AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW. The Italian Renaissance. The Medicis 4/21/2016

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1 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW Period 1: Renaissance Reformation Religious Wars Age of Exploration The Commercial Revolution The Italian Renaissance Italian city-states Florence, Milan, Venice Merchants formed oligarchies to govern, wealthy families dominated business, government, artistic lives The Medicis Florence was the center of the Renaissance Bankers who financed libraries, churches, the Platonic Academy of Philosophy, commissioned art 1

2 A New Way of Thinking Middle Ages Individuals were insignificant Artists weren t wellknown worked for God, not their own glory The Renaissance Prosperous merchants took pride in their own success and wanted glory (shown by portrait painting and autobiographies) Pico della Mirandola Oration on the Dignity of Man celebrated human potential Return to Classical Learning Petrarch termed the Middle Ages the Dark Ages. Humanism return to study of classical texts and culture; wanted to study Greek and Roman literature, history thought they could better understand human nature Promoted the liberal arts, vernacular languages Some new secularism things don t have to be just for God s glory (but Renaissance art was still mostly religious) Renaissance Education Humanist studied classics and thought this would lead to better leaders Baldassare Castiglione The Courtier explains the ideal Renaissance Man Machiavelli The Prince political philosopher with pessimistic view of human nature said successful rulers had to be ruthless end justifies the mean 2

3 Italian Renaissance Art Patronage artists received commissions from the Church, guilds, wealthy families also a way to show power and prestige Characteristics Perspective Chiaroscuro realistic blending of light and shade Pyramid configuration Classical forms and Christian subjects Women and the Renaissance querelle des femmes debate about women Christine de Pizan First Feminist writer and first female European writer to earn a living Court Lady attractive, welleducated, can dance, etc. but not to participate in politic, artistic, or literary affairs (like a trophy wife) Isabella D Este First Lady of the Renaissance- art patron who collected great works The Northern Renaissance Students travelled to Italie and became familiar with the Italian Renaissance Christian Humanism purposely tried to give humanism a Christian element by combining classical ideas with Christian ones 3

4 Christian Humanists Erasmus the prince of humanists The Praise of Folly satire that made fun of the church even though he was a devout Catholic Thomas More English statesman and known for Utopia Michel De Montaigne French Renaissance Que sais-je? ( What do I know? ) Gutenberg develops his printing press in 1455 enabled the works of humanists to be disseminated throughout Europe Northern Renaissance Art Used and perfected oil painting allowed them to paint more realistically and precise Had gothic cathedrals with wooden panels so not the frescoes like in Italy Artists: Van Eyck Durer Hans Holbein 4

5 Renaissance Politics What s happening? New Monarchs After the dissipation of feudalism, new monarchies kept income but also taxed towns, merchants, peasants to maintain professional armies. They created more centralized bureaucracies. Had relationships with the Catholic Church France Charles VII ended the 100 Years War between France and England Strengthened the monarchy through the taille (taxes) Louis XI enlarged army and promoted new industries Francis I Concordat of Bologna allowed the king to nominate bishops, abbots, and other officials England Henry VIII Declared himself the supreme head of Church of England Dissolved the monasteries and took its wealth 5

6 Spain Ferdinand and Isabella marriage created a dynasty of two of the most powerful houses Completed the Reconquista one king, one law, one faith Inquisition Expelled Jews and insisted Muslims leave or convert to Christianity Big Picture. They consolidated power and created the foundations for the modern nation-states that will emerge. They did NOT have absolute power yet. The Reformation Martin Luther salvation is by faith alone angered by Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to help pay for St. Peter s Basilica Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to a church door in Wittenberg Beliefs: salvation through faith alone - Bible is sole authority - priesthood of all believers - only baptism and Communion for sacraments 6

7 Luther Sells out the Peasants German peasants originally supported Luther liked this idea of equality (priesthood of believers) Landowners seized common lands and required huge rents on peasants so they rebelled attacking monasteries, castles, etc. Luther advocated for nobility to crush the rebellion The German Peasants War of 1525 strengthened the nobility and tied Lutheranism to the nobility. Lutheranism Spreads Took opportunities away from some women (no convents in Lutheranism) Became dominant in northern and eastern Germany, Denmark and Scandinavia Peace of Augsburg 1555 A religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants was ended with the Peace of Augsburg Said German princes could determine the religion of their states only options were Catholicism and Lutheranism Calvinism John Calvin The Institutes of the Christian Religion God is just, humans are weak and corrupt Predestination the elect Wanted a theocracy (unlike Luther) Geneva City of Saints Calvin and followers didn t allow cards, dancing, theater very rigid moral standards Spread of Calvinism John Knox brought it to Scotland. Spread to France - Huguenots 7

8 Anglicanism Henry VIII devout Catholic but he needed a son as a successor Wanted a divorce since his wife didn t give him a son Pope wouldn t do that so Henry married Anne Boleyn Then Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy said that the English king was the head of the church in England but he still remained Catholic Elizabeth I a moderate Protestant Struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism after Henry VIII Elizabeth I r she was a politique meaning she put political necessities above her personal beliefs Elizabethan Settlement: restored Church of England and allowed priests to marry and conduct services in English Elizabeth was more concerned with having the loyalty of her subjects and wanted to avoid religious civil wars Anabaptists Rebaptizers opposed infant baptism Advocated separation of church and state Zwingli Zwingli Leader of Reformation in Switzerland 8

9 Catholics Respond the Counter-Reforma Council of Trent Affirmation & Reformation Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines Reformed church abuses (forbade simony) The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Society of Jesus spiritual army Catholic education, missionary work, fighting Protestantism Baroque Art Council of Trent said works of art should be to stimulate piety Characteristics Dramatic use of light and dark Subject matter was focused on dramatic moments Everyday people not idolized Buildings on grand scale and ornate Examples Bernini, Caravaggio, Gentileschi WAR! What is it good for? Spain Philip wanted to advance Spanish power, champion Catholicism, defeat Turks Battle of Lepanto 1571 Spanish with Venetians defeated Turks Philip loses Netherlands Dutch wanted independence Protestant northern provinces gained independence and known as the Dutch while 10 southern provinces became the Spanish Netherlands 9

10 Philip and Spain, cont. The British (Elizabeth) felt threatened so helped Dutch rebels with money and troops and encouraged British mariners to raid Spanish ships Philip sent the Spanish Armada to invade England, depose Elizabeth, and bring Catholicism back to England Elizabeth defeats him Consequences: started a period of Spanish decline Independent Dutch begin a golden age English power increases French Wars of Religion CATHOLICS Concordat of Bologna French rules could appoint all bishops and abbots so kings had no reason to support a rebellion against Rome VS PROTESTANTS Huguenots had a strong presence in France (10%) Especially appealing to nobles 40-50% of nobility - way to express opposition to Catholic king St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre (1572) French king Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici urged Catholics to kill thousands of Huguenots gather in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Margaret of Valois to the Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre Up to 20,000 Huguenots killed Started a civil war that devastated French commerce and agriculture Politiques group of moderate Catholics and Protestants who put religion aside to support a strong monarchy and recognition of the Huguenots Edict of Nantes Henry IV was the leader of the House of Bourbon and a Huguenot he decided to become Catholic Henry issued an edict allowing toleration of Calvinism 10

11 THIRTY YEARS WAR HRE = 300 small principalities Peace of Augsburg allowed Lutheranism but not Calvinism Causes: Religious divisions Protestant Union, Catholic League Political divisions Habsburgs trying to strengthen Catholic monarchy Principalities did not want central authority International interference: French didn t want a strong HRE and Lutheran kings in Denmark and Sweden were willing to defend Protestants 4 PHASES R E L I G I O U S P O L I T I C A L Bohemian Phase Catholic League vs. Protestant Union (Catholics win) Danish Phase Albert of Wallenstein leads Catholic victory Swedish Phase Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, defeats Wallenstein (France gives them $.) French Phase Adolphus killed prompts French armies to fight very destructive Peace of Westphalia Provisions: Each of the 300+ German states can conduct diplomacy. Rulers of those states could decide religion including Calvinism. Dutch Republic was independent and Switzerland neutral. French took part of Alsace. Consequences: Devastated Germany (up to 1/3 died) Left HRE even more politically fragmented France emerged as the strongest power in Europe 11

12 The Age of Exploration Motivations GOD, GOLD, & GLORY Renaissance spirit of individualism Search for spices and profits - Crusades help stimulate demand for spices Cash crop profits sugar Spread of Christianity New Technology Spanish caravels, compass, astrolabe Portugal Henry the Navigator west coast of Africa Portuguese had trading posts there Bartholomew Diaz went around the Cape of Good Hope The Portuguese did not conquer new territories they just wanted to trading posts to control trade. Ended the Venetian and Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia Trade shifted to the Atlantic Ocean Spain Christopher Columbus Spanish Conquests Cortes conquered the Aztecs Pizarro conquered the Incas Spanish America Converted natives to Christianity and made them Spanish subjects 12

13 Consequences of the Columbian Exchange: For Europe: new crops fed a population boom, influx of wealth that brought inflation to Spain, increased power of Western Europe For Americas: European diseases decimated the population killing about 90% of natives, introduction of the horse transformed lives of natives For Africa: slave trade The Commercial Revolution Causes: New ocean trade routes Growth of population Price revolution Nation-centered economic systems replaced old town-and-guild framework 13

14 Features of the Commercial Revolution New entrepreneurs new trading areas = new entrepreneurs New industries printing press, shipbuilding, cannons and muskets for the new nation-states Putting-out system entrepreneurs would provide materials to rural families who would do the textile work New joint-stock companies the new international trade required lots of capital so English and Dutch merchants formed joint-stock companies to maximize profits and limit risk Mercantilism Mercantilists wanted to build strong, self-sufficient economies The idea is colonies export raw materials and import finished goods. This way they could also build up their reserves of precious metals (gold and silver). Consequences: Decline of earlier commercial centers like the Hanseatic League (northern Europe) Rise of capitalism Capitalism: a system where wealth is invested to produce more capital and is based upon private ownership of property Rise of the bourgeoisie new middle class 14