Early Tribes and Cultures

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1 Norse Expand Their Empire Westward

2 Early Tribes and Cultures

3 ARKAIM 16,000 BC

4 PETERBOROUGH PETROGLYPHS

5 Petroglyphs in Scandinavia

6 NORSE TRADE ROUTES Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the Trade Route from the varagians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the eighth-eleventh centuries shown in orange VOLGA R.

7 Ancient Rus Present day Russia

8 Friendly Trade on the Volga

10 GLOBAL TEMPERATURES VIKINGS EXPLORATIONS REACH N.E. CANADA 1100 BC PETERBOROUGH PETROGLYPHS 79 AD POMPEII DESTROYED ROMAN EMPIRE 1100 BC BC BIRTH OF CHRIST Midieval Warm Period 2014 DARK AGES LITTLE ICE AGE 2019? 250 BC VOLCANIC ACTIVITY = TEMPERATURES 1600 AD

11 Viking Age Timeline

12 Wild Norse Warrier Berserker Fighting with mad frenzy

13 Setting out to sack, rape and pillage.

14 Trade or conquest?

17 A Settlement Voyage: 870 AD Heading for new lands from Denmark, Norway, England or Ireland. but never sail after September

18 DRIFT ICE AVERAGE Average Severe winter SUMMER

19 Ash Fallout and Resulting Tephra H-1102 V-870 H H-1158 Vatna Glacier Hekla Veidivotn H-1206 Hrafntinna lava Vatnaoldur fissure

Krossavik Reydarfjord Straumfjord Gufua Hvita Gautavik

20 Landing Sites Hraunhofn Dyrafjord Vadill Dogurdarnes Bordeyri Kolbeinsaros Gasar Blonduas Hanavayatnsos Midfjord Husavik Krossavik Reydarfjord Straumfjord Gufua Hvita Gautavik Narfastadads Leirvogr Hornafjord Eyrar Vestmannaeyjar Holtsos (Arnarbaelisos)

21 Springtime Assembly Sites 930 to 1200 AD

22 Settlement Patterns and Walking Routes

23 c. 930

24 0 3m Small later addition Traces of benches for Sitting, eating and sleeping Main room Long-fire Hearth stones Turf wall Entrance paving stones Small structure Possibly a sauna

Dairy and food storage room Latrine More prosperous Thingman s Living hall Entrance room Main hall entrance Archaeological Floor Plan Latrine trench Locked bed closet Storage

26 Dairy and food storage room Latrine More prosperous Thingman s Living hall Entrance room Main hall entrance Archaeological Floor Plan Latrine trench Locked bed closet Storage or sleeping closet Dairy and food storage vats Turf wall Paving stones Women s raised broad bench Grinding stone Sitting benches Wooden benches Panelled wooden wall (wainscotting)

and food storage vats Stones supporting cross beams and

27 Three roof beams Inner pillar NOTE AIR SPACE Cross beam Air space Outer pillars Women s raised broad bench Wooden dairy and food storage vats Stones supporting cross beams and rafters Waste trench Stones raising centre floor Stones lining trench

28 polynia.

29 PASTURE LAND TEPHRA

30 Saga: A Woman s Trail Of Love How far did she walk?

31 985/6 AD One woman s life-long travels

32 MONASTERIES Helgafell (1184) Flatey ( ) (1168) Thykkvibaer (1168) 50 miles 100km

33 The Viking runic alphabet was called the Futhark. It was called the Futhark because the F ehu, first six letters or Runes were: U ruz, T hurisaz, A nsuz, R aido and K enaz.

34 ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER At the Settlement Now

35 WESTWARD ON TO GREENLAND 985/6 AD

36 Remaining Roman Catholic Church Greenland Bishopric ended 1378 Greenland settlements abandoned late 1450

37 Danish & Canadian team of archaeologists. Baffin Island

41 Hammer of Thor Mouth Payne River Northern Quebec

42 Who Was This Man? Northern Quebec

43 Bjarni s Route (985/86AD)

47 Trelleborg Viking Ring Slagelse, Denmark Karlsefni s Viking Fortress Ring Laval, Quebec

48 Viking heraldry in the mid USA

49 Moorehead, Minnesota

50 Kensington Stone, Alexandria Minnesota

51 Heavener Rune Stone Heavener Oklahoma

52 Poteau Museum, Oklahoma

53 Norse Expand Their Empire Westward

Vikings A Reading A Z Level T Leveled Book Word Count: 1,358

Vikings A Reading A Z Level T Leveled Book Word Count: 1,358 LEVELED BOOK T Vikings Written by William Houseman Illustrated by Maria Voris T W Z Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials.