. French Wars of Religion ( ) -Issues -Huguenots had been persecuted in the region -King Henry II died in a freak jousting accident in 1559, leaving a succession crisis as his son, Francis was only 15 (he died within a year, and his other son Charles took over with Catherine de Medici as a regent) -three families emerged to try and gain control -1. Bourbons -Huguenots -2. Valois -traditional monarchs of France -3. Guise -super Catholic -Huguenots had gained widespread appeal by 1560 (especially popular amongst the nobility) -Wars -Catholics and Protestants fought in France over religion and the throne -key events you should know: -1. St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre (1572) -worried about a possible rebellion by Huguenots in Paris, Catherine de Medici ordered a massacre of Huguenots in Paris -wedding had been planned (Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) and Margaret of Valois), but the Huguenot leader of the wedding party had been assassinated -20,000 Huguenots killed in the violence -the conflict grew even more severe

15 -2. Rise of Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) -emerged as the victor from the War of the Three Henrys in the 1580s -became King of France in was a politique -group that believed a strong monarchy was needed and that Huguenots needed to be recognized -group basically believed in putting the country first, not ideological beliefs -very important king -converted to Catholicism to satisfy the people - Paris is worth a mass -issued the Edict of Nantes in formal religious settlement between the Catholics and Protestants -made Catholicism the official religion of France -protected Huguenots though -they could worship freely with this in private -could also have fortified towns -monarchs after Henry IV viewed this as dangerous -2. Spanish Wars of Religion -these occurred under the reign of Philip II (r ) -had taken over Spain when his father, Charles V, abdicated the throne in 1556 and split the Habsburg Empire into the Austrian side and Spanish side -wanted to make Spain the strongest power in Europe and wanted to preserve Catholicism -was involved in three Catholic Wars -1. Habsburg-Ottoman Conflict -dealing with the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean Sea -was able to defeat the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) -destroyed the Turkish fleet, killing around 30,000 and destroying 1/3 of their ships -this ended the Ottoman threat in the Western Mediterranean -2. Netherlands Revolt -at this point in time, Spain controlled the Netherlands, having it divided into 17 provinces -Netherlands were Protestant in nature and upset with centralization attempts Spain had attempted in the region -area wanted independence -area grew further upset when Philip attempted to impose the inquisition in the region -area revolted, and Philip tried to put it down with the Duke of Alba -Duke was too cruel and this led to further opposition -led by William of Orange, the Netherlands fought a war of independence against Philip -eventually, 7 northern provinces broke off from Spanish control and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands or the Dutch Republic -the 10 southern provinces became the Spanish Netherlands -Dutch Republic officially recognized in 1648

16 -3. Spain vs. England -Philip II grew increasingly upset with England -was challenging the Spanish overseas with the Sea Dogs -had helped the Dutch -Elizabeth had rejected his attempts to marry her and convert England to Catholicism -Philip II launched the Spanish armada in 1588 against the English -was defeated by the English -England s naval power would increase from this point, and Spain would begin to decline -3. Final War of Religion: Thirty Years War ( ) -causes -Peace of Augsburg had failed to solve issues -religious division continued to increase -area as politically divided into 300 states -religious leagues had formed -Catholic and Protestant leagues had emerged to protect interests in the region -Foreign powers were getting involved in the region -French were interested in stopping the growing Habsburg power -Scandinavian countries wanted more influence -Spain wanted to ensure its interests in Italy were protected -whole thing sparked by the Defenestration of Prague -Four Phases of the War 1. Bohemian Phase -started by the Defenestration of Prague -Protestant forces were eventually defeated and Protestantism was eliminated in Bohemia -2. Danish Phase -height of Catholic power during the war -Two important aspects -Albrecht von Wallenstein ( ) -mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE -invaded Northern Germany and won multiple battles against Protestant armies, which had been supported by the King of Denmark: Christian IV -Edict of Restitution (1629) -emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be restored to the Catholic Church -3. Swedish Phase ( ) -Protestants liberated territory that was lost in the Danish phase -Gustavus Adolphus (r ), the King of Sweden) got involved -led an army that pushed Catholic forces back into the area of Bohemia -Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631 was a large victory that ended Habsburg hopes of reuniting the area under Catholic control -Edict of Restitution annulled -Swedish army defeated in France began to fear a resurgence of Catholicism in HRE

17 -4. French Phase or International Phase ( ) -with the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richelieu and France entered the war on the side of the Protestants -this was in combination with Holland, Sweden, Finland, and various German states -Richelieu s policies reflected France s diplomatic concerns as political, not religious -he can be seen as a politique -Spain fought against France -by 1648 all sides were tired of war -Treaty of Westphalia (1648) -diplomats met in the city of Westphalia to iron out a peace -the Pope also was present, but this was a secular event -provisions -Renewal of the Peace of Augsburg, but Calvinism was added as a politically accepted faith -ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany -this guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously -France, Sweden, and Brandenburg received territories -France received Alsace -Sweden received territory around the Baltic Sea -Brandenburg (Prussia in the future) gained regions in Germany -Dutch Republic recognized as independent -Switzerland recognized as a neutral country in future wars -Results of the War -dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed -would not be able to unite and would remain divided -territories in the HRE are all sovereign entities now -can manage their own affairs and do as they pleased -Pope cannot intervene in affairs -Germany was divided overall politically -harsh devastation on the region as well -1/3 of the population in certain areas was dead -landscape destroyed -France emerged as the dominant power in Europe -in addition, Britain and the Netherlands increased in power -the war had shifted the diplomatic balance of power significantly (balance of power=cause for war -Powers declined -HRE, Spain, and the Pope -centralization began to occur more and more in many nations, leading to absolutism -military revolution occurred

18 European Society in the Renaissance and Reformation Period -family remained the primary social and economic institution -nuclear family common -both rural and urban households worked as units -men and women were often engaged in separate, but important tasks -some people did begin to debate female roles in the family, society, and church -this was especially true due to the Renaissance and Reformation -education opportunities were debated during the Renaissance -women as preachers debated by some Protestants -if Europeans had economic problems or environmental challenges like the Little Ice Age, they would often delay marriage and childbirth -this did restrain population growth -it also did improve the economic condition for families (obviously) -popular culture, leisure activities, and rituals reflected the persistence of folk ideas -leisure activities were organized around the religious calendar -feast days for saints for example or carnival for Lent -these activities were often based around the agricultural cycle too and remained communal in nature -church authorities and local authorities attempted to enforce norms through public humiliation -things like stocks or public branding -witchcraft craze from Culture in the Renaissance and Reformation Period Print Culture and Education -expansion in the publication of pamphlets, books, and other printed material happened at the same time of the Reformation -helped spread the Reformation -Luther s works were transmitted across Europe -this helped lead to an expansion of culture in the region -works were published in German, not Latin -in addition, many woodcut illustrations and pictures were copied and spread -this appealed heavily to those who could not read -caricatures often displayed Luther as Hercules or a new Moses -one popular legend spread that Luther invented the bratwurst sausage -people also had increased educational opportunities -universities rose -more people could read (still only around 10% of the population though) -Protestants stressed the importance of education to the masses -have to be able to read the Bible for yourself, led to various academies and schools

19 -popular rituals and festivals -going into the Reformation, many Europeans practiced traditional rituals and festivals -these continued and persisted -reinforced communal ties and norms -leisure activities were still organized around the religious calendar -had saint s day festivals that occurred -also organized around the agricultural growth cycle -most of these rituals remained communal in nature -examples of rituals: -women often gathered in cottages to socialize -men would go to the village tavern to drink and socialize -blood sports were popular -big example was bullbaiting or bear-baiting -a bull or bear would be tied to an iron stake -would then have dogs unleashed onto the animal -the object was for the dogs to either immobilize the bull or bear -bull dog was actually bred for this sport -also had carnival -festival that would occur before lent -would have public celebrations and partying -usually excess in nature, especially the drinking -would have parades and masquerade balls -best example was in Venice, which was around until Napoleon abolished it -both Protestants and Catholics tried to get rid of these as reforms took place -Catholic Church tried hard especially -many people associated prayer and good luck charms -popular festivals were reined in, especially those considered immoral -the European tradition of Carnival was a big target -social and political elites began to view themselves as civil and the peasants as barbaric -began to focus heavily around etiquette and polite actions -The Catholic Church also attempted to impose fairly strict sexual mores on people -have already discussed the various actions by Calvinists and Puritans -ban drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, and dancing -Calvinists denounced the tradition of giving presents to children on the feast of Saint Nicholas -a lot of these actions were unsuccessful (taverns were so important socially in England that the Puritan attempts to end drinking were laughable)

20 -to try and enforce norms and values, a lot of public humiliation and shaming often occurred -various examples: -stocks -would be placed in the stocks to be publicly humiliated and shamed -would often have physical punishment too -might be whipped or branded -in some cases, your nose or ears might be cut off -might be paraded through town before you put into these -kind of associated with this was the practice of charivari -punishment for violating social norms, especially marriage based -would have a noisy, mocking demonstration against someone -could be simple mockery to bodily harm and life threatening assault -for remarrying as a widow or beating a spouse, some would be forced to parade around the village on a donkey -had to ride backwards while holding up the donkey s tail -would be shamed or have stuff thrown at you as you did this -in some cases a crowd of people would beat pots and pans and play loud musical instruments outside the home of a violator -might have effigies of the person burned -Witch Hunts -70,000 to 100,000 people killed between 1400 and causes -popular belief in magic -cunning folk had been common in European villages for centuries -played a positive role in helping villagers deal with tragedies such as plagues, famines, physical disabilities, and impotence -claims to power often by the elderly or impoverished, and especially women -Catholic Church claimed the Devil was making witches do his bidding -used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas -women were seen as weaker vessels -thus prone to temptation and the devil -constituted around 80% of victims -most between 45 and 60 and unmarried -a hatred of women may have played a role as Europe was a highly patriarchal society -if you were accused of witchcraft, you were often tortured to get a confession out of you -religious wars and divisions caused a panic environment -scapegoating of witches ensued -leaders tried to gain loyalty of the people; appeared to be protecting them

21 -end of Witch Hunts -Scientific Revolution of the 16 th and 17 th centuries increasingly discredited superstition -advances in medicine and the advent of insurance companies enabled people to take better care of themselves when calamites struck -witch trials had become chaotic; accusers could become the accused (witch trials for political gain thus became risky) -Protestant Reformation emphasized God as the only spiritual force in the universe -witch trials did occur in great numbers in Protestant countries as well however -some literature of the 16 th and 17 th century implied that people had a large degree of control over their own lives -no need for superstition as a result

22 Renaissance Italy European Maritime Empires Charles V s Empire Religious Map of Europe after Reformation Division of Holy Roman Empire Important Maps to know from Important Dates and Events from Renaissance (c ) Reconquista of Spain Completed (1492) Age of Exploration (1492-c. 1700) Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Commercial Revolution ( ) Rise of New Monarchs ( ) Charles V and Height of Habsburg Power (1500s) Reformation (1500s) 95 Theses (1517 German Peasants Revolt ( ) Council of Trent ( ) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Edict of Nantes (1598) French Wars of Religion ( ) St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre (1572) Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) Thirty Years War ( ) Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Golden Age of Spain ( ) Dutch Golden Age ( ) Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Edict of Nantes (1598) Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Important Treaties

23 AP European Cram Review: (up to French Revolution/Napoleon: so most of Period 2) Age of Absolutism -in the 1600s, European countries general moved into two directions: absolutism or constitutionalism -Theory of Absolutism -key characteristics -1. Divine Right of Kings -God has given kings power on Earth to rule over a region -2. Sovereignty of a country was embodied in the person of the ruler -L etat c est moi (I am the state) -you are loyal to the monarch, not the country -they eliminate any competition to their rule -3. Not subordinate to national assemblies -ignore a parliamentary body as much as they can -4. Control the nobility -give them privileges and prestige/status in return -somewhat different in Eastern European absolutism -nobility had complete autonomy over the serfs here -5. Controlled the bureaucracy of the state -expanded state power as much as possible -6. Tried to make one religion -alliance with the Catholic Church in Spain -Kings viewed as a sacred figure -Kings reduced the autonomy of churches in their realms -7. Had large standing armies -massive sizes as you went on -had heavy spending on the military with this -8. Used the arts to demonstrate power -grand palaces built like in Madrid, St. Petersburg, and Versailles

24 -Key Philosophers of Absolutism -1. Jean Bodin ( ) -ruler was a father like figure -King is like God on earth -King can make laws and look after the people -The Six Books of the Republic (1576) -2. Thomas Hobbes ( ) -English -The Leviathan -human nature view is negative (with no king or ruler, life is nasty, brutish, and short) -an absolute monarch prevents this horrible state of nature -the people enter into a social contract with the monarch to rule them for protection -is against divine right though -3. Bishop Bossuet ( ) -divine right of kings idea -Counter to Absolutism: John Locke ( ) -natural rights idea: liberty, freedom, and property -Two Treatises on Governemnt -in nature, man was equal and free -people enter into a social contract with the people to ensure rights are not violated -government is limited by natural law -Examples of Absolutism 1. France -Development of Absolutism ( ) -Henry IV ( ) -already saw the Edict of Nantes (1598) -laid foundation for absolutism in France -how? -re-imposed royal authority -tried to weaken the nobility -built up the Nobility of the Robe over the Nobility of the sword (sold positions to them) -heavily monitored nobility and their actions -Duke of Sully helped with financial reform -moved France into mercantilism -reduced royal date -transformed the tax system -created a system of tax collectors and made the system more efficient -used efficient tax system to improve transportation and trade -killed in 1610 by a radical monk

25 -Louis XIII (r ) -had a very important advisor/minister that took most of the actions in France during his reign -Cardinal Richelieu ( ) -had two main goals: 1) strengthen the monarchy of France 2) weaken the Habsburgs -was a politique -actions 1) intendant system -royal officials that controlled local regions/districts (32 of these) -they replaced traditional sword nobles in this role -usually bourgeois or minor nobles -this centralized and extended the power of the monarchy -directly responsible to the king 2) Created more taxation -doubled the military s size 3) Weakened the Huguenots in France -viewed them as a state within the state 4) Got involved in the Thirty Years War to weaken the Habsburgs -supported Protestants -Richelieu died in 1642, Louis XIII in The Absolute Monarch of France: Louis XIV (r ) -influences on rule -Bishop Bossuet -divine right of kings idea -the Fronde (mid 1640s) -rebellions against the monarchy by nobles -forced Louis XIV to flee Paris as a young boy to Versailles -made him want to completely control the nobility in the future -Absolute actions (one king, one law, one faith) -L etat C est Moi -Louis did much to make his rule absolute and in the hands of one ruler -centralized the government -increased the power of intendants -put down the power of the Parlement in Paris -had the corvee system established for peasants (forced labor) -Palace of Versailles (sun king) -built to show his power and limit the power of the nobles -forced nobles to live here and serve him -cost roughly half of the state s budget -Built a massive army (400,000 strong at one point)

26 -Had better economic policies with his finance minister: Jean-Baptist Colbert -built up mercantilism for France -improved taxation and created the salt (gabelle) tax and land (taille) tax -heavily increased the wealth and money of France -Moved to make one religion -made himself the head of the Gallican Church -went against protestants -Edict of Fountainbleau (1685) -revoked the Edict of Nantes -forced 200, ,000 Huguenots to leave -Wars of Louis XIV -Goals -wanted to contain the Habsburg powers -wanted to expand France to its natural borders -Pyrenees Mountains and Rhine River -wanted to make France the most powerful country in Europe -Goals worried others which led to the emergence of a Balance of Power system -countries wanted to ensure that France would not dominate Europe -England and the Dutch Republic under William III of Orange were the ones that led this -most important war: War of Spanish Succession ( ) -cause -last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II died without a direct heir to the throne -Louis XIV s grandson, Philip of Anjou, had a claim to the throne -this would allow France to control Spain s possessions -England, Dutch, Holy Roman Empire, and Portugal formed an alliance to counteract this -results -Louis XIV lost, weakening the finances of France and its military -Treaty of Utrecht (1713) -maintained balance of power -1. Spanish Empire Partitioned -Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) given to Austria -Dutch Republic gained some land as a buffer against future French aggression -Austria also acquired portions of Italy -British receive Spanish territory of Gibraltar (very important) -2. Bourbon retained throne of Spain and retained Spain and Spanish Empire, but renounced claims to French throne -unification of Spanish and French dynasties was prohibited -3. England gains ton of territory -Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Hudson s Bay, Nova Scotia -4. England gains control over slave trade from Spain -called the asiento -5. France retains Alsace and Strasbourg -6. Kings recognized in Sardinia and Prussia -became the nucleus of the future unified states of Italy and Germany

27 -allowed the Habsburgs to balance power of France in Western Europe -Eastern European Absolutists -dealing with serfdom still -especially Russia -nobles will have complete control over serfs -1. Prussia -Rise of Prussia -ruling family called the House of Hohenzollern -ruled the area of Brandenburg -increased power through marriages and territorial expansion from treaties -Key Rulers -1. Frederick William the Great Elector (r ) -actions -established Prussia as a great power -built a modern army (most important achievement) -army of 30,000 with a population of 1 million -unified state through this military power -military was built from heavy taxes -did deal with a powerful nobility: the Junkers -gave them complete control of serfs in exchange for support -built up industry in the country (cotton) -Frederick William I (r ) The Soldiers King -Potsdam Giants guy -further built up the military -infused military into all aspects of life - Sparta of the North -80,000 troops by 1740 (3 rd largest in Europe) -promotion was based upon merit in society -established an efficient bureaucracy for the country, one of the best in Europe -absolute obedience and discipline from civil servants demanded -promotions based on merit

28 -2. Russia -key person here was Peter the Great (r ) -around 7 feet tall -very powerful figure -key actions 1. westernization -remember, he had observed the west through a tour early on in his reign -imported western technicians and craftsmen to aid in building large factories -created state-regulated monopolies -increased the culture of Russia -made it so the Tsar ruled by decree -no representative bodies allowed -dress and appearance changed -secret police crushed dissent -heavy taxation occurred -2. Military build up -made Russia a great military power -huge spending on this, which was financed by heavy taxation -built an army of 200,000 and established military training -built up a large navy -used this military in the Great Northern War against Sweden ( ) -defeated Sweden -led to Russia gaining Latvia and Estonia -Peter was also to build his window on the west : St. Petersburg -3. St. Petersburg -grand capital for Peter -created the Peterhof palace, a copy of Versailles -had the nobility move here to control them -4. Kept serfdom in place to exploit the people -5. Weakened the boyars a bit -3. Growth of Austria -ruled by Habsburg family -controlled: -Italian states: Naples, Sardinia, and Milan -Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) -Hungary and Transylvania -a multi-national state with serfs -key ruler: (not really absolutist, but important to know) -Charles VI (r ) -gained territory: Austrian Netherlands after the Treaty of Utrecht -known for the Pragmatic Sanction (1713) - did two things: -1. Secured Austria s holdings -2. Made it so his daughter, Maria Theresa, had the right to succeed to the throne after his death

29 -Decline of Spain and HOP -Spain -reasons -1. Dutch Revolt -2. Economic -inflation issues -treasury went bankrupt from debts from inflation and wars -expulsion of Jews and Moors hurt country -colonies expensive to maintain -3. Inept monarchs after Philip II -could not fix tax issues, could not challenge Louis XIV, and lost many wars that lost them territory -Holy Roman Empire -reasons 1. religious wars and division 2. political division an issue -Ottomans -1. Lost territory to Europeans in Eastern Europe was the last time the challenged Vienna and Austria -steady decline after that -Poland -1. Monarch was elective and thus very weak -nobility had the real power behind the scenes -2. Liberum Veto -voting in the Polish Parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made -3. Partitioned in the 1790s by Prussia, Austria, and Russia

30 Constitutionalism -other Europeans developed a constitutional monarchy or constitutional based regime -two of these: England and the Dutch -Constitutionalism in England -England in the 17 th Century -Economy -capitalist in nature -Society -had some mobility -middle class was developing and increasing -nobility had land and titles and dominated the House of Lords -had the gentry, which were wealthy land owners in the countryside -they dominated the House of Commons -had the idea of a legal precedent in limiting the King s power -went back to the Magna Carta in were willing to pay taxes as long as the House of Commons had a say -Religion -country was becoming more Calvinist/Puritan -Anglican Church was losing ground to them -Puritans believed the Anglican Church had not gone far enough, wanted to purify -concerned about the potential of Catholic kings -issues Monarchy faced -1. Parliament -Stuart line took over after death of Elizabeth (1603) -Stuarts wanted more power for the monarchy, believed in divine right of kings -struggled against a House of Commons that wanted a stronger voice in political affairs and a weakened monarchy -2. Religion -Puritans began to argue against the Anglican Church -it was an issue of church organization -Stuarts and Anglicans wanted an episcopal system -hierarchical arrangement to determine policy -monarch at the top, archbishops, bishops, etc. -Puritans wanted a Presbyterian system -churches would have local control -church members would organize their church s structure

31 -key monarchs -James I (r ) -Beliefs -James I believed in a strong monarchy -a big supporter of divine right of kings -Parliament Problems -quarreled with Parliament many times, often ruled without them -this was mainly done over issues of taxation and free speech -Religious Problems -faced problems with Puritans over the Church structure debate -met with Puritans to discuss this issue at the Hampton Court Conference (1604) -Puritans presented issues, James rejected all of them -told them No bishops, no king -increased tensions and led some Puritans leaving to New England -Charles I (r ) -another big supporter of divine right of kings and absolute power for monarchs -Parliament Issues -parliament did not give Charles enough funds, so he raised funds without them -quartered soldiers to save money, forced loans on landowners, new tariffs -Parliament responded with the Petition of Right (1628) -stated that taxes or loans can only be made with consent from Parliament -also stated due process of law needed to imprison someone -Charles agreed, but went back on his word in Charles ruled without Parliament for ten years -in that time, he raised his own money, such as ship money -Religious Issues -Charles I attempted to move the Anglican Church back toward Catholicism without a poe -under the leadership of William Laud, the Church imposed the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on areas such as Scotland -Scotland formed an army and prepared to invade England -More Parliamentary Issues -Charles needed funds, so he reconvened Parliament in unwilling to negotiated with power, Charles I once again dissolved them in Scots began to gain victories, Charles I reconvened to raise taxes again -Long Parliament formed ( ) -to cut back on royal excesses of power, the parliament tried two of Charles officials for treason and limited his power -no more ship money, parliament required to meet, star chamber abolished, etc.

32 -Civil War broke out in 1642 after Charles I invaded Parliament -two sides: -Cavaliers -supporters of the King (old gentry, Anglicans, and Irish Catholics) -Roundheads -Calvinists that were against the King (Puritans, Presbyterians, Scots, businessmen) -key events -1. Oliver Cromwell ( ) -led by Cromwell, Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers -Cromwell created the New Model Army -a better organized and professional army -2. Pride s Purge (1648) -elements of the New Model Army removed all non-puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament -this left only a Rump Parliament with 1/5 of its members remaining -3. King s Execution -King was executed in first king in European history to be executed by his own subjects -Interregnum Period ( ) -after the death of the King, Oliver Cromwell took over and established a Commonwealth -formed as a Puritan Republic -Cromwell wielded power and Parliament reduced to one house -Cromwell took full control in 1653 as Lord Protector -Cromwell was very harsh in his rule -denied religious freedom and implemented strict Puritanism -harshly put down a revolt in Ireland against Catholics -Restoration (1660) -after Cromwell s death, his son briefly took over -tired of the actions of the Cromwells, the English Parliament invited Prince Charles to return and take over England -Charles became Charles II in rule -Tories (conservative) and Whigs (liberal) developed under his rule -like his father and grandfather, Charles II had issues with Parliament -Charles II leaned toward Catholicism, but many were suspicious of this -various religious acts passed to favor the Anglican Church -Clarendon Codes (could not take part in religious or political life) -Test Act (1673): cannot hold office -Habeas Corpus Act (1679) passed to limit power -prisoners had to be in court, no double jeopardy, speedy trials, etc. -Exclusion Bill (1679) -denied succession to Catholics