"Muhammad accorded a general permission to his followers to slay them (jews) wherever met."(3)

Transcription

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3 351 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç zšt ÏñY~ŠàÇtÃV }gøâq:¹ä00 ñ ÔzŠÄg ~z /a LZQ ªXÐ,ŠÄg ~z /k0* }gvgïlz ë%z ÔåŠH3g ~z /núægléë ÃÆ0Šñ gzzƒ0ñø E 4 1ZÔ_ñ gq H{ zðªä00 ñ ÔìÇ: ¹ä s ÅyZªÔc* šðzã]zggzz k0* ÆkZvßtÎXÇVîWk0* }gv á ñ t: ¹äªÔƒiZzWÅyp ì gwizzw+z=:¹ä~çåkzâî äy {2Ì Ü zæ]zg /ZÃòŠWidÌ,zgzZXì ñ åc* ŠÈÐ V¹ LZ ä00 ñ * 1Zð Ÿg Z gzzô00 OŠZÔì@* Y`{zÂñYc* šaæ~i!*?âvî0* 1 6,kZ~Z# ÔÇVîJ(,s ÅuÆkZB;CZ~ÂÇñWªZ# VÍßyZÔ åñƒñö ÐgŠeÃu{zÂZF, ZnªZ# XbŠ ú6,kz Ü zkz ì]gúv#v;} ÔV;:¹äkZXì gwíåòpâð\w:¹ä ]iyzåøîòpt=\wh:¹ä00 ñ u{g!* zš=\wh:¹qôšîu»kz ä00 ñ Ôì]gúuЃ Å[² ÔßóÎV;:¹äª?Ð,Š gzzzš ú: ¹Ð V¹ gzz 1ñÐ ï u»kzqgzz?ð,š]iyzåøî (1)óXó c* Š OÐZäVrZ E 3 B GMN åk, 5+ö;g~ q-z q-š4, Æ6«Zg1ZX åþ " LG QÄ Z Q öel PèEQ EN # ÂÕä hš M Zg1ZgZŠu~Š uz zš Zz-»OÆ«Zg1Z ä( 256 : D yò[ñ x) ~òggxâz Xåg zgizkgtx i 0YZ',] XìHÜÐ Å( 72 x)[ñ i 0YZ',] 0vñ Z gzz 5Ã/ô~g»ZPaÆ(OÆ) ~Š «Zg1Z ä~vvz wîgll ~V\WgzZ å@* ;g9gšæyzj+z Å~Vx Zg Ô~Š «Zg1ZXc* Z»yZÃëG54 ;g{z zgzzå q-z»kz~is}è iuôå@* HŠæÅÔŠÆ~V\WsÜÆ LZvßgzZ å[ƒ[z¾`gîâã]z td$œû Æ ÆkZ Z#Ô å@* \W: ¹ÐV¹ LZ äëg54 0vñ Z X `WÃVzyLZ :Zz á 7ñ ~gzzñyƒ /g»ûd+ðã6,y!* gšìevƒ;gy6, ÆkZ~Ô gdvß Vd$ŒÛ Ð}iZzgŠgzZñWk0* Æ \ñ WçOÔVîYƒ[x»~äYg0+Z

4 352 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq xóæ Xƒ;g ~# qñ,ðã 1Öb kz~vzàlzãšpä\ñ /Z!}ÈÆZ}.:~ŠiZzW òšw» Ì7Z äy!* gšô `ƒ4zšg0+zšz Û 54 0vñ Ì~ ìyò»ë G G Z XÇVzŠ È{iZzgŠ[Z~Ô îyw~ Âì* Wg0+Z {izzgšäkz Wg0+Zv߃ Z#XÎÚŠÃ wzüåkz ¾gzZ ŠH`g0+Z gzzj(,s ÅVƒyZ~[Z ìyò»yzxc* Š7-N* 6, ÅV»VƒgzZHÈ zzv*¹ Ü zkzk0* Æ«Zg1ZX1wÅ{iZzgŠ ä~qx1 ~ïlz 7Z VŒÆkZÍy*ZŠ Z# Ôå~ä{ Ñ!* m{lz{zx gyåy Ò3*ZŠg kz}izzgšæ~~ ²kZÔνs Å}#ÆkZ~ ÆJZÐ /Z åtñ Z J-Z#ÃV:k0* } vßtj- Ü LZ~}#q-g@* q-z {z Ü ~kzôå@* c* Š È Ðg0+Z 7ZX åmåaæîj- W zkzâñyƒìx 0} ÃVßZz zkzôšhvd$œû ÆkZ~y WXVß :OÐZ~ izzwä~akzìv¹{z eƒ7{iz0+z¼=ô å;gîb ÆwÈz IZ kzôðî[ q-z ÅgZŒ (,s ÅiZzWä~[Z?ì yãñ1{z! «Zg!* Zc* :~Š }#~ÂÌ{zÔe 7xÓx»»kZ~ ìzz gzz åzƒc* <ÍZ t!«zg1z:y7ä~gzzšhg0+z {g!* zšqx;gzi CÙ ¹~ Ü!* J-k, Š~hðgzZ c* WòCÙ Z z!* лyZX åhúðgzœäë6,íìz ÌZñW n6,vâ ~¾:Ñ1{z? tizzw  iðz ~p /Z XðÎ[ q-z ÅgZŒä~ (,s ÅiZzWQ ìyò ð!* Š Äg6,ùÆkZ uâågzœä~akzôå7%z ÌZ{zpå[ ¹ q-z ä~çoôvƒ[ OÐZ~ åšhƒ =[ZÔˆVJ-"ÅkZ J-RÅ}i Œt~Xà6,Üiq-Z~y WÔKqzÑÜÅ}iZzgŠÆ q-z / nnkzå 6, zzìz~èñqc* ŠÄgVî0* 6,kZ ä~akzôvƒ[v~ ã0+ex1 0+!* Ð)qLZÐZä~Ôˆ^IàH~ Ðä7, /b kzôz7, 7J- Ü Ü zkzðvœ å1 {ŠZgZtä~XŠHÖ6,{iZzgŠ W~Ô ]Zg zæhz# X7c* Vƒ[ OÐZ ~c* W ñyƒ:x tj-z# ÇVîY

5 353 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç Hy Z ƒ}9äázzägåq-z6,kå Ü zïzâ~š8-!* är% [Z:¹ÐyZgzZc* Wk0* ÆV¹ ÆisIè Zƒ q~#ö }.Å ~V* Ñ~çOÔìc* ŠZ OëZg1Z ä\ vzz ~ c* ;Vî0* ä~ôî;vî0* CZ:c* â Û ä~vg8wx~š q:zåkzã~v\wgzz L ŠHƒYZ ÚZVî0* Ð ',ÅkZX Z ugi Š6,kZä~Vg8W (2)óXó 7 ðw^a~kz 6, ] Å~VvZ wîg ŠãCÃðZzg»sÜÆVzgZŠu~Š ä (Orientalists):à \WgzZåw» ~V\W* Zz OÐj vã5# ìhwñ+ztgzz G]ŸZ Z tàçox g}š]iyz Åx Oè Ð j væv-š ÃVzg»zcLZ ä~v : ìq( William Muir)(Y1905 x)gñ "Muhammad accorded a general permission to his followers to slay them (jews) wherever met."(3) ÌV ÃV-Š {z ~Š}Š]iYZ x Å]!* kzãvzg»zc LZä~V LL óxó BZe OÔN0* à ]c* ZzgyZÌäÔ u pæ (Orientalists):à6,gîx Ôg$u+ G Æóxó szqƒl)l xâxìc* ŠgZŒÛ ]{ðô ñƒyò]uzzæoævzgzšu~š ~X :Nâ Û ±5]ŸZ Z OÐVzÛD+ ÃV7Š LZ{zLL åìtg2šq-z»² µz îgo 0!ZµY#LL ÆyZÐzzkZX Bwe hzq-z Å (¹ÎKZÃkZgzZ D c* ŠZ»~V[ ª gãoænkz N tzzg+z äv6íqgzz Vñq (4)óXó ñyï ÅiZ ÆVÇZzg»KZÃvsy "$U* :ìåyòtzzëzåä ŠgÃg$ŠqZyZQ ÇÇg zxz²z»äz Ov6, ~V=rî G *g 9 6, Å]c* Zzg{z(gzZ[zRyZ LL (5)óXó ƒùw* Ð]tÄ gzz ~g»gšåv-zzggzzƒ~g Ð=~W {z ÆÃRÅ z õg@* ]uzz Œ6,OÆ«Zg1ZgzZ sñz0ªôš yè ZgZŠu Z

6 354 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq z Æb CÙ Â Å q zæ]uzzyz nkzô ~z%b ÆŠ Z 9~g$u Ãè x VÍßyZä~VvZ wîg6, ÅX, ç»]; zyz ë ì~gz nkz ÔìF,Ñ!* е ÅyYã KZ~yZ ðâ Û 7]x ä~vvzwîgèñqôðâ Û m,?zw ÜOnÆ ~uzš²xìyyh7?šg Ã]c* WŠ¼ÅyWŒÛ ÐáZjkZÔìˆ~ŠÌZ~(,Ã#Ö xùzðëlðázjæ]zf KZä~VvZ wîg ì@* ƒx Ð _ÆîGOE 04ƒ] s Å7BVV gš +ZÐ~V~t X nævz sükb gzz*å~v\wx17 xùzlðyznæúczf KZgzZc* Šâ Û sçìãv7š+f, $+LZ ä~v\ W ƒbzê#ö Ô* qø~y á : Câ Û ( 58x)Èñ $Ë w Y ] X17 ( 6) XX^ãeä #Ö ÜÏjßnÊä #Ö] èú u Ôãjßiá] Ÿ] ä ŠËßÖ"#ä #Ö] Ùç ÜÏjÞ] ^ÚæZZ wåv Z Z# 117xÙZÐËnÆ]Zf KZä~VvZwÎg LL Å~Vx Z g»sñz 0ªH g.þ óxó fexùz nævzqâ '!* zšvœ[z ~V* Ñ Ô* f~iz0+z {Šƒ~gÃZ»VÂgúy gzz * Z',ÃgñsÜÆ Vâ x y ~g7tqc* ïšpg ~gy]»wtãkzgzz fex»ðg / gš6,kz\ W KÃVÇZzg»ÞgÍyZ àzzäyåð Æ~VvZ wîg?ånç»#ö x` Û 6,Š yè ZgZŠugzZ :è åæo è ånçczf» wåxszgzz Ôg zæ Æ«Zg1ZgzZsÑZ 0ª ì~gz næ»sñz0ªb Æg"Z ë Ѓ ~gtåsfxñy3gt ÃkZ Ôì CƒZ+ uço? & ~ŠãC»OÆkZ ì@* YHyÒwq»ŠÁz ÆkZB ÆVâ gzz :è ãz0+{ : ãz0+{»sñz 0ªÐáZjÆ( 150x)tGZ0Z( 852x)v0Z) X : Dâ Û ñƒd yò oi^êän â^rö] oê^ú h^ ] åçe] á^òæ( on àúà_eüâæá^ãßeoßeàú ^ne  á^òzz äö ÖçÊ oïnïvö] oe] kße è nïâ tæˆi æ ( ÜãnÊ Í Ê n ßÖ] oße ÌÖ^vÊ èßm ÛÖ] ( 7)óó^fÃÒ

7 355 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç åð\[²æy é<-# X E sñz\!*»sñz0ª(² á gzzgzšu~š g )LL»y gzz c* W`ÜæÐgeÆxÙZÆ [ gz»oxåc á Å óðó űÅgZŠu~Š ½Z!Z0xs«Zg1Z HZacÎggzZ ]³gŠkZ ƒ óxó ZƒZaªÐ,ÆÏZXÅ~Š á LFL Ô Ðâ ~gz âcgcg{zôå rgm»', Z',ÐVâzŠ[²gzZŠ ÔªÐzzÅ~gZŠ g zškz ÆVâ ~]gßåüæ tè x𻚠Š z!* ÆkZXŠH0Kg»V-Š xóæ[²ðzzå V;z íüæä*å Ñ ì"$u* ]!* tð]c* ZzgRŠ ñ~ãå zõg@* ~ kzôìåg2š{šc* ið{@çwåtôåc* Zz {@çq-z ÎâÆVz!* Æ ~gz 0* ÅkZ6,Vâ b T ˆÅxiÑb ÏZÇ!* ~gz 0* Å{@çkZ6,yZ ñƒd : sfød ì{ E+»Š ~Xô{n{nÅ{@çkZX ~gz ç`m á]æ! Üãn  ^ßjÚŸæànÚç Ú næ éç Ÿ]æ ßÖ] äöá^ê ç`m àú^ßãfiàúäþ]æzz àú Ÿ]æÜãŠËÞ]çÛ`nÖ]çÚ Üãßm ànû ŠÛ Öæ Üãßm ç`n Ö ànßú ÛÖ] ÄÚèÚ] Íç ofþ ànû ŠÛÖ] o ÂæÜãjÏËÞ ç`nö] o Âá]æ! äjneøâ] æäšëþÿ] ÈiçmŸäÞ^ÊÜ$] æü ¾ èvn ßÖ]æx ßÖ] Üãßneá]æèËnv Ö] å â Øâ] h ^u àúo  ßÖ] Üãßneá]æÜãjÏËÞ áƒ^eÿ] èú u ^riÿäþ]æ!ýç Û Ö ßÖ] á]æäën veð Ú] Ü$ªmŸ äþ]æ(ü$ÿ] áæ fö]æ ( 8)óóh %müâ àúo  ßÖ] Üãßneá]æ! ^ã â] ÕÂ:6,Š yzô σÝq]Zz)gzZŠæÐZÔ Ç} qnzzgøì Ð~Š LL ÆyZgzZsúµŠ gzzxïñy ÅŠæ ÅÔŠ ËsÜÆyZ :gzzçñyh ~Š ÔÐVƒg (& Û ) ))q-zb ÆVâ pƒ Ô àzñzyé Ò7LZ E ÕäT%ZXÐ gèg»6,+šlzðñgzzðvƒ(iwæ g)6,+šlz V-Š XÇáZe~ ÃVßZzyLZgzZÃ\WLZ {zâh[ gz»(ë Çc* süævßzz kzgzzx»sgræyz6,vâ gzz ǃg!*»sgrÆyZ6, mï2xð, Šæ Å}uzŠq-Z (y gzz ~Š )& Û x CÙ gzz(ë xóâç} kb Ì Ç :ǃ~gZŠÃz{ì»yZ ÔÐ, ZpíÅ}uzŠq-ZB Æ

8 356 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq {CÃË%Æ]iYZÅVßZzV;z~{Ç{CËX ÏñYÅŠæz e$ wq¾å gzz~š )ƒ t~«ækz ƒgzWúÌ 6,[õgzZXÏñY~Š 7 óxó Ð, ŠæÅ}uzŠq-Z (y g66,x»,z ËÃyZ c* CƒsÜÆ]ZŠ ÆŠ :+Z]!* ÌðÃ~{@çkZ ä«zg1zgzzsñz 0ªpÔD g k, /* Ã~igz süå{@çkz{zðzzåtc Ô ÂsÜÆ yâ 4c* g H[ gz»]»w+zgzz Å~igzsÜÅ{@çkZg!* Š¼ x Z x9nævâ :gzzìg@ç:{zakzx süìæ½z])åvâ [gõìñzzä ŠæmÅb ËÅ[gõ ìc tìx =ÃTìL 0]!* ',ÌB ÆáZzä ŠækZ u zì@* ƒ^,ygzz ZzgB Æ[gõu gzzì@* ƒgñ 0vZ gzz ( 8x)Xñ gq0h+igzz }gâ d$ ÅyZtÂÑ äzr áá x* Æg$+Aè (9)X ]zz z JÐxsZÃsÑZ0ªXìYY ÈZgZŠugzZY ƒgvz# ~ðz±åg$+ >gzzñwüæ á ìïš( ÃkZZ# gzzì]ñ4ðï0+ iôìg»" xg{0+ i[zâ ázegâ ŒÛ ( 8x)<ñ Zzg ågl&š0 /Z HgzZ ŠgŠ6,,ZÆg$+ÈágzZ ŠHlnÆe$±Æäƒ@çŠ z!* ŠHW»äY}gâÆyZ e$.æ ÃVÍßÔ WÅVâ x gzz p ÅVz Û»gzZ (F, ÅxÙZ~X¾õG/# I % ÆVâ ~[²bè DgzZl=gfÆ~² á KZäkZX@* ÑgÃVÍßgzZ zgšpô@* õg/# I %ЊgŠ : Dâ Û ( 774x)M0ZƒqX~Š» vwåxùzsü æ è$ ^u àe m Ý Îànu eøâ] ØjÏÚ àâ fíö] äç e ^ÛÖäÞ] Ñ^v ] àe ÛvÚÙ^ÎæZZ àú nì š Ÿ] à_föýçïö] ðÿ âh^ ] ÛvÚ á^ò àòöä Ö]æVÙ^Îèu]æ àeä Ö] fâ àeèâ] æoe] àeg _ÛÖ] o  وßÊèÓÚoÖ] t ì( fíö] ä Ö]æ  àïni ^Û Ê!^â `¾ Í^ßÚ fâàe Û fâàeènú] àe nãö] oe] kßeèói^âå ßÂæ( oûãšö] é nf h ßmæ ^à Ÿ] ßmæ("#ä Ö] Ùç Ù^jÎ o  š vmøãqæ( äjú Ò] æäjöˆþ^ê( ªgzZñW{gëÜæñî G <Zzg0vZ gzz Xñ ( 10)óó eýçmànò ÛÖ] àúøjîàú gq0h+iz# Dâ Û tgz0 LL

9 357 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç ÃVÍßyZ ä(~v) /Z:¹äkZ ÂB ÅäƒOÆg$+IZÃsÑZ0 ŠHl Âc* W» kzãôšævz kzz#ô 4ÐÏ0+ i]ñqâì ~Š}Š ªäT ú G 3šÅ Z!Z M# k0* ÆkZÔjZ Yk0* Æ ZŠz!Z0ÈgzZ qzñ* g Z6,wyÐ ~VvZ wîgãvíßv;z äkzx ÅÛ ƒ W~(,ÅsÑZ0 óxó Îä <â6,g$+yá õ G/# I %}½ŠgŠgzZ H»sÑZ0ªÐzzÅ}@ç ÊÐVâ Xå{@çB ÆV⻊ èñq ë H{@ç ñ{š6,»~gzz ŠH á~xwãyç1z {zpôå:iz ðã»äyk0* ÆlIè : Dâ Û vò 0Z) XÐBgz xùz»g$+aè m Î oò Ú o ÂÝ Î Í Ÿ] àe gãò á] of ÓÖ] Ðm àú ñ^â àe] t ì]æzz ( 11)óóànÛ ŠÛÖ] Ù^jÎ o  èfãóö] ^j ] ß Ü`ËÖ^vÊ süævâ gzz~v\wãvíßgzz IgÃZ5',~WÅ ~V]ÀW Âc* W:ZzÜæ pƒ XGçu0* * 6,kñ* z]³å&zpy ~gãz LZäkZÔHqzÑ* Z', Î ÜãnÊ æœ n ßÖ] oße u] Í Ÿ] àe gãò á^òæv èfïâ àe of çú Ù^ÎæLL èóûe çâæá^në çe] äöù^îæ( Üâ]çÇj ^Ê m Î oö] gò æ (ð^r`ö^e"# ä Ö] Ùç oö] h Î]æÔm] oêp â] ^ßm]æ( äe^v ] æ ÛvÚàm Ý] ä Ö] oö] gu] ^ßßm ] Õ ^Þ]V! Ù^Û Ö] kfâ^úüã_þ æ( ð^ûö] o Âàf Ö] oïšþæ (ð^úçóö] æˆrö] ÜÃ_Þ ^Þ][ÐvÖ] àe ÛvÚ æ of çú Ù^Î!!! nf ÜãßÚ p â] ÜjÞ] VÍ Ÿ] àe gãò èóúàút ímüöæ(h vö] o  Œ^ßÖ] š vmæéæ] ÃÖ^eà Ãmèßm ÛÖ] Ý Îæ äö Ù^ÏÊ VÑ^v ] æ' ^vö] kßeø ËÖ] Ý^egf møãqæ("#ä Ö] Ùç Ù^jÎ o  Üâ Ú] ÄÛq] oju ( 12)óóànÛ ŠÛÖ] ð^šþ àú ^â nçe ìx}šz OÃ~V]ÀWÐÆðŠgzZí HpÉH:rZ äªì6,kz ~]úš Åä3Ã~V]ÀW ïb ÆVÍßgzZ¼äsÑZ 0ª ì~~g]z ~V\WX,Š OÃ~V\WÐÆðŠÂNÑp=~V\WZ# c* Š ³ÃV-Š PgzZc* š LZÃ~V\WgzZ c* Š ið$+è+m ÅkZÃ~V]ÀWä ðlƒz Z > X áp=~]úš

10 358 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq 0Z) X ðƒ: ÅäWÆ~V\WÃËpñWá p=:zzüæ~v\wx 1ÖÐVz6, änö] Ìnà ߊeäÚ ÓÂØ ÚàÚXoÞ^ ] íö] Ñ^v ] àe ä Ö] fâ ñ]çêzoê : Dâ Û v l qææll "#ofßö] çâ mäþ] ç`nö] àúèâ^ûqª ]ææ^ú^ã Äß äþ] çâæ( ì ^ff gãò ØjÏÖ ^Ûe Øm fq äû Â^Ê( äe^v ] ÃeäÃÚæð^rÊå^ Ü$ ( äe]çójê u]ƒ^êèûnöçö] oö] Ù^ÏÊ(]çÎ Ëiåæ ÏÊ^Û Ê( t íêäu^ßre Øm fq å jšêý^ïê( äšö^q á] Ãeåæ Û ] 0ª yã:c* â Û gzz x)~g»z00 ñ ( 13)óógÃÒ ØjÏÖh jßmàúv òßnu Åe$DÐñ/ô ä ~V\W ÂZƒ60+Z {Šc* i»~0z X NàNZj+Zu"Ã~VwÎgÆkZgzZvZ äkz?ç} OÃsÑZ LZäVrZçOXÇVzŠ u»kz ~ÔVƒ qnæ èz~: Hn²ä( 43 0Æ0Šñ Ô( ð ŸgÆsÑZ 0ª )Gz 0)s0ñyu * 1ZÔV¹ (14)Xc* Š OÐZЊæÅ( 34x)ƒ0ñ ø E 4 1ZgzZÔ( 3x)fç0kzZ0_ñ gqô( 11x)Gz ÅkZìCƒZ+ x` Šè Û 6,kZˆÆhe{^,Y»Vñ / u³#xszåsñz0ª (Tor :ìsf`gš, XHÇÛè äª X1 XH Z',sÜÆ~V]ÀWÃl è ŒÛ X2 XÅW6 ZÅVâ gzz Å~V\W X3 XGçu0* * 6,z', Wz]³Å]Zg X4 XÅli Å ŠZ OÃ~V\W X5 ñzg&+zgn* [»çoxìhsz Z»gZŠ :#!* ÆsÑZ0ªÌä: à : Andrae) "This was the poet Ka,b ibn Al-Ashraf, who, after the battle of Badr, had the audacity to go to Mecca, where he sought to incite the Quraish to revenge by this sarcastic poems."(15) V ÔŠHl ñƒd {CÙ b»]p` ˆÆg$+kB å sñz0ª² á tll

11 359 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç óxó H Z',6,hexÙZà ŒÛ Ð)gfÆVz LZF6,WäkZ : ìq (Montgomery Watt) ^Zz~ "When he heard the news of Badr, he set out for Mecca, and by his verses helped to rouse the Meccans to greif and anger and the desire for revenge."(16) KZäkZÔZƒ:Zzgl{z  Å!x» ÅVâ ~g$+èyzyä kzz#ll äyk0* ÆlIè óxó Zg Z6,xÙZgzZ H Z',ÃlIè Z)gfÆ~² á Z»sÑZ0ªÐwÅ䃻Vâ gzz c* gòsz gzzš Xì@* W~}%iÆ]zŒ6 ZgzZ ~gz¼gzš :Z0+çgzZ iè»kzxå:iz ðã» ^Zz ~ tàço X ì HÌä :àšpsz Z»}@çyxgŠ ÆVâ : ìq (Montgomery Watt) "As allies of the Arab clans the jews were in a sense included in the new community at Medina. There may even have been a direct treaty between some of them and Muhammad."(17) ex z»}ñçãæð pòq-z ~Š Ðzz Å䃻bD[²LL óxó VƒÌ}@ç ZgÓZ', B Æ~V Æ Ð~yZì ì@* t~pöz ãzz{zôìxâz»:à~#šxsz (William Muir) gñ@ z :ìq{zôåšh0* ð{@ç Êq-ZyxgŠÆV-Š gzzvâ ˆ ² }hðæ]ó "No concession was too great that might secure the countenance and allegiance of the jews. Accodringly, not long after his arrival, Mahomet entered into a treaty with them, which, both offensive and defensive guaranteed their safety and independence"(18) ZŠÎ»}gÄÌbŠª œðã7z {Åä Ýq~gZŠÃzgzZ e$ ÅV-Š LL ÔH{@çq-Z»kB gzzqãšð yz ˆÆîÜæä~V n kzôå: : ñƒd yò,åv-0 Z óxó ˆ~Š-$JÅäsgzZ ~ŠZiWÅyZ._ÆT ÅsÑZ0ª(Y1928x)Z Z The defeat of the idolaters at Badr was felt as keenly by the jews as by the Meccans.Immediately after this battle a distinguished member

12 360 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq of their race, called Ka,b the son of Ashraf, belonging to the tribe of Nazir, publicly deploring the ill-success of the idolaters, proceeded towards Mecca.Finding the people there plunged in grief, he spared no exertion to revive their courage.by this satires against the prophet and his disciples, by his elegies on the Meccans who had fallen at Badr, he succeeded in exciting the koreish to that frenzy of vengeance which found vent on the plains of Ohad."(19) ÔÃlIè ZÎ ~g /gzí* âzìãv-š ÅV26,"$~g$+èkB LL x çla',ôåðyf ÔäsÑZ0ªŠ Û idq-zæx ~Š ˆUg ÆkB "ze~ vß NŠtäkZ V;zÔZƒl Äi gzzhk\zgöz6, Ågñ gzz~v]àwäkzxh: Z /z Û 6ŠðÃ~äJ(,AjÆyZ ñƒ ÇÇõG/# I %ÆyZ ñƒolèiz ~g$+gzz,wå/ôæ\w óxó ZƒCÙ ª~uZÈZy~ˆ HZaxÙZ {z~ ŒÛ kb èy ZsÜÆx ÅkZgzZÆkZ ~V\W åtÿ»»ìz` ÆsÑZ 0ª Æ kb È Zä~V\WpÔïŠ ZwªZzgZŒÛ ÊZ Û ZxÓ_C~ Vñ / u:#!* gzzôdâ Û ÅkZgzZc* ŠZ OÃkZÐ.ñOÆä ðz±ðx ÅkZgzZÐkZy ÑZZ~kB ÈZy»@gzZ / kzb kzôå êuýzgzz,@* ÆkZvß{zèY c* â Û 7n Ð x ~g7 g Z#{zÉ HsZ ZŠpsÜ:»gZŠ kzækz ÌäŠ ŠpXŠHƒ»nÆ åšyz ÎNC7ZV**g» ~g ÅkZä~V\W ÂñWä e$d~kšz #Ö k Z _ (,gškzùç$+åk Z ^Þ n ØjÎ }.Å~VkŠZ åsz Z»]!* kztx :ZzB ÆÙñ{{z Í :ì~~g]zìxå e* ƒx Z (Z» ]çö^ïê"# ofßö] ]çi^ê ( àm çâ Ú ç`mkvf ^Ê( èú ÓÂØ ÚoÊæLL àe] ] ( ànû ŠÛÖ] pƒ mæän š vm á^ò ^ÚæäÃnß "# ofßö] Üâ Ò Ê( è næ ( 20)óó!çÏ_ßm Ü Ê]çÊ^íÊ( à *!Zj»TÔe$ZzgÅ~gg 9p /Z Ôå: ZÐ sñz0ªìn绫zg1z x Ð _ÆÃÅ] zõg@* ë@* ÔìŠ ñìyò»ìz` ÆkZ~Ôì[g /~gt

13 kzgzzåw'~vøi ÚsÜÆ c* gòsz{zô u* çð ZìZ³ÆkZ ƒ Ùç [²Wè :ì~~g]zìxåšh7,~}çš z» c* gòszðzzåvñ / uå o  n%óö] Ù^ÛÖ^e h ÃÖ] oò Ú àú Üa nææ á^ë_æ á^â] àûú á^ò äþ] LL æ}uzšgzz y g7½~ ~g» ÅHgzZ ä }g7]yzy Z mæ[²bè Vc* 0ÑZ 361 [òzz{ z: ðzzg»rš@* vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç ( 21)óó "#ä #Ö ] é süæ~v]àwäv2åð~víßyzt EE ó ó ÅŠæÐMÁâ D~[Zx Z {zçä«zg1z ÅkZZ# Xå :L Z(,q-Z»[Zx Z {zç ì@* ƒx Ð]c* Zzg X Hyz x)~g»z ëg54 0vñ 0ñŠ&Ô ( 40 Ë c* Š tãyzgzzxc* Z ä~v\w6,ézpå/ôg»z PÆ`g FÂ'"(,Ðu x) ¹ 0_gqñ{Šy1Z ~TÔ3Šq-Z»xñ Z /ô~g»z ]Šªk, iå( 12 â Û :ZzgÔ ï á ŠÎZ0 ñ Zæ E g: NzZÔ( 54 x)/q0vñ Z Ô( 11 x)yé E 5_ L ZzÐy!* iåv-š ëg54 0vñ Z X 6 Ü zæx á vßtx* O: / CÙ ÃagzZ]gú (22)Xc* Š OÃkZ Z[{iZzgŠÐä äë G54 0vñ Å Z X : ñƒszeýzg6,gzš :#!* Æ«Zg1Z(Y1928x)Z Z "Another jew of the Nazir,Abu Rafe Sallam, son of Abu,l Hukaik, was equally wild and bitter against the muslamans.he inhabited,with the fraction of histribe,the territories of Khaiber, four or five days'journey to the north-west of Madina. Detesting Mohammad and the muslamans,he made use of every endeaivour to excite the neighbouring Arab Tribes, such as the Sulaim and the gatafan against them."(23) {zx åôš ãy ÚZ»Vâ ̽Z!Z0xs«Zg1Z ~Š gzzq-z»y LL s Å[fwÑÆ æ ålg~º Æ6B Æc á q-z Å\LZ kz ]ÐâZÐVâ gzz ~V]ÀWÐZX åµzz6,ä)åyš õ0* ge Æb CÙ ~ä» süævâ Ãy é gzz EE ÐÕä S5! I bd[²tää óxó G

14 362 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq : ñƒd {û6,v-0 Z Å«Zg1Z(Y1998x)~CÙ iñz{ á [²gzZ ŒÛ ÆlÐ(F, gzzv@ãåxåð~víßyz ½Z!Z0xsLL»ÜæJ-izgFÚgzZ ÅðJm 6, ÜæB ÆgZ` Hè x c= q-zäbdvšæ XåZƒgzWú6, Üæ næä Š1* z ÃVâ HtXå3gG{Üõ gzzxszìˆæ u* ] ÅgñHè ä ú6,vâ Ã[²bè ÔŠ gzz kb È ZîsÜÆÜæ è ~tçkbè ä½z!z0 xs DgzZOg ~gyv Zzg»:Z0+çKZ süævâ c* gv Zzg»tÅkZX;g@*» næ X, kb süækzì{z ì ÃVâ Ôì@* kb süævâ Ãh$+kZ ŸÃxñ Z /ôpñoåä úx 6,x ~g7åkz ä~vg x Z»kZåc* CZ3Zg Špä½Z!Z0xsXƒ:/Zy yp{šc* Ôc* ŠZz O ÆkZ :ì@* ƒšp{zgzš)f»x ZkZ ÂAZwÅx` ÃxêXZƒ åyƒ z :«Zg1 Z (24)óXó ázzä ðzzg» ãâ sü ì@* ƒãzzðyz DWt ë Ð _ÆÃÅg$ugzZ õg@* Ô] Xå@* àtfzãvâ gzz ~V]ÀW X1 Xå@* Z',Ã[²bè DvŠgzZlWæsÜÆVâ X2 Xƒ:ºÅ ÅŠZæZàâsÜÆVâ ÅÐ gzzy é äkz EE X3 Xå :L Z(,»ðZ±Åtçª[Zx Z ïzç X4 ðz±ð x ÅkZgzZÐkZ~kB ÈZyÆ kb È Zä~VÑ6, Å]; zyz ¹!* ä~v\wˆæäy a Å gzzc* ŠZz OÐZ ŸÃVzg yypñoåä Xc* â Û 7n Ðx ~Š :ÕÅV-Zzg»vsÜÆŠ yè {z åtwßzx»~v ì nz Z Z(,Ѓ 6,OÆŠ yè ZgZŠu»:à ZgZŠu ë@* Ôì_ƒW-6,nZ Z kz~gt / p /ZÔ D c* ŠZz OÐÆðŠÃ5#LZ ä sßñ~tôì@* YH `gšk½zq-z» (Lane Poole) w7a[»tàg VŒ

15 363 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç Ht gšç!* sü:ãhæðzzg»vˆåðs Å c* gòszsüævzgzšu~š : (Lane Poole) w7açoôìc* ŠgZŒÛ ÌiÕè +4~]ÑqèzcÐZÉ ì "The reason is almost too obvious to need explanation. As there was no police,or law-court, or even court martials, at Medina, some of the followers of Muhammad had therefore to be the executor of the death dentence, and it was better. This should be done quietly, as the execution of a man openly before his clan would have caused a brawl and more bloodshed and retaliation, till the whole city would have become mixed up in quarrel. If secret assasinations is the word for such deeds, secret assasinations was the necessary part of the internal government of Medina."(25) ãâ x :Ô :7ðÃ:~ÜæèaX7yÒ`Z ìãzzgškzzzåkzll * Ç* ]ñ}zw ÃVzg»zc¼Æ~V ÐzzkZÔ Z Y :gzz Z Æ\ÆkZà ËèYÔåce* 0* x ZÐÙñ{x»tXå4 gzz C7, kzàzg7 ÔáC )!*»xùzgzz~m, gypôqz4,{šc* ibš]ññzwx ut ÆÜæOvÂñYc* Šx*» OvÃVÇZzgg» Å b kz /Z X@* Yƒ_C~ yòiz zzåvçzzg»þgíåîâkz ˆÅ~ª å óxó åzòiñq-z»#ö gçè ÓxÂãzg0+Z (Y1928x)Z Z = : ñƒd "Christian controversialists have stigmatised these executions as ''assassinations.'' And because a Moslem was sent secretly to kill each of the criminals, in their prejudice against the Prophet,they shut their eyes to the justice of the sentence, and the necessity of a swift and secret execution.there existed then no police court,no judicial tribunal, nor even a court-martial,to take cognisance of individual crimes. In the absence of a State executioner any individual might become the executioner of the law.these men had broken their formal pact; it was impossible to arrest them in public,or execute the sentence in the open before their clans, without causing unnecessary blood-shed,and giving rise to the feud of blood,and

16 364 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq everlasting vendetta.the exigencies of the State required that whatever should be done should be done swiftly and noiselessly upon thos e whom public opinion condemned."(26) had arraigned and næ Šx Z Å ZwkZèagzZìH ÐO:Zi!* ŠÐZä+øoð LL ',FÆZwkZ6, ŃР~V]ÀW{zn kz Ç6,gîvy ïš iz0+zãã]gz ÅäY Šx Z6,gîvgzZ: ÆkZgzZ äƒw Y ɪ Z ~gz]. c* ª Z Ô:7ðÃc ŠZwÅìZ` ~ŠZÐZ Ü g(z» Š ZwÐs Å#Ö z kzô ÓnkZÔå:Š ~g»uðãèax :̪ Z Ô Å ~igz süå}@ç Ÿ!* q-z ävíßyzèaxåyyc* Š Ê Û èyô $Ë Ÿ pð Y~ŠOñZwt ÆVXÆyZ:ÔåYYHg ë /x u',: 7Z Ñq-Z»ypÄÙZ c* gu* gzzcƒ~m, gyph+ åwèz Â@* YH(Z /Z Zw ) ñzgîsüævíßyz åÿ»»vaå X@* YƒqzÑ óxó ñyhðùñ{gzzg Z {zå* ̼ Ô _}ŠgZŒÛ {@çænk Z ì@* YƒãZzÐt Ñ!* {gãèæz Z gzz (Lane Poole) w7a wq¾xyy c* Š7x*»Å\Ãð {gekz ~]Ñq èzcsüæ VzgZ¼6 ZgzZ Vd ÝZgŠÌ]ŸZ Zt ìcywt µ]!* tð}^,yóæ]ÿz Z yzæ:à Xì gcyð`åsüæxsz ë E 0!* gzzxszðs Åòg»zŠ ~š/åî:ö#ïz H f»]; zï(gzz¹üzxåðzzg»þgísüævzgzšu~š ~gtñ!* zgq Ë :cdü zz~(,q-z ÅðZzg»sÜÆVzgZŠu~Š ë@* Ô»~[Z Æ 2{zp /ZÔìŠH ]!* tð _Æ]tõè g@* Xìƒ obšgzœû zz~(,ðƒ ÐZh+ á gzzì ÌóIó ÅkZ6,x kzâì@* â Û _ s Åx ËÃÑ Ë\ vzz# ìcƒãzzæwßzg xè ÓZƒ gƒ3' Z ~ Šx ZÅ]tgè èll»ñoæä wjhx {z /Zì CYƒxiÑ ) Z Vƒìg0½nÆdZègZMZÆxsZ vß Xì@* ƒwi* [Z±»vZ6,x kzˆæu

17 365 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç pgã7è æû ]ø çû fö $ ø mö æû ]ø çû öj$ïøm% áû ]ø ] ^Šø Êø oêô Üû ãö Öøæø ^nøþû % Ö] oêô pº ˆû ìô û Ÿû] ø š ô Üû ãö Öø Ôø Öô]ƒø :ìåm,?zwtnæyzäywœû oêô áø çû Ãø Šû møæø äü Öøçû ö øæø äø #Ö] áø çû eö ô ^vø mö àø mû ô Ö$] ðö ˆø qø ^Ûø Þ$]ô ü š ô û Ÿû] ø àø Úô ]çû Ëøßû mö æû ]ø Íõ øìô àû Úô Üû ãö öqö û ]øæø Üû ã ô mû ô mû]ø Äø _$ Ïøiö û Ünû º ô Âø hº ] ø Âø éô ø ìô Ÿû F] ÒÃÅ ä;šy~ ogzz D kb ÐwÎggzZ vz ZwÅVÍßyZLL ÐV4³#Vƒ0* gzzb; ÆyZc* NY Š O ÌÌ ìtô D Â~]y WgzZìðZÎgÅyZ~*ŠtÔNY ŠwïÐoc* ÔNY Š^» ÃwßZkZXìÌnÆŠZ Û Iè» ðzzg»kzsüæyz ÂñYH{@x»gZŠ ÆŠ yè ãzz{šc* i Ü iãüæ tè xð ZœÅ~VÑÐzzÅäƒkz ïè óxó ì[z±z(,¹næyz Zb ÏZì nævñ b TwßZt ZgZŠu6,gîm{gzZŠ xè /ZˆÆ q6,x ~Š èyì@* YƒãZzÇ!* iz ŠgzZ gzšuæyzé HgïZÐ ä wjxszsü:ävíßyzš z!* ÆkZp ŠðZzg»JsÜÆVÍßyZ nkzô 0½nÆ c* gòszðzzåähâ6,gî X _ƒxiñðzgå/gõe$è WÐà `!

18 366 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq ÙZjz]Y!Zj -B Å [!* ÔçG.nÅ [ÂÔóó G ZzŠ Z ZìÎZLL ;( n Å I G ) ÔŸZ1ZxâÑZÔ~çG Z 0`s0 (1) ; Y1998 l4óé I Ônc* ZÔ$ipZzç E x?zgzšô803:mô 4664:bÔŠtZ ] sññz 0ª O o Êh^e( ^`rö] h^jò(xxàßšö]zz ;( ) Ôãé G 5kB gå EZ ~ŠiÑZtGZ0ïI š^z0yñôšƒ I ZŠ1Z Ô~gg ; Y1999 l4ó I Ô nc* ZÔ$ipZzç E É x?zgzšô 403:mÔ 72 68:bÔÜãeäf jmé Æo Âoi mæ ÃÖ] -B Å Ô 4037:bÔ sññz 0ªO[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔóó G ZìÎZLL ; ( ) Ô³ Z0 Y1999 l4ó I Ônc* ZÔ$ipZzç E É x?zgzšô729: m 3 B GM 831X830:mÔ4040Ô4039:bÔ þl G QNÄ Z!P0 Z «Zg!PO[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó gg9ll (2) (3) William Muir(1905 A "Life of Mohamet", (John grant Edinburgh, 1923), p:249 2 :lô 3:`Ô Y1940 ~gz Û {âô12:mô ŠÔóxó szqƒl)l xâ (4) s Z (5) : mô690:bôþòc EÄ ZŒ YYâ[!* ÔþÒC EÄ ZŒ[ÂÔÔóó ð0. Å ZLLÔ( x)ÔxâÑZ Z0 â (6) Y1998Ô]zÛÔ!²Z_ZnZY ZgZŠÔ555 ] zûôyã²zioî G pbñô337b7ôsññz0ªo[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó g]zìll (7) Ô 236/ 3 ÔóóîG G!ŒZz (8) µôqé 34 µvx&f,{šc* GG G E i~š ìå fìtzzq-z Å]zZ ÆkZ ävzq ËZe (9)  ÆkzZF[² /Z\ âz ^Y~:W~yZÔ Ë~îG $ E ŒÛ µgzzy qé 34 ~yzx TgD kb GG G E ~:WgzZ Æ`g F[²ÔŠÆkzZF\}uzŠ gzz âævâ4y µxå+ša» ŒÛ ÁtÔ D œgzz {)zd gzz ghgz&tô {Šc* Üæ~Vx Z wîgxå@* ZƒJŠWÐ~Š ~n yp»~š ö GE ]ÀW{zÔå~nsÑZ0ªc* Š»]Zz) }ŠgZŒÛ ;Ï0+ iï(å ~VvZ wîg LL:vZq ËZe) óxó ~ŠÎgzZ ~i g-i&»yzô iÿ~#ö wz]³ iðƒ îg $ E ŒÛ µô & ) Zgi Š$ ŒÛ X DYŒHgzZ ]Zf c ûZ * kzä~v\w ÂñW ŠH0ÔŠ ãy»~v\wð :²kZÆ~V

19 367 [òzz{ z: vsüæš yè ZgZŠu~ª g Ç (Y1987ÔcZ ÔgZi!* zšgzô ) á ÑZgZŠÔ253:m Y 2001ÔîG G 0. Ð Å Z^ZgZŠ7:mÔ6B4Ô( 3î G E 0_)Ô~ŠtZsÑÑZ0ª ÔóóîG G!ŒZz (10) ] zûôyã²zioî G pbñô337b7ôsññz0ªo[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó g]z (11) Y 2001ÔîG G 0. Ð Å Z^ZgZŠÔ8X7:mÔ6B4Ô( 3î G E 0_)Ô~ŠtZsÑÑZ0ª ÔóóîG G!ŒZz (12) ] zûôyã²zioî G pbñô338b7ôsññz0ªo[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó g]z(13) : ƒ±5næ,åå]uzz (14) sññz 0ªO[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó g]z ìll( išå G ) ÔZ0 ZÔãÕä Zv0Z [ ÂÔó~ó gøz> LL; ( 855x)Ô) Ô+ Zg$+Ô ög E -4 Å Z;]zÛÔyòZ Ioî G pbñô340x337b7 Ô sñ0m c* i1z+ Z[Ô~z Z ; ]zûôëzgzšô 134X131B9Ô sññz 0ªO[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z E 0 ªO[!*Ô çg.nå Zz Š Z [ÂÔ( 9bÑ)Ôóó` é -.Å ZLLÔ ( )ÔxâÑZÔ ] ée 3 Å G ZLL ( )Ô vz 1ZÔÄ0Z ; ]zûôyã²z Roî G pb Ô162X160B12ÔsÑÑ Z > çg.nå ZLL ( 218 x)ô ÓZ 1ZÔx 0Z ;]zûôgš gzšô265b1ôsññz0ªîg G!uÔóòó «Z èe. W9 Zg ÌØZ1ZÔ ög Ð5Ÿ g Z Å ; 1995Ô]zÛÔ!²Z_ZnZY ZgZŠÔ50B22ÔsÑÑZ0ª ÔóóîG G!ðE34É Z YZå ÅZ1Z E ÔM0Z ; ]zûô îg G 0. Ð Å Z ^ZgZŠÔ237X230B3Ôó6ó ÑZnz ZLLÔ({581 x)ôvz 0 ; Y2001ÔîG G 0. Ð Å Z^ZgZŠÔ6B4Ô~ŠtZsÑÑZ0ª Ôóó îg G!ŒZz îg G!Z^ZLÔL ( )/0³ Z 155X152:mÔóóçG.nÅ Zz ~ié. EÅ Zg"Z gg ZL ÔL ( 463 x) 0 vz 0 Š-/1ZÔ_Z è0 Z Y1984Ô]zÛXwŠÔyWÅZxEî G pbñô (15)Tor Andrew "Mohammad The Man And his Faith", P:147 (Translated bytheophil Menzel) Herper & Brothers,New York,1960. (16) W att,montgomery "Muhammad At Medina", p:18,(oxford Press London,1956) (17) Montgomery Watt: "Muhammad, Prophet and statusman", p:98,(oxford univercity Press,1961) (18)William Muir(1905 A.D) "Muhammad and Islam", p:70 (19) Ameer Ali,Syed (1928 A.D) "The Spirit Of Islam", p:73 (Sajjid Book Depot,Urdu Bazar,Lahore,1986) ] zûôyã²zioî G pbñô340b7ôsññz0ªo[!* Ô~ié. EÅ Z[ÂÔó~ó g]zìll (20)

20 368 2Ô1{gÑ(Y2011y - ~ g ÔY2010cŠDðÑ )4: ] Ý ôÿ] lö ^ãq 345X34B27Ôè Ð nûïøvö Ö] oeœàeä #Ö] fâäê] oeœ ØjÎh^e(p ^ÇÛÖ] h^jò(xxp ^fö] xjêzz (21) èe EL # Z 4LL; 135X13 B4 9ÔèÐnûÏøvö gzšô152x148b4ô( 5î G E 0_)Ô~ŠtZ «Zg!Z (23) "The Spirit of Islam", p:73 : ƒ±5næ,ååîzz (22) Ö] oeœàeä #Ö] fâ ÄÊ] oeœøjîh^e(p ^ÇÛÖ] h^jò(xxp ^ÏÖ] é ÛÂZZ ÔóóîG G!ŒZz îg G!Z^ZLL; 295B1 ÔëG54 0ñ Z îg G!uÔóÄó 211X209:mÔóóçG.nÅ Zz~ié E. Å Zg"Z gg ZLL ; Y2001ÔîG G 0. Ð Å Z^Z 1418 ÔgƒÑÔÅXyWÅZYM Ô 609/ 7 Ôóó~V#ZYML L(24) (25)Stanly Lane- Poole"Studies in a mosque",p:67,(khayats Beriut 1966.) (26) "The Spirit of Islam",p:74 33/ 5 Ô{Z+Ó Z( 72 ) ////////////