12-1 Notes, page 1 THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS

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1 12-1 Notes, page 1 THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS 1. Baptism 2. Eucharist 3. Reconciliation (Penance, Confession) 4. Confirmation 5. Matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction) THE DECLINE OF CHURCH AUTHORITY CONFLICTS OVER POWER 1305 the cardinals elected a French pope, Clement V, in an attempt to restore harmony with the French monarchy after King Phillip IV refused to bow to the pope s authority. Clement moved to Avignon in France Monarchs saw seven popes increase the French Crown s influence over the church. As a result, the church was less respected and lost some of its power and influence Pope Gregory XI moved back to Rome The Great Schism Gregory died and was succeeded by Urban VI who was unpopular with the French. The French cardinals elected Clement VII who returned to Avignon. Urban refused to step down, so there were now two popes! Both excommunicated the followers of the other. Many lost faith in the church s ability to provide spiritual leadership The Council of Constance This council of bishops and church leaders reunited the church under one pope in Rome, ending the Great Schism. Councils became more powerful than the pope. Indulgences -- The pope issued certificates, sold by clergy, to reduce or cancel punishment for those who had sinned. This greatly increased the wealth of the church and popes and higher clergy lived like princes.

2 12-1 Notes, page 2 THE CALL FOR CHURCH REFORM The Church had a long history of reform, but by the 1300 s, it had become so corrupt, many people were outraged. How could the clergy teach the Bible if they weren t devout or couldn t read? Those who questioned the Church were labeled as heretics and either excommunicated or executed. John Wycliffe is considered the first great English reformer of the Catholic Church The Morning Star of the Reformation. He was outraged by the corruption of the pope and clergy and publicly criticized them. He also challenged some of the most basic beliefs of the church, including the idea that good works alone ensure salvation. In writings penned in 1371, Wycliffe claimed that church authority was based on the mistaken assumption that priests were superior to lay people. In later writings, he declared that the Bible, not the church, was the sole authority for Christian beliefs. Wycliffe s followers, called the Lollards, helped him complete his translation of the Bible into English. After his death in 1384, the Lollards were persecuted in England, and many were convicted of heresy. Wycliffe was a scholar at Oxford University in England and translated the Bible into English in 1382, which threatened the power of the clergy. He declared that monarchs should rule over the church in their own kingdom. John Hus, a Czech priest living in Prague, spoke out against the selling of indulgences and called for reform. He embraced Wycliffe s doctrines and proposed reforming the Bohemian church as Wycliffe had done in England. He was excommunicated as a heretic in He was condemned by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake in The Mystics believed that a person should experience God through prayer, without the aid of a priest. They sought direct experience, intuition, or insight (visions). Women were included equally in their beliefs. Some famous Mystics include Margery Kempe, St. Catherine of Siena, and Joan of Arc s to 1400 s. Desiderius Erasmus Dutch priest who believed people should read the Bible and translated it into Greek (1516). His book, In Praise of Folly (1509), criticized the corruption of the clergy. He believed in faith and devotion over ritual, as well as the idea of free will (1524).

3 12-1 Notes, page 3 The early reformers wanted to do away with the many rituals and rites of the Catholic Church. They wanted to read the Bible in translation (not Latin) and pray without the interpretation or aid of a priest. They also objected to many church practices that they considered corrupt. MARTIN LUTHER QUESTIONS THE CHURCH Early reformers wanted only to reform, or make changes to improve the Catholic Church. Martin Luther, a Catholic Priest, began to question the church. October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg. This even began The Reformation. Johann Tetzel, a Dominican monk, sold indulgences in Wittenberg to fund the construction of St. Peter s Basilica in Rome. Giving money to church to build more churches was considered good works Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany Luther begins to study law at the University of Erfurt Caught in a thunderstorm, Luther promised St. Anne he would become a monk if she let him survive the storm and he did! 1507 Martin Luther was ordained as a priest and was selected to teach at the University of Wittenberg Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the door of All Saints Church. The church taught that performance of religious ritual and good works was necessary for salvation, but Luther was worried that his actions alone might not satisfy God. Justification by Faith Luther interpreted St. Paul s letter to the Romans as meaning the path to God is through faith alone. He believed this was a form of predestination in that righteousness comes to people from outside themselves through faith. Forgiveness, he believed, was not something the church could grant, nor could individuals achieve it by themselves. It could only be granted by God. His belief in justification by faith contradicted the church s teaching of good works as the way to salvation.

4 12-1 Notes, page 4 Luther objected to the church s greed and the pope s power to pardon people s sins. Reformer wanted to fix the church. Protestant protested against the abuses of the Catholic Church and wanted to leave the church to start new churches. Reformation the Protestant movement in the 1500 s to separate from the Catholic Church. THE REFORMATION BEGINS Luther s Ninety-Five Theses was translated and published across Europe within one year. He wrote hundreds of essays between 1517 and Pope Leo X issued a papal bull, or decree, condemning Luther and banning his works. Luther publicly burned the bull and remarked, My only regret is that it is not the Pope himself that I throw into the fire Pope Leo excommunicated Martin Luther Diet of Worms Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V held a large conference to give Luther a chance to recant, or take back his teachings. At the conference, Luther said, I do no accept the authority of popes and councils My conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything. Charles declared Luther an outlaw whom anyone could kill without punishment. Luther hid out in Wartburg with his friend Frederick the Wise, Prince of Saxony. This gave him time to translate the Bible from Greek into German. He wanted people to be able to read it without having to rely on priests. He also believed in holding the mass in the vernacular, or language of the local people, instead of Latin. PROTESTANTISM SPREADS Why did Martin Luther succeed? 1) Many people disliked the corruption and wanted reform; 2) He was a great writer and speaker The printing press was developed.

5 12-1 Notes, page Luther had circulated about one million pamphlets, or unbound published work. These were often essays on current topics, which allowed Luther s ideas to spread quickly to many people The Peasants War a group of German peasants argued that everyone was equal under God and demanded a redistribution of wealth. They revolted against their landowners and were harshly put down. They turned to Martin Luther for support. His response was the essay, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants. In it, Luther criticized them for seeking economic gain in the name of God. This cost him many supporters. German princes liked Luther s teachings that the church should not own property and that princes should appoint clergy members. The princes encouraged Protestantism to free themselves from the power of the Pope Martin Luther died Wars in Europe between Catholics and Protestants the Peace of Augsburg permitted each German prince to decide which religion would be practiced in their kingdom. People could them move to the kingdom they wanted. The North was predominantly Protestant, while the South remained predominantly Catholic The Reformation was firmly established in Germany. ERA OF REFORMATION Protestant Movement Lutheranism Calvinism Anabaptism Church of England Counter-Reformation Council of Trent New Religious Orders The Inquisition LUTHER S THREE DOCTRINES DEBATED 1) Justification by faith; 2) The Bible is the ONLY authority of Christians, not the laws of the Church or papal bulls; 3) Priesthood for ALL Christians. No special powers for priests or the Catholic Church.

6 12-1 Notes, page 6 ULRICH ZWINGLI ( ) Zurich, Switzerland Influenced by Erasmus Believed people should study the Bible, the ultimate authority for Christians, to deepen their faith Criticized corruption in the clergy Promoted clerical marriage Felt the sacraments had no power Disagreed with Luther, saw the Eucharist as a metaphor Agreed with Luther s three doctrines Against the use of images in places of worship Opposed Anabaptism Developed a Protestant Theology Used context, rather than literal meanings, to understand the purpose behind Bible passages William Tyndale, an English professor, felt everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible. He translated Erasmus Greek version into English and was forced to flee England. He went to Brussels where he continued his translation and sent copies back to England Tyndale was the first to use the new medium of print to make many copies of the Bible in the vernacular. The Bishop of London bought all available copies and burnt them, but the money from the sales was used to print more copies. Catholic authorities had him arrested in 1535 and burnt at the stake in JOHN CALVIN ( ) Geneva, Switzerland A humanist lawyer, Calvin fled his native France for Basel, Switzerland in He published Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 to lay the theology of Calvinism. Against images in the church (idolatry) Accepted only two sacraments Baptism, and Eucharist Agreed with Zwingli about Eucharist Believed in justification by faith Predestination, the idea that God has chosen a special group for salvation

7 12-1 Notes, page 7 Luther also accepted predestination, but thought people could not know who had been chosen Calvin said those who were devoted to God and led disciplined lives were probably chosen. In 1541, Ecclesiastical Ordinances described a Calvinist society divided into four levels of governance. Pastors administered the sacraments Doctors taught people about the faith Deacons cared for the sick and needy Elders provided discipline The Elders were a council called The Presbytery and were the church authority. Calvinist church services were plain no images of saints, no organ music, no interference with the spiritual link to God. Strict moral behavior prohibited: Laughing or making noise in church Fortunetelling and gambling Dancing at social gatherings Church councils enforced this behavior. Calvinism spread to many other nations by 1564, including Bohemia, the Dutch Netherlands, and North America. Also Scotland England France Presbyterians (founded by John Knox) Puritans Huguenots ANABAPTISTS (including Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites) Anabaptism believed people should make a confession of faith at baptism, and so denied baptism to infants. Most other Christians during the Reformation considered this heresy and so Anabaptists were persecuted. Anabaptists rejected conventional Christian practices such as wearing jewelry (wedding rings), taking oaths, and participating in civil government. Anabaptists believed the state was made up of sinners and that they should withdraw to form their own separate communities.

8 12-1 Notes, page 8 They were opposed by Catholics and Protestants who did not like being labeled as sinners. They felt one should help save people, not run away from them. Anabaptists were harassed, persecuted, and executed. Many fled to Poland or the Netherlands. CHURCH OF ENGLAND (THE ANGLICAN CHURCH) 1534 The Anglican Church was formed by Henry VIII who wanted to divorce his wife because she failed to produce a male heir. He was excommunicated by the Pope for divorcing and remarrying. He had a total of six wives! In the Church of England, the King, not the Pope was the head of the church. Also, divorce and remarriage was allowed. In most other ways, it was very similar to Catholicism. Many did not want this change and were arrested and executed Henry s only son, Edward VI, promoted Protestantism in England. He died at age Mary I Henry s eldest daughter ruled for five years. She was Catholic and executed many Protestants. She became known as Bloody Mary. She was executed by her half-sister, Elizabeth I, in The English crown alternated between Catholic and Protestant for 180 years. Each change brought a new wave of persecution and executions Henry VIII Protestant Edward VI Protestant Mary I Catholic Elizabeth I Protestant James I Catholic Charles I* Catholic Oliver Cromwell Protestant (Puritan) Richard Cromwell Protestant (Puritan) Charles II Catholic James II Catholic 1689 William & Mary Protestant *beheaded