Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
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- Ophelia Robbins
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1 Week 12 Chapter 15 (p ) The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion Politics, Religion, and War Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion Later Explorers Changing Attitudes Literature and Art
2 Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ( ) Francis I of France ( ) Habsburg Valois Wars ( ) Pope Clement VII ( ) sides with Francis I Suleiman the Magnificent ( ) Germany s fragmented political power Peace of Augsburg (1555) Division of Christianity acknowledged
3 The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty 1. In 1477 the marriage of Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg and d Mary of Burgundy united the Austrian Empire with Burgundy and the Netherlands, making the Habsburgs the strongest ruling family in the Holy Roman (German) Empire. 2. The Habsburg Charles V ( ) 1558) inherited Spain, and Spanish possessions in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, in addition to the lands l mentioned above. 3. In 1519 Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He believed that it was his duty to maintain the unity of Christendom. 4. Many German princes converted to Lutheranism because it allowed them to seize Church property. 5. Charles V focused his attention elsewhere, and he needed the help p of Protestant princes for example, to fight off the Turkish attack on Vienna in Between 1521 and 1555 Charles V fought a series of wars with France over Burgundy. The French supported Lutheran princes within Germany against a Charles. 7. In the Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles accepted the religious status s quo in Germany.
4 Map 13.1: The Empire of Charles V
5 The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Lutheranism in Scandinavia Disintegration of Denmark, Norway, Sweden union Development of Lutheran national churches The Zwinglian Reformation Swiss Confederation Ulrich Zwingli ( ) Unrest in Zurich Seeks alliance with German reformers Swiss Civil War
6 The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists Church was a voluntary association of believers Adult baptism Practices Separation of Church and State Swiss Brethren Anabaptists persecuted Menno Simons ( ) Separation from the World Mennonites
7 Anabaptists Not every protestant who was unhappy with Rome was thrilled with the big three leaders: Luther, Zwingli, Calvin Like other reform movements this one had left and right wings on a spectrum. Half a loaf or the whole thing. Separatists like the Anabaptists are from the left or more radical wing of the reformation. Catholic far right, than Luther, still conservative, than Zwingli and Calvin pretty liberal, then separatist groups like l the Anabaptists. A big part of the protestant movement was reading the Bible yourself-- --bound to get a lot of different interpretations. Problem crops up when each person or group thinks theirs is the only interpretation
8
9 The Reformation in England Henry VIII ( ) Catherine of Aragón (First Wife) Henry seeks to dissolve marriage Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) Elizabeth I Act of Supremacy (1534) Thomas Cramner,, Archbishop of Canterbury Edward VI ( ) Mary I, Bloody Mary ( ) Intends to restore Catholicism to England Alliance with Spain
10 Henry VIII, His Wife, and His Children
11 John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism John Calvin ( ) Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) Predestination Calvinism: militant form of Protestantism Two Sacraments Baptism The Lord s Supper Geneva Consistory
12 The Family The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation Marriage and sex Positive family relationships Women s roles Women left with few alternatives in Protestantism Education in the Reformation Protestant schools State education The gymnasium Religions Practices and Popular Culture Changes in religious practices Changes in forms of entertainment
13 A Sixteenth-Century Classroom
14 The Catholic Reformation Old and New Emergence of new female mysticism Regeneration of religious orders Creation of new religious orders The Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola ( ) The Spiritual Exercises Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540) Absolute obedience to the papacy Three major objectives of Jesuits Education crucial to combating Protestantism Propagation of Catholic faith among non-catholics Fight Protestantism
15 Ignatius of Loyola
16 Map 13.2: Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560
17 A Revived Papacy Pope Paul III ( ) Reform Commission ( ) Recognized Jesuits Roman Inquisition (1542) Pope Paul IV ( ) Index of Forbidden Books
18 The Council of Trent Met intermittently from Divisions between moderates and conservatives Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Scripture and Tradition Faith and Good Works Sacraments
19 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The French Wars of Religion ( ) Huguenots Conversion of the percent of French nobility The ultra-catholics Revolts against the monarchy The Politiques Saint Bartholomew s Day Massacre (August 24, 1572) Henry IV of Navarre ( ) Converts to Catholicism Edict of Nantes (1598)
20 The Saint Bartholomew s Day Massacre
21 Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain ( ) Importance of Catholicism in Spain The Holy League Battle of Lepanto (1571)
22 p.372
23 The Revolt of the Netherlands Philip tries to strengthen his control Resentment against Philip Calvinists William of Nassau, Prince of Orange United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)
24 Map 13.3: The Height of Spanish Power under Philip II
25 Malta A Major Battlefield in the Struggle between Islam and Christianity in the Mediterranean
26 The England of Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I ( ) Act of Supremacy (1559) Puritans Foreign Policy Conflict with Spain The Spanish Armada (1588)
27 Procession of Queen Elizabth I
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