FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility

Transcription

1 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility

2 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg)

3 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies

4 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies:

5 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies: - King Henry II killed in a joust, 15 yr. old son died soon after

6 FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies: - King Henry II killed in a joust, 15 yr. old son died soon after - Catherine de Medicis - HII s wife, mother and regent of 10 yr. old Charles IX - a Florentine Italian Catholic

7 Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots

8 Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne

9 Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other

10 Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other Civil war erupted between rivals for the crown - widespread atrocities committed by all sides

11 Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other Civil war erupted between rivals for the crown - widespread atrocities committed by all sides - Catherine de Medici feared the Guise Catholic forces, arranged marriage of HII s Catholic Valois sister to Henry of Nevarre, a Huguenot Bourbon

12 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici

13 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici

14 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding

15 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding ,000 Huguenots slaughtered by Catholic mobs wherever they were not militarily protected by Huguenot military units

16 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding ,000 Huguenots slaughtered by Catholic mobs wherever they were not militarily protected by Huguenot military units - Pope rang the bells to celebrate the news, Phillip II cheered

17 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes

18 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX

19 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders

20 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir

21 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne:

22 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass

23 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass - crushed the Guise, chased out their Spanish allies

24 Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass - crushed the Guise, chased out their Spanish allies - adopted religious tolerant policy of the politiques - moderate Catholics & Protestants who yearned for a strong civil gov t

25 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for:

26 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services

27 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants

28 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia

29 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides

30 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides - Ended the French Religious Wars

31 Edict of Nantes, Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides - Ended the French Religious Wars - 20th assassination attempt on Henry IV of Nevarre succeeded

32 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY

33 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies

34 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies

35 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe

36 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families

37 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families - inherited Portugal when its king died w/out an heir

38 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families - inherited Portugal when its king died w/out an heir - insisted on Catholic unity w/in his lands

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40 Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks

41 Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks

42 Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks Escorial - immense, austere palace of Phillip - headquarters of Spanish Crusade

43 Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks Escorial - immense, austere palace of Phillip - headquarters of Spanish Crusade conflict was entwined w/ religious & political significance

44 War against Muslims in Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos

45 War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos

46 War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos

47 War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos

48 War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Phillip III - exiled Moriscos from Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos

49 War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Phillip III - exiled Moriscos from Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos By ,000 had fled Spain

50 REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner

51 REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner

52 REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner

53 REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North South - French-speaking, commercial economy (today s Belgian Waloons) Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner

54 REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North South - French-speaking, commercial economy (today s Belgian Waloons) HRE - only common bond - the 17 provinces functioned independently Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner

55 League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands

56 League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion

57 League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion

58 League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion William The Silent - Duke of Orange - AKA William of Orange - resisted Phillip II, led the Dutch rebellion

59 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary

60 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces

61 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands

62 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic:

63 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange

64 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange - dominated by wealthy merchants & professionals

65 - Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange - dominated by wealthy merchants & professionals - adopted policy of religious toleration - had a large pop. of Jews, Catholics as well as majority Protestants

66 Dutch Power - Tolerance drew intellectual & scientific thinkers - Coastal locale made it a prime maritime power: - economy based on shipping & ship building - favored Euro free trade - wealth led to thriving banking industry - merchant fleet bigger than English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, & Austrian combined

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68 Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England:

69 Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism

70 Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices

71 Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices - Puritans denounced it, under-cut Anglican authority by setting up local Presbyteries -localized Puritan councils that included the minister & town elders

72 Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices - Puritans denounced it, under-cut Anglican authority by setting up local Presbyteries -localized Puritan councils that included the minister & town elders - Puritans encouraged Bible reading, adopted King James Bible, named after Mary Stuart s (Scotland) son James

73 Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed

74 Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England

75 Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned

76 Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned

77 Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned

78 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England

79 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires:

80 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula

81 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible :

82 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea

83 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea - Russian Orthodox faith

84 Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea - Russian Orthodox faith - blocked by Sweden & Poland/Lithuania

85 How did state power depend on religious unity at the end of the 16th century? Did religious toleration or religious unity best serve the interests of the state?