Luther Leads the Reformation

Transcription

1 Name Date CHAPTER 17 Section 3 RETEACHING ACTIVITY Luther Leads the Reformation Determining Main Ideas Choose the word that most accurately completes each sentence below. Write that word in the blank provided. Reformation Lutherans Anglican Peace of Augsburg Protestant heretic indulgence annul 1. Christians who were members of non-catholic churches were considered. 2. An, otherwise known as a pardon, released a sinner from the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. 3. Luther was declared a, or a person who holds beliefs that differ from official Church teachings. 4. Henry VIII asked the pope to his marriage to Catherine Howard so that he could take a younger wife. 5. The Church was created by Parliament and Elizabeth I to return England to Protestantism. 6. Luther s 95 Theses began the, a movement for religious reform. 7. Luther and his followers became a separate religious group from the Catholic Church, known as. 8. A religious settlement known as the declared that each ruler would decide the religion of their state. European Renaissance and Reformation 43

2 Name Date CHAPTER 17 Section 4 RETEACHING ACTIVITY The Reformation Continues Reading Comprehension Find the name or term in the second column that best matches the description in the first column. Then write the letter of your answer in the blank. 1. A theory that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved 2. A movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself and help Catholics remain loyal 3. Members of the Society of Jesus who focused on creating schools, converting non-christians to Catholicism, and stopping the spread of Protestantism 4. A religion based on the teachings of John Calvin 5. A government that is controlled by religious leaders 6. A meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals where they agreed on several Catholic doctrines a. Presbyterians b. Jesuits c. predestination d. theocracy e. Council of Trent f. Anabaptists g. Catholic Reformation h. Calvinism 7. People who believed that a person must be able to decide to be Christian before he or she can be baptized 8. Followers of John Knox who believed that each community church should be governed by a group of presbyters 44 Unit 4, Chapter 17

3 Name Date CHAPTER 17 Section 3 (pages ) Luther Leads the Reformation BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you saw how the Renaissance spread to northern Europe. In this section, you will see how Renaissance ideas helped bring about the Reformation. AS YOU READ Use the chart below to take notes on the responses to Luther s challenge. TERMS AND NAMES indulgence Release from punishments due for a sin Reformation 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian churches Lutheran Member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther Protestant Member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation Peace of Augsburg Agreement in 1555 declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler annul Cancel or put an end to Anglican Relating to the Church of England BATTLE/ POLITICAL ISSUE Responses to Luther s Challenge EFFECT The Pope threatens Luther with excommunication. Causes of the Reformation (pages ) Why was the Church criticized? By 1500, the influence of the Church on the lives of people had weakened. Some people resented paying taxes to support the Church in Rome. Others sharply criticized the Church for some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters. The lower clergy had faults, too. Many local priests lacked education and were not able to teach people. Some lived immoral lives. Reformers urged the Church to change its ways to become more spiritual and humble. Christian humanists such as Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to calls for change. In the early 1500s, the calls grew louder. 1. What kinds of changes did Church critics want to make? CHAPTER 17 EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 161

4 Luther Challenges the Church (page 489) How did the Reformation begin? In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther protested the actions of a Church official. That person was selling indulgences. An indulgence was a kind of forgiveness. By paying money to the Church, people thought they could win salvation. Luther challenged this practice and others. He posted a written protest on the door of a castle church. His words were printed and spread throughout Germany. This was the beginning of the Reformation, a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches. 2. What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation? The Response to Luther (pages ) What effects did Luther s protest have? Pope Leo X punished Luther for his views, but he refused to change them. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a strong Catholic, called Luther an outlaw. Luther s books were burned. But it was too late. Many of his ideas were already being practiced. The Lutheran Church started around In 1524, peasants in Germany hoped to use Luther s ideas about Christian freedom to change society. They demanded an end to serfdom a condition like slavery. When it was not granted, they revolted. Luther disagreed with this revolt. German princes killed thousands in putting the revolt down. Some nobles supported Luther s ideas. They saw a chance to weaken the emperor s power over them. Other German princes joined forces against Luther s supporters. They signed an agreement to remain loyal to the pope and the emperor. Supporters of Luther s ideas protested this agreement. They were called the Protestants. Eventually, the term Protestant meant Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches. War broke out between Catholic and Protestant forces in Germany. It finally ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty granted each prince the right to decide whether his subjects would be Catholic or Protestant. 3. Why did Luther s ideas lead to war? England Becomes Protestant (pages ) How did England become Protestant? The Catholic Church faced another challenge to its power in England. Henry VIII, the king, was married to a Spanish princess. She gave birth to a daughter. England had never had a female ruler. Henry feared a civil war would start if he had no son. He believed his wife was too old to have another child. He tried to get the pope to annul, or put an end to, the marriage so he could remarry. The pope refused. To remarry, Henry had to get out of the Catholic church. In 1534, Henry had Parliament pass laws that created the Church of England. These laws made the king or queen, not the pope, head of the Church of England. Henry no longer had to obey the pope. Henry remarried five times. His only son was from his third wife. One of Henry s daughters, Elizabeth, became queen in She finished creating a separate English church. The new church was called Anglican. It had some practices that would appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. In this way, Elizabeth hoped to end religious conflict. 4. What role did Henry VIII play in creating the Church of England? 162 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 3

5 Name CHAPTER 17 Section 4 (pages ) The Reformation Continues BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read how the Reformation began. In this section, you will learn how it developed and spread. AS YOU READ Use the chart below to take notes on the reforms that occurred as the Reformation continued. Calvin begins another Protestant church Continuing Reforms During the Reformation Date TERMS AND NAMES predestination Doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be saved Calvinism Religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin theocracy Government controlled by religious leaders Presbyterian Member of a Protestant church governed by elders and founded by John Knox Anabaptist Member of a Protestant group during the Reformation who believed only adults should be baptized. Also believed that church and state should be separate Catholic Reformation 16th-century Catholic reform movement in response to Protestant Reformation Jesuits Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Meeting of Roman Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Calvin Continues the Reformation (pages ) What did Calvin teach? Protestantism arose elsewhere in the 1530s. This time under the leadership of John Calvin. Calvin wrote an important book that gave structure to Protestant beliefs. He taught that people are sinful by nature. He also taught predestination, the idea that God determines beforehand who will be saved. The religion based on Calvin s teachings is called Calvinism. Calvin created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. It was government run by religious leaders. It had strict rules of behavior that required people to live religious lives. Anyone who preached different religious ideas might be burned at the stake. A preacher named John Knox was impressed by Calvin s high moral ideals. Knox put these ideas into practice in Scotland. This was beginning of the Presbyterian Church. Others in Holland, France, and Switzerland adopted Calvin s ideas as well. In France, his followers were called Huguenots. Conflict between them and Catholics often turned into violence. In 1572, mobs killed about 12,000 Huguenots. 1. What is Calvinism? CHAPTER 17 EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 163

6 Other Protestant Reformers (pages ) What other reformers were important during the Reformation? Another new Protestant group was the Anabaptists. They preached that people should be baptized into the faith as adults. Anabaptists also taught that the church and state should be separate. In addition, they refused to fight in wars. Many women played key roles in the Reformation. They included Marguerite of Navarre. She protected John Calvin from being killed for his beliefs. Katherina von Bora was the wife of Martin Luther. She supported an equal role for women in marriage. of church leaders, the Council of Trent. The council, which met in 1545, passed these doctrines: the Church s interpretation of the Bible was final Christians needed good works as well as faith to win salvation the Bible and the Church had equal authority in setting out Christian beliefs indulgences were valid expressions of faith The next pope, Paul IV, put these doctrines into practice. These actions helped revive the Church. They also allowed it to survive the challenge of the Protestants. 3. What happened at the Council of Trent? 2. Who were two women who played important roles in the Reformation? The Catholic Reformation (pages ) What was the Catholic Reformation? Protestant churches grew all over Europe. To keep Catholic believers loyal, the Catholic Church took steps to change itself. This was called the Catholic Reformation. One Catholic reformer was a Spanish noble named Ignatius. He founded a new group in the Church based on deep devotion to Jesus. Members of this group, called the Jesuits, started schools across Europe. They sent missionaries to convert people to Catholicism. In addition, they tried to stop the spread of Protestant faiths in Europe. Two popes of the 1500s helped bring about changes in the Church. Pope Paul III set up a kind of court called the Inquisition. It was charged with finding, trying, and punishing people who broke the rules of the Church. He also called a meeting The Legacy of the Reformation (page 500) What was the legacy of the Reformation? The Reformation had an enduring impact on society. In the wake of the movement, Protestant churches flourished. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church became more unified as a result of the reforms started at the Council of Trent. The Reformation caused an overall decline in the authority of the church. As a result, individual monarchs and states gained greater power. This in turn led to the development of modern nationstates. Women thought that their status in society might improve as a result of the Reformation. However, this did not happen. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family. 4. What was the result of the declining authority of the church? McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 164 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 4