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1 Wars of Religion Subheading goes here
2 France Henry II & Philip II (Spain) end their long war (Hapsburg-Valois Wars) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) French control of Calais Spanish control of Italy Nobility embrace Calvinism Tired of providing funds to the King 40% convert Hugenots = French Calvinists
3 France After Henry II s death his 3 sons each briefly ruled Francis II; Charles IX; Henry III Catherine de Medici acts as regent 3 Powerful noble families challenge them Guise; Montmorency; Bourbons
4 St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre Aug. 24, 1572 Sanctioned by Catherine de Medici 2,000 killed in the streets of Paris 10,000 killed outside Paris France
5 France War of the Three Henrys Valois, Guise, Bourbon Catholic League Organized by Duke of Guise Targeted Hugenots Duke of Guise assassinated (1563) by Henry III
6 France Henry III Pious flagellant Economic difficulties Poor harvests Extravagant court Politique = Moderate catholic who wanted to put political problems over religious ones. Supported religious toleration Assassinated by a monk
7 France Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) becomes heir to the French throne Unaccepted by Catholic League 1593 Henry publically converts to Catholicism Paris is worth a mass Politique; Machiavellian
8 France Henry IV Edict of Nantes (1598) Guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district Allowed access to universities, public office and the right to maintain strongholds in western France Stability for France
9 Spain Philip II Son of the HRE Charles V Supported Catholics everywhere against Protestants and Muslims Defeated the Turks off the coast of Greece (Lepanto 1571) to end Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean) Netherlands = revolted & formed the Union of Utrecht Calvinist; high taxation; nationalism Led by William of Orange in the 17 northern provinces Spanish Netherlands = 10 southern provinces remain loyal to Philip II Amsterdam replaces Antwerp as Europe s commercial center
10 Empire of Philip II
11 England Mary, Queen of Scots Mary flees protestant Scotland seeking refuge in England Northern Rising = Duke of Norfolk tries to create a Revolution in favor of Mary Pope Pius V Excommunicates Elizabeth Calls for a Holy Crusade to put Mary on the throne Executed for treason
12 England Spanish Armada Philip II of Spain plans to invade England & put Mary on the throne After Mary s death he continues his plan to invade (and put his own daughter on the throne) Protestant Wind helps sink the Spanish invasion
13 Germany Peasants War (1524-5) Twelve Articles = demands the end to feudal practices Inspired by Luther but Luther himself condemned the revolt League of Schmalkalden (1531) Protestant princes ally against Charles V s efforts to re-catholicize Germany Allied with Francis of France Defeated by Charles (1547) but Lutheranism was too strong to recatholicize
14 Thirty Years War Catholic/Protestant Conflict Political Issues Hapsburgs and weaker German States France supports Protestants to keep the HRE weak Sweden & Denmark supports Protestantism (and get to test their armies)
15 Thirty Years War Defenestration of Prague (1618) HRE Ferdinand sends his army to Bohemia Protestant forces (under Frederick V of Palatine) defeated & Bohemia re- Catholicized
16 Thirty Years War King Christian of Denmark declares war on Ferdinand (1625) = Danish Phase Ferdinand hires Albert of Wallenstein to fight the Danes Wallenstein s army quickly wins Edict of Restitution (1629) = all church territories allowed to be Protestant are Catholic again
17 Thirty Years War Gustavos Adolphus (King of Sweden) leaves a war in Poland to come help the Protestants = Swedish Phase ( ) Lured by Cardinal Richelieu of France Great military mastermind Wallenstein refuses to fight (1631) Assassinated by his own men Edict of Restitution anulled Sweden defeated (1634)
18 Thirty Years War France begins actively supporting Protestants = International Phase Spain retaliates by supporting HRE France sends armies into Catalonia to attack Spain German States want everyone out!
19 Treaty of Westphalia (1648) German States remain independent (300+) Holy Roman Empire becomes irrelevant Hapsburg family weakened Netherlands & Switzerland recognized Peace of Augsburg reinstated Calvinism, Lutheranism & Catholicism all recognized Religious toleration
20 Results of the Thirty Years War Germany physically devastated 3-7 Million people dead England, Holland & France become leaders in trade, culture & politics
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