ae-bm-f-k h-i-em-ime Fw.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w

Transcription

1 Xp -sø-gp-ø- ae-bm-f-k h-i-em-ime Fw.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w ]mty-]- Xn 1

2 Xp -sø-gp-ø- ae-bm-f-k h-i-em-im-e-bv p-th n cpn-kv{sm {]kn- o-i-cn- p- Xv A Sn: {]n v-b Svkv Hm^vsk v, ^dqjv

3 BapJw ASn-ÿm\ m\-cq-]-ß-fn H mb Ncn-{X-Øns ]mty-]- -Xnbpw ]mt-{i-ahpw Icp-X-temsS Xøm-dm-t - Xv ASn-b- -cm-h-iy-am-wv. Ncn{Xw Hm Ω-bm-Wv. Hm Ω ]ng- m hyh-lm-c-ß-fmsi ]ng-bv pw. B A]m-b- Øn \n v hn p-\n m Hm Ω, AXm-bXv Ncn{Xw AXym-hiyw. Ncn-{X-Øns D -S w kmi-tey\ Dƒs m- pi F Xv a\pjykm y-x-bv - p-d-ap Imcy-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m-bn-c- -W- n\v sim -ßfmbn temi-saßpw timsm-\p-timsn a\p-jy snbvxp Iq p {Xnhn[Ic-Wß-fpsS BI-Øp-I-bmWv Ncn-{Xw. AXv apgp-h tcj-s -Sp-Ømt\m Hm Ωn- mt\m km y-a-. AXp-sIm v kw`-h-ß-fn Hcp sxc-s -Sp v th nh-cpw. A -K `-amb kw`-h-ßsf tncp- -]Sn tn p- -XmWv Ncn-{X- Ønse sxc-s -Sp- ns kz`m-hw. Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn-e-Sp- p-tºm-gmwv kw`-h-ß-fpss Imcy-Im-cW_ w sxfn- p-h-cp- -Xv. Cu a n Nn n- p-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-Øn\v {]mtbm-kn-i-amb Hcp \n -N\w Hcp- q- n-sb-sp- mw. sxc-s -SpØ kw`-h-ß-fpss Ime-K-W\m{Ia-Øn-ep BJym-\-amWv Ncn- {Xw. sxc-s -Sp v, BJym-\w, Ime-K-W\ Cu aq v {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS kz`mhw IrXy-ambn \n W-bn-t - -Xp- v. B \n W-b-amWv Ncn-{X-Øns coxn-imkv{xw F -Xp-sIm v hnh- n- p- -Xv. CXn\v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn-embn \S- p-t]m- n- p Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS amxr-im-cq-]-߃ ]cn-n-b-s -ts- -Xp- v. Ncn-{X-Øns Awiw Ie-cmØ BJym-\-ß-sfm- p-an-. AXp-sIm v AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp {]amwkma{kn Ncn-{X-Im-c\v ]cn-n-b-øn-ep- m-h-ww. {]amwkma{kn F Hcp hn`mkw Ncn-{X-Øns coxn-im-kv{x-øn Dƒs - Sp- Xv C m-c-w-øm-em-wv. {]amwkma-{kn-i-fn s -Sp m\cq]-߃ ]exmwv. `qx-im-ekw-`-h-ß-fm-wt m Ncn-{X-Øns D -S- w. B kw`-h-ß-fpss hn m-]- I-ß-fmb hkvxp- ƒ, AXm-b-Xv, Ncn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ `qan-bn aæ-s-cp-iƒ n-s-bnepw `q\n-c- n\v tasebpw Is -Ømw. Cu hkvxp- -fpss ]T-\- amwv ]pcm-xxzw F Hcp m\-cq-]-ambn Ign- c v aq v \q m- p-ifmbn Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS B[m-c-in-e-I-fn-sem-s \ne-bn ]pjvsn-s p h n- p- -Xv. ]pcm-x-xz-h-kvxp- -fn Nneh enjn-x-cq-]-øn-ep- -h-bm-hmw. ]t txm ImeØv \S- n h, \q m- p-i-tfmfw ]e-]e ]cn-wmakxn-ifn s] v I m-e-dn-bm-ø-hn[w hmbn- m Ign-bmØ en]n-i-fn-emhpw Nne enjn-x-߃. AØcw enjn-x-ßsf hmbn-s -Sp- m {]txyiw Ignhpw 3

4 coxn-im-kv{xhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. en]n-hn- m-\obw F Hcp imj-bmbn hni-kn- p-h- Xv Cu m\-cq-]-am-wv. CΩ- n coxn-im-kv{x-hp-ambn _ - s {]am-w-hn- m\w Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS am K-\n t±-i-ambn \ne-hn htc- -X-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. tic-f-n-cn-{x-øn\v Du \ In-s m- mwv Cu ]mty- ]- Xn cq]-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. sf ni hnj-b-ambn sshzy-n-cn{xw ]mty- ]- -Xn-bn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. Cu hnj-b-øn ]pxnb Adn-hp-Iƒ ]pd- Øp-h- -Xp-Xs Imc-Ww. tum. Fw.-Pn.-F-kv. \mcm-b-w snb am, Ncn-{X-]-T-\-t_m Uv 4

5 ]T-\-t_m Uv AwK-߃ s{]m^. Fw.-Pn.-F-kv. \mcm-b-w (A- y- ) tum. Fw.-B. cmlhhmcn-b tum. tii-h shfp-øm v tum. ]n. cmtp-{µ tum. ]n. cm[ni tum. Pb{io si. \mb tum. _o\m kc-k {io F.-Fw. jn\mkv tum. si.-fw. `c-x (I ho-\ ) 5

6 H mw ska-ã HIS 8101 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{Xw (Historiography) HIS 8102 : HIS 8103 : HIS 8104 : HIS 8105 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-] Xn (Historical Methods) {]am-w-km-a-{kn-iƒ (Source Materials) ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw tic-f-n-cn{xw `mkw H v c mw ska-ã HIS 8206 : {]mno\ \mkcnixiƒ HIS 8207 : C ymncn{xw H mw `mkw HIS 8208 : ticfncn{xw `mkw 2 HIS 8209 : `mcxobncn{xw BJym\ss]XrI߃ HIS 8210 : enjnx hn m\obw aq mw ska-ã HIS 8311 : temi-n-cn{xw: \mk-cn-i-x-i-fn \n pw km{am-py-ß-fn-te v HIS 8312 : a[y-ime C y kao-]-\w, ]cn-t{] yw HIS 8313 : tic-f-n-cn{xw `mkw 3 A[n-\n-th-i-hpw sndp-øp-\n p-w HIS 8314 : Huj-[-hn-PvRm\w: _rl-xv]m-c-º-cyhpw elp-]m-c-º-cyhpw (sf- n-iw) HIS 8315 : `mtjm ]-Ønbpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-xyhpw awn-{]-hmfw ti{µo-i-cn v (sf- n-iw) HIS 8316 : temi-hy-h-ÿbpw tic-f-hm-wn-pyhpw (s]mxpsf- n-iw) 6

7 \memw ska-ã HIS 8417 : B[p-\n-I]m m-xy-temiw: P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns hf bpw a\p-jym-h-imi{]h Ø-\-ßfpw HIS 8418 : B[p-\nI C y: timf-\n-hm-gvn, \thm m-\w, tzio-b-{]-ÿm\w HIS 8419 : tic-f-n-cn{xw \thm m-\hpw tziob {]ÿm-\hpw HIS 8420 : sf niw C ym-n-cn{xw {]am-w-ß-fn-eqss HIS 8421 : {]_- -c-n\ 7

8 H mw ska-ã HIS 8101 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{Xw (Historiography) HIS 8102 : HIS 8103 : HIS 8104 : HIS 8105 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-] Xn (Historical Methods) {]am-w-km-a-{kn-iƒ (Source Materials) ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw tic-f-n-cn{xw `mkw H v 8

9 HIS 8101 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-N-cn{Xw (Historiography) bqwn v 1 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-]m-c-ºcyw bh\ Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-]m-c-ºcyw sld-tum- -kv, Xqkn-ssUUvkv, enhn, Smkn kv. {]mno\ No\m-N-cn-{X-]m-c-ºcyw I ^yq-jy-kv, ]m Iq a[y-im-e- N-cn-{Xc-N\ : {InkvXp-aX kzm[o\w AK-Ãn ]pwym-f, txmakv AIzn-\mkv: a[y- Ime Ad_v Ncn-{X-c-N\ A _n-dq-wn, C_v\p Jm Zp. bqwn v 2 Ncn-{Xw ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ \thm- m-\-im-esø Ncn{Xw \nt mtfm am n-b-sh n, {^m knkvtim Kpbnjym Un-\n, gmmvt_m-zn imkv{x-hn-π-h-kzm-[o\w {^m knkv t_, sz m søbpw Im t -jy-\n-khpw hot m-bpss hna iw mt\m-zb `qan-ibpw Ncn-{Xhpw tams -kviyq, thmƒ -b, tuhn-uvlyqw, Kn Imev]-\nI {]Xn-I-cWw dqt m, sl U, anjvse, Im sse Ncn-{X-Ønse sshcp- ym-fl-ix slk-ens ImgvN- m-sv, am Ivkns Ncn{X kao-]\w Ncn- {X-]-c-amb `u-xn-ihmzw D ]m-z-\-k-{º-zm-b-߃ ASn-Ød ta pc (Basesuperstructure) k ]\w. bqwn v 3 Ncn{Xw : hyxykvx ]cn-t{]- y-߃ Ncn{Xw B[p-\nI imkv{xo-b- m-\-im-j-sb \ne-bn _ en hnπhw imkv{xob Ncn-{X-co-Xn-im-kv{X-Øns DZbw \n_q, dms t]mkn- n-hnkw Ncn{Xw imkv{xw Xs AKÃv timw v, sl n txmakv _ vƒ t]mkn- n-hnk-tøm-sp hna iw B t\mƒuv tsmb _n-bp-ssbpw HmkvhmƒUv kvs] - dp-ssbpw Ncn-{X-k-ao-]-\-߃ F mwv Ncn{Xw? hyxykvx ]cn-t{]- y-߃ t{imt, timfnwkvhpuv, F, C.-F v Im, IoØv sp In kv. bqwn v 4 Ccp-]Xmw \q m- nse hyxykvx Ncn-{X-[m-c-Iƒ Ccp-]-Xmw \q m- nse hyxykvx Ncn-{X-[m-c-Iƒ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Bt]- n-ixm hmzw sp.-f- v. tdm_n k, Imƒ s_ kmº-øni Ncn-{X-Øns {]tw-xm- ƒ sl n ]ndn, ses^_vhvsd, knuv\n sh v, _nbm-{snkv sh v, 9

10 B.-F v tsmwn {^ v A\ kv Ncn{-X-{]-ÿm\w khn-ti-j-x-iƒ aq p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ am v tªm v, eqkn-b s^_vhsd, s^ Wm v {_uz, CΩm- \p-h eo tdmbv ezq-dn, te tkm-^v, ^nen v Fdo-kv, IoØv txma-kv, tdm_ v am {Uq, ]nbsd Nu\p {_n ojv am IvknÃv Ncn-{X-cYy Io-sg-\n- p Ncn{Xw {InÃ-^ ln, C.-]n. txmw]vk, FdnIv tlm_vkv_mw. bqwn v 5 Nn m kzm[o\w Ncn-{X-Øn {Kmwjn-Nn- -bpss kzm[o\w Ncn-{X-Øn km{º-zm-bni _p n-po-hn-iƒ ssph- _p- n-po-hn-iƒ þ (Traditional and Organic Intellectuals) - {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb s\sp-\m-b-ixzw LS-\-hmZ kzm[o\w skmkyq kqniw/kqnn-xw, `mj/ `mjww GI-Im-en-IX _lp-im-en-ix LS-\m-hmZ am Ivknkw eqbn A Øq-k LS-\m-\- -c-hmzw ZdnZ A]-\n amww kaq-ly-im-kv{x-kzm- [o\w amivkv sh_, Fao Zp Jnw \h-n-cn-{x-hmzw Ão^ {Ko ªm v Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-]-c-x, ]mt-øns Ncn-{X-]-cX B[p-\n-tIm-Øc kao-]\w slbvu ssh v Ncn-{X-]m-T-ß-fpsS kmln-xo-bx CXn-hr-Ø-h-XvI-cWw IoØv sp -In kv - Ncn{Xw F Iev]nX IY antj ^pt m-bpss Ncn- {X-co- -Xn-imkv{Xw hyh-lmc hni-i-e\w m\na. klmbi{kÿ߃ Im Øn-tI-b \mb, 2006 (hn.-h), At m-wntbm {Kmwjn Pbn pdn- p-iƒ, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, ssa{xn _pivkv cmp Kpcp- ƒ 1981, t muv sehn kvt{smkv, Xriq, hniz-z i\ ]ªn-t j kv cho-{µ, ]n.]n., 1998, antj ^qt m: h Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns Ncn-{Xw, Xncp-h- \- -]pcw, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v, Zneo]v cmpv, 2000, \-h- -N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, tim bw, Un.-kn. _pivkv kp[m-i-c, kn.]n., 1999, DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX, tim bw, Un.-kn. _pivkv tpm Pv, kn.-sp, (FUn) 1996, B[p-\n-Im-\- c kmln-xy-k-ao-]-\-߃, timgnt msv, _p v thw cml-h-hm-cn-b Fw.-B, 2016, Ncn{Xw: coxn-im-kv{x-]-t-\-߃, Xncq, Xp- sø-gp-ø- ae-bm-f-k h- -I- -em-ime {]am-w-]-c-ºc 1. appo_p dlvam, Fw.-]n, 2008 Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Øns Ncn{Xw {io[-c.-c, 2010, Ncn-{X-K-th-jW coxn-imkv{xw (hnh:) Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, tic-f- `mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. {iop hn.-kn, 1999, B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cw, hni-e-\hpw hna -i-\-hpw, tim -bw, kmln-xy-{]-h ØI kl-i-c-w-kw-lw. Ali, Sheik B, 1978, History: Its Theory And Method, Macmillan 10

11 Anderson, Perry, 1984, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press Balibar.E, 2000, Historical Materialism, London, Verso Bently, Michael (ed), 1997, Companion to Historiography. London, Routledge. Burke, Peter,1991, New Perspectives on Historical Writing, Pennsylvania State University Press. Burke, Peter, 2002, History and Social Theory, Newyork, Cornell University Press. Burke, Peter, 1990, The French Historical Revolution: The Annals School, , California, Stanford University Press. Carr. Edward Hallett, 1961, 1981, What is History? New York, Vintage Books Collingwood.R.G, (19946) 1994, The Idea of History, New York, Oxford University Press Crossley, Nick, 2005, Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory, London, Sage. Elton.G.R, 1967, The Practice of History, Wiley - Blackwell. Enan.M.A, 1969, Ibn Khaldun: His life and Works, Lahore, Sh. Muhammed Ashraf Gramsci.A, 1991, Selections from the Prison Note books, International Publication Co. Haddock.B.A, 1980, Introduction to Historical Thought, London Hodder Arnold. Hobsbawm, Eric, 1998, On History, UK, The New Press Jenkins, Keith (Ed), 1995, The Post Modern History Reader, London, Routledge Jenkins, Keith, 1998, Rethinking History, New York, Routledge. Lemon.M.C, 1998, Philosophy of History, New York, Routledge. Poster, Mark, 2001, Marx, Foucault and History, New York, Polity Press Raghava Varier, M.R., "New Historicism", in T.R Venugopalan (ed) 1997, History and Theory, Trissur, Cosmo Books Southgate, Beverley, 1996, History: What and Why? Ancient, Modern and Post Modern Perspectives, London/Newyork, Routledge. Sreedharan.E, 2004, A Text Book of Historiography, 500 BC to AD, 2000, New Delhi, Orient Blackswan. Thompson.E.P, 1965, The Making of the English Working Class, New York, Vintage. Veeser H.Aram, 1989, "The New Historicism", New York, Routledge White, Hayden, 1992, "Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth in the History'', Saul Friedlandes, Probing the Limits of Representation, Cambridge University Press. 11

12 HIS 8102 : Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-] Xn (Historical Methods) bqwn v 1 Ncn{Xw: hni-kn- p kmaq-lni imkv{xw `qx-im-ehpw Ncn-{Xhpw XΩn-ep hyxymkw F mwv Ncn{X hkvxpx? Ncn- {X hkvxp-x-i-fpss kz`mhw B X am hn-iv, Pn.-B. F, C.-F- v.-im, IoØv sp In kv F n-h-cpss kao-]-\w. Ncn-{X-Ønse Imcy-Im-cW _ w s_\-univt m t{ims, B.-Pn.-tIm-fnwKv hpuv, C.-F- v. Im, ]m{sniv Km U- \ bqwn v 2 {]mcw` L w (Preliminary Stage) F mwv Kth-jWw? Ncn{X Kth-j-W-Øns hyxykvx cq]-߃ Ncn{X {]iv\-øns Xnc-s -Sp v AYhm Kth-jW hnj-b-øns Xnc-s -Sp v Xm m-eni {KŸ-kqNn t\m vkv D m- p hn[w Im Uv k{º-zmbw th Uv t{]mk- ^b. bqwn v 3 {]am-w-ß-fpss {]m[m\yw kmlnxy {]am-w-߃, Ah-bpsS {]iv\-ß-fpw, ]cn-an-xn-ifpw ]pcm-hkvxp {]am-w-߃, Ah-bpsS km[y-x-iƒ hmsamgn {]am-w-ß-fpss km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw anøpw Ncn-{Xhpw anøns A]-{K-Y-\w, D]-tbmKw KthjW ] -Xn-bpsS cq]-tcj ]cn-i-ev]\ _lp-hn-j-b, hnj-bm- -cob kao-]- \-߃ Ncn-{Xhpw a p kmaq-lni imkv{x-ß-fpw. bqwn v 4 A]-{K-Y\ L w (Analytical Stage) {]amw ]cn-tim-[\ _mly hna i-\hpw B c hna i-\-hpw, _mly hna i\w I Øm-hv, Ime-{]-kvXm-h-\, D h {]kvxmhw, B c hna i\w A -cm hpw bym A -hpw, ap hn-[n-ifpw ] -]m-x-ß-fpw, AImen-I-Xzw, D -S- -Ønse ]c-kv]c sshcp- yw, Ahy- -X, `mjm sshi-ey-߃, A -c-sø- p-iƒ. 12

13 bqwn v 5 FgpØp L w (Drafting Stage) kw{k-ln-s -gp-øv, ]cm-h Ø\w F n-h-bpss D]-tbmKw a p Kth-j-IcpsS hmiy-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw AtX-]Sn ]I Øp Kth-jW cwksø tamj- W-sØ- p-dn- p Ah-t_m[w, hni-zo-i-c-ww, F v? F p-sim v? hns-hp- Iƒ \ni-øp hn[w krjvsn-]-c-amb bp n-hn-nmcw kmam-\y-h-xvi-cww (generalization) A[ym-b-߃ Xncn- ap ]-T-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ø D]-tbm-Kn {]am-w-ßfpw coxn-im-kv{x-hpw, A[ym-b-ßfpsS bp n-]-c-amb hn\ymkw ASn- p-dn- p-iƒ {KŸ-kqNn ]Z-hn-h-cWw kqnni A\p-_- w. klmbi{kÿ߃ cml-h-hm-cn-b Fw.-B, 2016, Ncn{Xw coxn-im-kv{x-]-t-\-߃, Xncq Xp- -søgp-ø- ae-bm-f-k h- -I- -em-ime {]am-w-]-c-ºc 1. Anderson, Jonathan et.al (1988) : 2009, Thesis and Assignment Writing. New Delhi, Wiley Eastern Ltd. Bloch, Marc, (1949) 1992, The Historian's Craft, U.K, Manchester University Press Carr. E.H, (1964) 2008, What is History? Australia, Penguin Books. Daniels.V.Robert, 1981, Studying History: How and Why, Prentice - Hall Elton G.R, 2002, The Practice of History, Wiley. Gibaldi, Joseph, 2003, MLA handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York, MLA (Modern Language Association) Gottschalk.L, (1963) 1967, Generalization in the Writing of History, Chicago/London, University of Chicago Press Marwick, Arthur, 1970, The Nature of History, London, Macmillan Sorenson, Sharon, 2002, How to Write Reseach Papers., Thomson/Areco Vansina, Jan, 1985, Oral Tradition as History, University of Wizconsin William.J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, 1952, The methods of Social Research, McGraw - Hill 13

14 HIS 8103 : {]am-w-km-a-{kn-iƒ (Source Materials) bqwn v 1 {KŸ-{]-am-W-߃ HutZym-KnIw A\u-tZym-KnIw `c-w-{]-am-w-߃ k- m-c-ip-dn- p-iƒ Imhy- \m-s-i-im-kv{xm-zn-iƒ (kw-kvir-xw, Xan-gv, awn-{]-hm-fw, ae-bmfw F o `mj-ifnse IrXn-Iƒ) kwl-km-lnxyw (Tamil Anthologies) Xangv CXn-lm-k-߃ Bfl-IY Poh-N-cn{Xw kvacw-iƒ Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ tic-tfm -Øn. bqwn v 2 ]pcm-hkvxp {]am-w-ßfpw \mwb {]am-w-ßfpw bmzr- n-i-amb Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ {]mno-\-in-e-iƒ, hn{k-l-߃ tim -I-fpsSbpw cmp-[m-\n-i-fp-ssbpw \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-in-jvS-߃ a ]m-{x-߃ ]m{x-i-i-e-߃ {]mno\ Bbp-[-߃, D]-I-c-W-߃ F p-iƒ [m\ymh-in-jvs-߃ BZy-Ime {]h Ø-\-߃ _m_n-ßvs {_qkv^q- v apx-emb-h ]pcm-hkvxp hn`mkw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn sim n-cm-py-øn Xncp-hn- Xmw-Iq B n-tbm-f-pn- kocn-kv sim n B\z dnt m v C y B zn-tiz-dn- cma-h Ω dn-k v _p - n a{zmkv tp W Hm^v en -td- B v kb kv (Fw.-sP.-F.-F-kv) {][m-\-s D J-\-\-߃ t]m fw apx ] Ww hsc inem-bpk ]cn-jvir-xn-iƒ Ccp-ºp-bpK ]cn-jvir-xn-iƒ \ -ßm-Sn-Iƒ I -d-iƒ sxm n- v IpS- v I h-e-b-߃ I tai inem-nn-{x-߃ FS- sxmhcn ad-bq G p-ip-sp Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I߃ timhn-e-i-߃ {]mno\ \K-cm-h-in-jvS-߃ _u ssp\ Ah- -injvs-߃ hnlm-c-߃ t {X-߃ ime-iƒ ] n-iƒ (ap nw {InkvXy ) PqX kn\-tkm-kp-iƒ t]m fw apx ] Ww hsc; \mw- -b-hn- m-\obw bh-\- \m-w-b-߃ DØ-tc- y Nm - \m-w-b-߃ Xan-g-IsØ Nm \mwb-߃ Ch Is -Ønb ÿe- -߃ Føm, amf, h p-h- n, hs- tim -bw, Be-ßmSv XpS-ßn-b-h; ]n me \mw-b-߃ thwm n-sebpw timgnt m-s bpw \mw-b-߃ time- -Øp-\m- nse \mw-b-߃ hn-tz-i-\m-w-b-߃ Ad_v bqtdm-]y, ssn\okv \mw-b-߃, \mw-b-ßfpw ]twm-]-tbm-khpw Z n-tw- y \mw-b-ß-fpss ]c-kv]c kzm[o-\w. 14

15 bqwn v 3 ]pcm-en-jnx {]am-w-߃ Nn{X-en-]n-I-fn \n pw A- -c-ß-fn-te v ssltdm- o-^n-ivkv, IyqWn-t^m-ap- Iƒ, kn p-en-]n, No\m-en]n {_mlvan en]n sx \pw hs- \pw D -h-kw- _- -amb hmz-߃ {KŸw hs gpøv timsegpøv tic-f-ønse Xangv {_mlvan enjn-x-߃ FS-, Fgp-Øp-I- v, D -Sp w (Im-d-Up- ) s]cpamƒ ImesØ enjn-x-߃ inem-tc-j-ifpw snt -Sp-Ifpw D -S w, `mj, Ime-K-W-\. bqwn v 4 ]pcm-tcjm {]am-w-߃ (Archival Sources) ]pcm-tc-j-iƒ kz`mh khn-ti-j-x-iƒ ]pcm-tc-j-i-fpss h o-i-cww hnhc-ß-fpss kz`mhw C y tzio-b-]p-cm-tc-jm-ebw (F.-F.-sF) {][m- \-s sdt m Up-Iƒ tic-f-ønse tziob ]pcm-tc-jm-e-b-߃ Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, sim n, timgn-t msv Kh sa v sdt m Up-Iƒ kzim-cy-ti-j-c߃ apx-em-b-h. bqwn v 5 hmsamgn ]mc-º-cyhpw anøpw (Myth and Oral Tradition) ]m p-iƒ hs- ]m p-iƒ sx ]m p-iƒ ] n- m- p-iƒ ]S- m- p- Iƒ Zriy-I-e-Iƒ IqØv IqSn-bm w {]kn- o-i-c-w-߃ ]g-s m- p- Iƒ h -kvar-xn-iƒ {]mtz-in-i-kvar-xn-iƒ sfxn-ly-߃ {]mtz-ini sfxn-ly-߃ kvarxn D]m-Zm-\-sa \ne-bn Inwh-Z- n-iƒ D]m-Zm-\-sa \ne-bn IpSpw-_-]m-c-ºcyw tic-tfm Øn XpS-ßn-bh: anøpw Ncn-{Xhpw anøv Ncn-{X-e- y-sa \ne-bn anøns A]-{K-Y\w anøns kmaqly-[ Ωw anøns LS-\mfl A]-{K-Y\w (se-hn-kvt{sm-kv) anøv cmjv{sob D]-I-c-W-sa \ne-bn (Im-kn-d ) anøv kmaqly DS-º-Sn-bpsS cq]-sa \ne-bn (sdm-fmßv _m Øv) anøv kmaq-ly-ÿn-cx Dd- p-h-cp-øm\pw ]pxpk-aq-l-\n ΩnXn pw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øp hyh-lm-c-sa \ne-bn ( n-t^m Uv Ko vkv) ]c-ip-cma sfxnlyw tnc-am s]cp-amƒ sfxnlyw sk v txmakv sfxnlyw apx-em-b-h. klmbi{kÿ߃ Cfw-IpfØns Xnc-s -SpØ IrXn-Iƒ, hmeyw H v, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw. ticf bqwn-th- -gvkn n Ip ]n-, Cfw-Ipfw.]n.- F., 1970, ÃUokv C ticf lnãdv, tim -bw, F.-_n.-Fkv. Ip ]n-, Cfw-Ipfw.]n.-F., 1959 A sø tic-fw, tim -bw, F.-_n.- Fkv. Ip ]n-, Cfw-Ipfw.]n.-F., 1970, P n-k-{º-zmbw tic-f-øn, tim -bw, 15

16 F.-_n.-Fkv Ip ]n- Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-f, 1961, tic-fw A pw Bdpw \q m- p-i-fn, tim -bw, F.-_n.-Fkv Ip ]n- Cfw-Ipfw. ]n.-f, 1970 tnc-km-{ampyw HºXpw ]Øpw \q m- p- I-fn, tim bw, F.-_n.-F-kv. Ip ]n, Cfw-Ipfw.]n.-F, (1953) 1963 DÆp-\oen k-tµiw Ncn-{X-Zr-jvSnbn-eqsS tim bw, F.-_n.-F-kv. Ip ]n, Cfw-Ipfw.]n.-F., (hymjym) (1954) 1983, DÆp-\oen ktµiw, tim bw, F.-_n.-Fkv. IrjvWss aƒ (hym-jym), 1994 DÆn -n-cp-txhn NcnXw. tim bw tkm]m-e-ir-jvw \mb apj-øe, (hym-jym), 1990, DÆn-b n NcnXw, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw IrjvW \mb ]n.-hn, (hym-jym), (1966), 1976 DÆn-bmSn NcnXw. 1976, tim bw KtW-jv.-sI.-F, 1997, tic-f-øns C -se-iƒ, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, ticf kmwkvim-cni hip v cml-h-hm-cn-b.-fw.-b & cmp Kpcp- ƒ, 2012, tic-f-n-cn{xw H pw c pw hmey-߃, tim bw, F.-_n.-F-kv. cml-h-hm-cn-bà Fw.-BÀ (1986), 2011, tic-tfmâ] n {KÙ-hcn þ time- p-\m- «p-h-g- - Ä, tim«bw, km-ln-xy-{]-hà I kl-i-c-w-kw-lw. cml-h-hm-cn-b.-fw.-b & cmp Kpcp- ƒ, (1985) 2011, anøpw kaq-l-hpw, tim bw F.-_n.-F-kv. _me-ir-jvw.-]n.-si, (1983), 1987 PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tic-f-n-cn-{xhpw, tim -bw, F.-_n.-F-kv. \mcm-b-w Fw.-Pn.-F-kv. 1987, ht -cn-{k-ÿ-hcn, Ncn-{X-hn-`m-Kw, bqwn-th-gvkn n Hm^v Imen- v \mb F-kv.sI tum.- c p tic-tfm ]-Øn-Iƒ, bqwn-th-gvkn n Hm^v a{zm-kv. cml-h-hm-cn-b.-fw.-b, ssp\-axw tic-f-øn, tim -bw, F.-_n.-Fkv. cml-h-hm-cn-b.-fw.-b, 2005, ÿm\m-tcm-lww NS-ßp-Iƒ, ipi-]pcw, h tømƒ hnzym- -]otw. cml-h-hm-cn-b Fw.-B -, 2014, ae-bmfnbpss Ncn-{X-t_m-[w, ipi-]pcw, h tømƒ hnzym-]otw cml-h-hm-cn-b.-fw.-b, 1984, tic-tfm ]Øn {KŸ-h-cn, Imen- - v bqwn-thgvkn- n. cml-h-hmcnb Fw.-B., 1980, hs- ]m- p-i-fpss ]Wn-bm-e, ipi-]pcw, h tømƒ hnzym-]o-tw. a y-im-e-ti-cfw, 2011, kzcq-]-\o-xn-bpss Ncn-{X-]m-T-߃, tim -bw, F.-_n.-Fkv Aiya, Nagam, 1906, Travancore State Manual 3 Volumes, Travancore Govt. Press. 16

17 Reprint 1999, Kerala Gazatteers Dept. Achutha Menon & S.K. Nair (ed), Ballads of North Malabar, Vol-1, 1957, Vol - II 1957, Vol - III, 1958, Madras Chattopadhyaya, Brijadulal, 1977, Coins and Currency Systems in South India, C.AD , Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal. Cherian P.J,(ed) 1999, Perspectives on Kerala History: The Second Millennium, Kerala Gazatteers, Dept. Dalton, George, (ed), 1968, Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi, New York, Doubleday. Gundert, Herman, 2003, Kerala Pazhama: (Antiquity of Kerala), International School of Dravidian Linguistics. Gupta.P.L, 1965, Early Coins from Kerala, Trivandrum, Department of Archaeology, Kerala. Logan. Willam, (1887) 1967, Malabar Manual, Vo.I, II, Asian Educational Services Reprint Nainar.S.M.H, 1942, Arab Geographers Accounts of South India. Narayanan.M.G.S, 1973, Aspects of Aryanisation in Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala Historical Society. Narayanan M.G.S, 2006 Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited, University of Calicut. Narayanan.M.G.S, 2013, Perumals of Kerala, Thrissur, Cosmo Books. Naryanan.M.G.S, 1972, Cultural Symbiosis, Trivandrum, Kerala Historical Society. Naryanan.M.G.S, 1994, Foundations of South Indian Society and Culture, Delhi, Bharatiya Book Corporation Raghava Varier.M.R and Rajan Gurukkal, 1991, Cultural History of Kerala Vol. 1, Thiruvanathapuram, Department of Cutural Publications Government of Kerala Raghava Varier. M.R, 1994, Village Community in Pre-Colonial Kerala, New Delhi, Place Name Society of India. Rudolph, Lloyd.I, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, 1984, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Sarasan, Beena, 2014, Chinese Cash in Ku-lin: Vestiges of Kollams maritime history, Thiruvananthapuram, Published by author Sarasan, Beena, 2016, Traversing Travancore Through the Ages on Coins, Kozhikode, Poorna Publications Sastri, Nilakanta K.A (ed), 1938, Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthanese to Ma Huan, University of Madras. Sircar, D.C, (1965), 2016, Indian Epigraphy, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Sircar, D.C, 1966, Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. Sircar.D.C, 1968, Studies in Indian Coins, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 17

18 Velu Pillai T.K, 1940, Travancore State Manual, Government of Travancore. Veluthatt Kesevan, 1978, Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, Calicut. 18

19 bqwn v 1 HIS 8104 : ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw k ]-\߃, imj-iƒ ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw, e yw, hym]vxn ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\o-bhpw CXc ssh m-\ni imj-ifpw (hn-j-bm- -cob kao-]-\w) N-cn-{Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kv{xw, `qk `-im-kv{xw, P p-im-kv{xw, kky-im-kv{xw, `uxn-i-im-kv{xw, ck-x-{ w. ]pcm- X-Xz- -hn- m-\obw: hn-hn[ imj-iƒ Ncn-{Xm-XoXw Ncn-{X-Imew ]mcn-ÿn- XnI ]pcm-xøzw hymh-km-bni ]pcm-xxzw \Kc ]pcm-xxzw P\-h K-]p-cm- XXzw Pem- KX ]pcm-xxzw kwc- W ]pcm-x-xzw. ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\obw: ASn-ÿm\ k ]\-߃, ]pcm-h-kvxp- ƒ, Ah-bpsS {]Ir-Xw, Ah-bpsS kwlm-xw, ]pcm-x-xz-]-cn-jvir-xn. kµ `w {]my-an-iw, ZznXo-bw, ÿm\o-bw, ImenIw AS-cv, AS ]-T-\w, \nt ]w, ÿm\w, kam]vx ÿm\w _lp-]-cnjvirxn ÿm\-߃, GI-]-cn-jvIrXn ÿm\-߃ bqwn v 2 ]pcm-xxz-hn- m-\o-bw- N-cn{Xw kn m- -߃ ]pcmhkvxp Xm ]cyw Im-ev]-\n-IX ss nƒ ]pcm-xøzw {XnbpK Ime- {I-a-am-XrI kn.sp. txmwk, sl dnjv «oam t{smbv \K-c-Øns Is - Ø P\-d ]o v dnth kv, ^vfn tugvkv s]{sn B X Chm kv entbm- -Wm Uv hqfn slmhmuv Im XqY Im-as ih-ip-socw eqbnkv eot B-{^n- -bpss Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-ew. C y-bn : Ae-Ivkm- IÆnwKvlmw B n-tbm-f-pn- k th Hm^v C y satumkv ssbve tdm_ v {_qkv ^q v Igvk {]`p tpm am j Zb dmw kmlv\n, B.-Un. _m\ Pn, Hud sãbn, tam n-a hoe. kzmx-{ ym-\- c C y-bn F. tlmjv, F v.-un. kwlm-en-b, hn.-un. IrjvW-kzm-an, _n.-_n.-em, Fw.-F. tziv]m-sfi, _n.-si. Ym, Fkv. B. dmhp, sf.-si.-i a, Un.-kn. k m, B.-F-kv.-_njvSv. kwkvimc Ncn{X kao-]\w (km-{º-zm-bni kao-]-\w) \ho\ ]pcm-x-xzw/ {]{In-bm-flI ]pcm-xxzw kwkvimcw Hcp hyh-ÿ-sb \ne-bn hkvxp, kw`hw F -Xn-t\- mƒ {]{In-bbv v Du ]pcm-xxzw {]I-S-imkv{Xw {]tw-xm- ƒ eqbnkv _n t^m-uv, timfn sd {^p, si v ^vtf\dn. 19

20 am Ivknb ]pcm-xxzw kmaq-ly-_- -߃ v ti{µ-]-zhn LS-\m-flI kao- ]\w sshcp- y-ßfpw kwl j-ßfpw ImXemb hnjbw a\p-jy-{]-h Ø\w Ncn-{X-Øns Nme-I-i- n. {]tw-xm- ƒ tkm U ssn Uv, {_qkv{sn-k. enwk-]-z-hnbpw ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\o-bhpw, ]pcm-hkvxp {]am-w-ßsf hymjym- \n- p-tºm-gp- m-ip B tim-bva-bpss ap hn-[n-iƒ {]tw-xm- ƒ am Kc v timwsi, Pm\ v kvs]iv, spmhm sktcm, sse sakvi. hymjym\mfl ]pcm-xxzw/{]{in-bm-\- c ]pcm-x-xzw. ]pcm-x-xz-hn- m-\o-b-øn \n eo-\-am-bn-cn- p cmjv{so-bw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw F n-h-bpss A\m- m-z-\w {]tw-xm- ƒ Cbm slmõ, anjm-tb jm vkv, {InÃ-^ Sn n bqwn v 3 D]-cn-Xe ]cy-th- Ww/DXvJ-\\ coxn-iƒ `q]-s-]-t\w ÿm\-]-cy-s\w tajem ]cy-th Ww imkv{xob kao-]-\-߃: Ce-Iv{Sn-kn n sdkn-ãn-hn n k th, t{]mt m am t m ao k th, BIm-i-]-cy-th- -Ww, D]-{K-l-Nn-{X-߃, Pem- KX ]cy-th- Ww DXvJ-\-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: ewt_m-xvj-\\w Xnc- o\ DXvJ-\\w ]mzmwi DXvJ-\\w AS, Ipgn, ih-ip-so-c-߃, si n-s-߃ F n-hbpss DXvJ-\-\-Øn\v Ah-ew- _n- p kmt -XnI am K-߃ bqwn v 4 Ime-K-W\m ] -Xn-Iƒ Ime-K-W\m ] -Xn-Iƒ: kp\n- nx Ime-K-W\m ] -Xn-Iƒ tduntbm Im _, sx tam eqav\n-sk kv, B ntbm amkv\ n-kw, s]m mkyw B K, su t{um t{imtwm-f-pn, Bt]- ni Ime-K-W\m ] -Xn-Iƒ: AS ]-T-\w, ^vfqdn t^mkvt^ v A]-{K-Y\w bqwn v 5 {]mam-wo-i-c-ww, {]kn- o-i-cww ÿm\-hn-h-cww ÿm\-hn-h-c-߃ tcj-s -Sp-Øp t\m p-_p v ]pcm-hkvxp cpn-ã, a ]m-{x-ß-fpss h Ko-I-c-Whpw Ah-bpsS tcjm-nn-{x-ß-fpw, t^mt m {]mam-wo-i-c-ww, t^mt m cpn-ã B _w 20

21 {]kn- o-i-cww: DXvJ-\\ dnt m v, io j-iw, A_vkv{SmIv v, apj-hp-c, DZvJ-\- \-Øns kwhn-[m-\-߃ - ]pcm-x-xz-]-cn-jvir-xn-i-fp-ss AS hn-\ym-khpw Ime- {I-ahpw LS\bpw a v LS-I-ßfpw a ]m-{x-߃ a\pjy \n Ωn-Xn-Iƒ kmt -XnI dnt m p-iƒ hymjym-\-ßfpw \nk-a-\-ßfpw {KŸ-kqNn Nn{Xo- I-cWw A\p-_- -߃. klmbi{kÿ߃ Agarwal. D.P, 1982, Archaeology of India, Copenhagen, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies. Aitken.M, 1990, Science Based Dating in Archaeology, London, Longman Anders. A, 1998, Between Artifacts and Texts: Historical Archaeology in Global Perspective, New York: Plenum Press. Barker, Philip, 1982, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, London: Batsford. Binford.L.R, 1972, An Archaeological Perspective, Seminar, New York: Academic Press. Chakrabarti.D.K, 1988, A History of Indian Archaeology, From the Beginning to 1947, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Childe, Gordon.V, 1942, What Happened in History, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Childe, Gordon.V, Archaeology as a Social Science. University of London, Third Annual Report, pp. Childe.Gordon.V, 1951, Man Makes Himself, London: Watts. Clark David. L, 1968, Analytical Archaeology, London: Methuen Young Books. Courbin, Paul, 1988, What is Archaeology?, Chicago University Press Fagan.B.M, 1996, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, New York, Oxford University Press. Raman, K.V., 1976, Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Madras, Parthajan Publications. Ramesh, B.R., 2007, Forest Landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats: India: Biodiversity, Human Ecology and Management Strategies, Institute Francais de Pondichery Rao, Gururaja, B.K.,1972, The Megalithic Culture of South India. Mysore: Prasaranga. Renfrew, Colin, Paul Bahn, 1991, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames & Hudson. Sankalia, H.D., 1974, Prehistory and Protohistory in India and Pakistan, Pune, Deccan College,. 21

22 HIS 8105 : tic-f-n-cn{xw `mkw H v bqwn v 1 F h-tbm sa v `qan-imkv{x ] m-øew PohnX ]cn-kcw ^nkn-tbm-{km^n _tbm-amkv Ic IS _ w Imem-hÿ ag e`yx bqwn v 2 {]miv Ncn{Xw (Pre history) {]oln-ã-dnbpw t{]mt m lnã-dnbpw XΩn-ep hyxymkw BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ ]men-tbm- en-øn-iv, satkm-en-xn-iv, \ntbm-en-øniv kwkvimcw {]mivn-cn-{x-ie Kplm-Nn-{X-Ie sx ae Bt msv FS- sxmhcn XpS-ßn-b-h. bqwn v 3 Ccpºv bpk-]-cn-jvirxn alm-inem kvamc-i-߃ tzim- -c-xe hn\ymkw kmt{im-^mkn (Sarcophagi) \ -ßm-Sn-Iƒ knãp-iƒ IpS- v sxm n- v I h-e-b-߃ lm_n-t - j dnsabv kv Adnhpw kmt -XnIhnZybpw teml \n ΩmW kmt -Xn-IhnZy XpS-ßn-bh Ic-Iu-iew a ]m{x \n ΩmW hnzy hmkvxp-hnzy ssiam hyhÿ hnizm-k-hy-hÿ {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw. bqwn v 4 \m p-aq- am-cp-ssbpw aqh-c-n am-cp-ssbpw Imew A[n-Imc t{iwn Iogm thgn thµ P\-ßfpw Poh-t\m-]m[n-Ifpw XnW-k- ]w sf n-w-iƒ ssiam k{º-zm-b-߃ hnx-cww ]p\ hn- X-cWw Kn^v v k{º-zmbw km[-\-߃ p ]Icw km[-\-߃ IS hm- WnPyw tdma hm-wnpyw kmwkvim-cni ]cn-kcw IhnX {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw c -_- hpw hnhm-lhpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ hnt\m-z-߃. 22

23 bqwn v 5 ]cn-h Ø-\-L w sshcp- y-ß-fpss Bhn `mhw {]Xn-k- n-bpss XpS w ]pxnb kmaq-lni cq]o-i-c-w-øn-te v ]mfn-i-fm-bp km-aq-ly-l-s-\-bpss (Stratified Social Structure) Bhn `mhw PmXnt{iWn-bpsS Bcw`w hnimkw A[oiXz {]Xyb-imkv{Xw hyxn-cn kwkvim-c-øns Bhn `m-hw. klmbi{kÿ߃ Ip ]nff, CfwIpfw, ]n.f., 1967, A sø ticfw, tim bw: F._n.Fkv. KtWjv, si.-f., 1997, tic-f-øns C -se-iƒ, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw: ticf kmwkvim-cni hip v. \mcm-b-w Fw.-Pn.-Fkv, 1972, ticf Ncn-{X-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-Iƒ, Imen- v k h-i-em-ime. cmlhhmcnb, Fw.-B, cmp Kpcp ƒ, 1991, ticfncn{xw, `mkw H v, ipi]pcw: hfftømƒ hnzym]otw. cmp.si, 2015, `qx-im-e-øns Isøm- p-iƒ, {]k n _pivkv ]Ø-\w-Xn. cmtp-jv. si.-]n, 1916, hs- ae-_m : kaq-lhpw Ncn-{Xhpw, tim bw. cmtp-jv, si.-]n., 1916, apxp-a- -Øm-gn, tim -bw. Achan, Anujan P., 1948: Annual Report of the Archaeological Department: Cochin State for the year 1122 M.E ( AD) Ernakulam: Cochin Government Press. & Annual Report of the Archaeological Department: Cochin State for the year 1123 M.E ( AD) Ernakulam : Cochin Government Press. Champakalakshmi, R. (ed.) (2002), State and Society in Pre-Modern South India, Thrissur: Cosmo Books. Champakalakshmi, R., 1996, Trade Ideology and Urbanisation, South India 300BC to AD 1300, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Chattopadhyaya, B.D., (Ed), 2014, Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History, Delhi: Indian Hisotry Congress Publication. Cheriyan, P.J., (ed.), 1999, Perspectives on Kerala History: The Second Millenium Trivandrum: Kerala Gazatteers Dept. Gupta, Parameswari Lal, 1965, The Early Coins from Kerala (Government of Kerala, Department of Archaeology series No. 1), Trivandrum: Department of Archaeology. Gurukkal, Rajan, 1981, "Aspects of Early Iron Age Economy: The Problems of Agrarian Expansion in Tamilakam", Reproduced in B.D Chattopadhyaya (ed) Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History, Delhi, Raghava Varier. M.R, and Rajan Gurukkal, ( ed.), 1999, Cultural History of Kerala, Vol. 1, Trivandrum, Department of Cultural Publications, Govt. of Kerala. 23

24 Gurukkal, Rajan, 2012, Social Formation of Early South India, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Iyer, Krishna, L.A., 1967, Kerala Megaliths and Their Builders, Madras, University of Madras, Kailasapathy, K., 1968, The Tamil Heroic Poetry, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Mahalingam, T.V., 1967, South Indian Polity, University of Madras. Manmadhan, M.R. (ed.), 2007, Archaeology in Kerala, Past and Present, Farook College Publication Division, Mathpal, Yashodhar, 1998, Rock Art in Kerala, New Delhi, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Narayanan, M.G.S., 1972, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Kerala Historical Society. Narayanan, M.G.S., 1982, 'The Warrior Settlements of the Sangam Age', Delhi, Proceeding of Indian History Congress, Kurukshetra. Raghava Varier, M.R. & Rajan Gurukkal, (ed.), 1999, Cultural History of Kerala, Trivandrum: Department of Cultural Publications. Rajan, K., 2002, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Thanjavur, Manoo Pathippakam. Rajendran, P., 1990, The Prehistoric Cultures and Environment: A Case Study of Kerala, New Delhi, Classical Publishing Company. Sastri, Nilakanta K.A., 1958, A History of South India from Pre-historic Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar, Madras, Oxford University Press. Sastri Nilakanta K.A., 1972, Sangam Literature: its Cults and Cultures, Madras, Swathi Publications. Satyamurti, T., Ramamurthy, K.K., G. Rajagopal, 1992, The Iron Age in Kerala: Report on Mangadu Excavation, Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala. Sivathamby Karthigesu, 1974, "Early South Indian Society and Economy:' The Tinai Concept, Social Scientist, (No. 20). Sivathamby, Karthigesu: 1995, Studies in Ancient Tamil Society: Economy, Society And the State Formation, New century Book House. Soman, K.C., 1997, Geology of Kerala, Geological Survey of India. Thapar, B.K., 1952, "Porkalam 1948: Excavation of a Megalithic Urn burial', Ancient India 8: 3-6. Zvelebil, Kamil, 1973, The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India, Netherlands: Brill. 24

25 c mw ska-ã HIS 8206 : {]mno\ \mkcnixiƒ HIS 8207 : C ymncn{xw H mw `mkw HIS 8208 : ticfncn{xw `mkw 2 HIS 8209 : `mcxobncn{xw BJym\ss]XrI߃ HIS 8210 : enjnx hn m\obw 25

26 -- HIS 8206 : {]mno\ \mkcnixiƒ bqwn v 1 {]mno\ \mk-cn-i-x-iƒ temiønse {]mno\ \mkcnixiƒ ]pcmhkvxp DXvJ\\߃- - A[nhmk tajeiƒ \mkcnixbpw kwkvimchpw k \߃ tkm U Nn tu \ho-\-in-em-bpk hnπ-hhpw \mk-cni hnπ-hhpw. bqwn v 2 saskm-s]m- -man-b \mk-cn-ix saskms]m manb \mkcnix - P\-ß-fpw A[n-hmk taj-e-ifpw kpta-cnb {][m\ \K-c-߃ \KchXvIcW {]{InbIƒ - - kaqlw A[nImc LS\IfpsS hf - `c-w-i Øm- ƒ km tkm UpwKn Im jni tajebpss hym]\w - - en]nbpss hf IyqWnt^mw kmlnxyw Ie - kmt XnI ss\]pwyw sxmgn tajeiƒ DXv]mZ\cwKw imkv{xob AdnhpIƒ \nba hyhÿ Bcm[\mk{ºZmb߃ knkp-dm-øp-iƒ sim m-c-߃. bqwn v 3 _m_n-tem-wn-b A o-dn-b kwkvim-c-߃ BZn _m_n-tem-wn-b P\-hn-`m-K-߃ _m_n-tem-wn-b \mk-cn-ix lωpd_n \nb-a-kw-lnx axhpw kaq-lhpw imkv{xhpw kmt -XnI hnzy-bpw. kmlnxyw Kn Kta-jns CXn-lmkw. A o-dn-b km{ampyw \K-c-߃ A p _m\n-]mƒ sk m-sn-dn_v ssk\yw {KŸ-im-e-Iƒ Ie. \h-_m- _n-tem-wn-b kwkvimcw Nm Un-b- m _m_n-tem-wn-b kwkvim-c- Øns ]p\-cp- m-c-ww. s\_p JZ-\- kmt -XnI hnzy tpymxn-imkv{xw Ie- Xqßn \n p txm w kmlnxyw _m_n-tem-wn-b tpm_v. bqwn v 4 CuPn-]vjy kwkvimcw CuPn]vXv s\bn \Zn-bpsS Zm\w cmp-`-c-w-]q -Imew s\mam p-iƒ cmp-hmgvn mew sa\kv {]mno\ cmp-hm-gvn- mew ]ncanupifpss Imew a[ycmphmgvn- mew \hcmp-hm-gvn- mew km{am-pyxz-øns Imew `cwti{µßƒ `cwi Øm- ƒ Xp vtamkv lm vsj vk v cm n Ba tlmss v \mem-a kmaqlycwkw- kmºønitaje 26

27 DXv]mZ\ -_- -߃ sxmgn _ ߃ - CuPn]vjy `mj ssltdm o^nivkv en]n kmlnxyw XXz-Nn imkv{x -kmt XnI cwksø hf Ie - hmkv-xp hnzy- ]nc-an-up-iƒ t {X-߃ hn m\taje axw ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ kq-cym-cm-[\ ac-wm-\- c PohnXw. bqwn v 5 No\m-\m-K-cn-IX No\m\mKcnIX - kmaqlycwkw cmp-hw-i-߃ A[nImct{iWn ñ No\en]n - kmt XnI hf - hmkv-xphnzy Bcm[\ k{ºzmbw kmlnxyw XXz- Nn klmbi{kÿ߃ Baizerman, Michael, 2012, Dawn and Sunset: Insight Into the Mystery of the Early Mesopotamian Civilization, Huston, Strategic Book Publishing. Brewer, Douglas J, 2014, Ancient Egypt: Foundations of a Civilization, Routledge. Gernet, Jacques, 1996, A History of Chinese Civilization, UK, Cambridge University Press, Johnson, Paul, 2012, The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt, Harper Collins. Kramer, Samuel Noah, 2010, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, University of Chicago Press. Loewe, Michael, Edward L. Shaughnessy, 1999, The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, UK, Cambridge University Press. Matthews, Rupert, Todd Van Pelt, 2009, Ancient Chinese Civilization, The Rosen Publishing Group. Maisels, Charles Keith, 2001, Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China, New York, Routledge. Moret A, 2013, The Nile and Egyptian Civilization, New York, Routledge. Needham, Joseph, , Science and Civilization in China, 7 volumes, UK, Cambridge University Press, Northrop, Douglas, 2012, A Companion to World History, UK, John Wiley & Sons. Pollock, Susan, 1999, Ancient Mesopotamia: An Eden that Never Was, Cambridge University Press. Possehl, Gregory L, 2003, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Vistaar Publications. Potts, Daniel T, 1997, Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, New York, Cornell University Press. 27

28 Ratnagar, Shereen, 1991, Enquiries into the Political Organization of Harappan Society, Ravish Publishers. Ratnagar, Shereen, 2001, Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley, Tulika Books. Spielvogel, Jackson J., 2014, Western Civilization: a Brief History, US/UK, Cengage Learning. Trigger, Bruce G, 2003, Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study, (Tr by R.T Clark) CUP. Waddell. L. A., 2013, Egyptian Civilization: Its Sumerian Origin and Real Chronology, Read Books Ltd. 28

29 - HIS 8207 : C ymncn{xw H mw `mkw bqwn v 1 inem-bpkw {]mno-\w, \ho\w {]mivncn{xw {]mno\ inembpkw BZnainembpKw skmlm\nb kwkv- Imcw - Ajqenb kwkv-imcw - a[yime inembpkw ñ ]nev meinembpkw kq va inembpkw - \ho\ inembpkw - AXncº w -] mhcw - Ckmw]q - DXv\q - Ip]vK -]niv enlm k \I p - _p kmlw apxembh - {]mivncn{x Ie - KplmNn{X߃ `ow_svi- _p kmlw- inemxm{abpkw K^{Im Al -amƒh kwkvimc߃ bqwn v 2 lmc- - -tam-l tpm-zmtcm kwkvir-xn-iƒ lmc mkwkvirxn- DXvJ\\߃ - lmc mkwkvirxn {]mno\ Zi - tkmxn - Ip n Awdn simxvunpn sal K lmc -hym]\w ]q Whf sbønb L w - taml tpmzmtcm lmc temyƒ Ien_wK - t[mfhoc- s_\mhmen cjnkm ln apxembh kaqlcq]oicww - h hn`p\w hn`thmxv]mz\w - hmwnpyw - B`y chmwnpyw ñ kap{zhmwnpyw - t] jym Dƒ S saks mt anb - BibtemIw - imkv{x m\w - \Kcmkq{XWw cm{ obls\ - hyxykvx hymjym\߃ - ti{µoirx `cwiqsw - Ãh v ]n v -hna i\w -hm F s^b k hokv, Fkv.kn amenjv - km{ampyw jdn cxv\mi - hna i\w- - Pnw jm^ - \KckwkvIrXnbpsS A yw? - hyxykvx hnizoicw߃ Bcym{IaWw - Fkv.B. dmhp - hna i\w- cma {]kmzv-nµ -sam na hoe - tpm PvtUbn kv - _n. _n. em - si.f.b si Un {]fbw -km n - tdm_ v-sdbnivkv - `piºw F v.un em Imemhÿmam w - Kp Zo]v knmv hmwnpym]nbw ]n melmc kwkvirxn- sszam_mzv `Khm ]q apxembh XpS Iƒ XpS bpss ÿm\߃ - Zt[cn ISv]em \mk 29

30 bqwn v 3 thz-im-ew, kº-zvhy-hÿ thzimew -kºzv-hyhÿ I pimen kºzv-hyhÿ Irjn - `panimkv{x ] møew D]Poh\ AXnPoh\ X{ ߃ - BibtemIw `mj Ccpºns D]tbmKw ñ hym]\w. bqwn v 4 sshzn-i-im-ew, cmp-hm-gvn-bpss XpS w sshzni kaqlw ]n mehym]\w - ix]y{_m WØnse IY - ]pcmxxz søfnhpiƒ - -P\]ZßfpsS XpS w tjmuip\]z߃ - cmphmgvnbpss Bcw`w ak[ Adnhpw Nn -bpw _p -ssp\a-x-߃. bqwn v 5 km{am-py-߃ DØ-tc- y-bn-tebpw Z n-tw- y-bn-tebpw km{am-py-߃ aucy-km-{ampyw N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy Atim-I-au-cy Ncn- {Xm-h-in-jvS-߃ P\-Po-hnXw `c-w-iqsw cmp-hmgvn \nb-a-߃ Atim- I-[ Ωw kmlnxyw in ]-hn-zybpw hmkvxp-hn-zybpw km{am-py-øns A yw. C tum -{Ko v - hmgvn-iƒ ] n-ta- y-bnse imi- -{X-]- m U m-\nse kmx-hm-l-\-cm-pm- - m Ipjm-W- m Z n-tw- - y-bnse tnc-tnmf ]mfiy- m \Kc-߃ ssisøm-gn h ØI-kw-L-߃ I -hsw kaq-l-l- S\ axw kmlnxyw Ie imkv{xw. klmbi{kÿ߃ k hn m\timiw, {]k `mk߃ Xrip, Id v_pivkv \mcmbw Fw. Pn. F v, Ncn{Xw, hyhlmcw, ticfhpw `mcxhpw, Xriq, Id v _pivkv. cmlhhmcnb.fw. B, 2011, kn pen]n ]T\w CXphsc, timgn-t msv, amxr- `qan _pivkv. cmlhhmcnb.fw. B, 2014, Ncn{XØnse C y, timgn-t m-sv, amxr-`qan _pivkv Allchin.F.R, 1963, Neolithic Cattle - Keepers of South India, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Allchin, Bridget, Raymond Allchin,1982, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chakrabarti, Dilip K., 1990, The External Trade of the Indus Civilization, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 30

31 Chakrabarti Dilip K., 1998, The Archaeology of Ancient Indian Cities, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Chakrabarti, Dilip K., 2009, India - An Archaeological History : Paleolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, Childe V, Gordon, 2003, (1936), Man Makes Himself, Spokesmen Books. Claessen, Henry JM, Peter Skalnik and P. Skalnik. 1978, The Early State, The Hague, New York, Mouton Publishers. Dhavalikar. M.K, 1988, The First Farmers of the Deccan, Pune, Ravish Publishers. Kimura and Achia Tanabe (ed.): 2005, State in India Past and Present, New Delhi, OUP. Kosambi. D.D, 1956, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay, Sangam Books Kosambi. D.D, 1997, The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical outline, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. Krader, Lawrence, 1968, Formation of the State, London, Prentice Hall Lahiri, Nayanjot, 2000, The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization, Permanent Black. Mabbet I.W, 1980, Truth, Myth and Politics in Ancient India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, Possehl, Gregory L, 1999, Indus Age: The Beginnings, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. Possehl, Gregory L, 1996, Indus Age: The Writing System, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Possehl Gregory L, 2002, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press Possehl, Gregory L, (Ed) 1993, Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. 2nd revised edition. Delhi: Oxford & IB and the American Institute of Indian Studies: Possehl, Gregory L, 1979, Ancient Cities of the Indus. Cardina Academic Press. Possehl, Gregory L,1986, Kulli: An Exploration of Ancient Civilization in South Asia Durham: Carolina Academic Press. Pusalker A.D. and R. C. Majumdar (New Edition), 2015, The Vedic Age, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Pusalker A.D. and R. C. Majumdar, (Ed) 1954, The Classical Age, Bombay, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan. Pusalker A.D. and R. C. Majumdar, 2001, The Age of the Imperial Unity, Bombay, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan. 31

32 Ratnagar, Shereen, 2002, Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley, Tulika Books. Ratnagar, Shereen, 1991, Enquiries into the Political Organization of Harappan Society, Ravish Publishers. Roy, Kumkum, 1994, Emergence of Monarchy in North India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Sharma.R.S, 1983, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. New Delhi, Macmillan Sharma R.S, 1990, Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India. New Delhi, Macmillan, (rpt). Sharma R.S, 1996, State and Varna Formations in the Mid - Ganga Plains. New Delhi, Manoharlal Publishers. Thapar, Romila, 1975, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Delhi, Orient Blackswan Thapar, Romila, 1975, The Past and Prejudice, New Delhi, National Book Trust Thapar, Romila, 1978, Exile and the Kingdom: Some thoughts on the Ramayana Bangalore, Mythic Society Thapar, Romila, 1987, The Mauryas Revisited. New Delhi, K.P.Bagchi and Company, Thapar, Romila, 1992, Interpreting Early India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press Thapar, Romila, 1997, 'Of Biographies and Kings', The Book Review Vol.xxi, No.8, August. Thapar, Romila, 1999, From Lineage to State, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Thapar, Romila, 2003, Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Thapar, Romila, 2012, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Thapar, Romila, 2015, Early India, From the Origins to AD 1300, Penguin books. 32

33 HIS 8208 : ticfncn{xw `mkw 2 bqwn v 1 enjn-x-߃, sfxn-ly-߃ D]mZm\߃- `qan-im-kv{x -hy-hÿ ]pcmhkvxp ]T\w- enjnx߃ - Xcnkm n ] bw - PqX bw - klnxye y߃-, \mwb߃ - ]pcmw߃ - sfxnly߃ awn-{]-hmfw k m-c-km-ln-xyw. bqwn v 2 J\-\w, hnf-iƒ `phn\ntbmkcq]߃ -Ccpºbn J\\w D phm ]dºpirjn - hb Irjn ñ hn`thmxv]mz\w [m\yhn`h߃ \mwyhnf - - D]IcWhnXm\w temlhnzy- Iq ptemlkmt XnIhnZy - ssiam w - hmwnpyw - t{iwniƒ A phæw awn{kmaw hf nb. bqwn v 3 s]cp-am- ƒ, \msp-hm-gn-iƒ s]cpamƒ hmgvn hyxy-kvx-kz-`mhw s]cpamfpw \msphmgnbpw - cmphmgv bpss ticfobcq]w, - \m ptk\iƒ ap q ph - A q ph apxembh {_m -W-{Km-a-ß-fpsS hmgvn. bqwn v 4 `mjm-hym-]-\w, m\-hym-]\w {_m Wm[nhmkw kwkvirx `mjmhym]\w m\hym]\w cmp hmgvnmcq]w hymjym\߃ - Ip hpw in bpw - I ߃- hnzym`ymkw imeiƒ Im fq ime ssp\ - _p kw`mh\iƒ {ioaq-e-hmkw t {X\mSIthZn IqSnbm w - \ßnbm \ß niƒ en]n k{ºzmbw hs gpøv {KŸen]nIƒ `mjbpw kmlnxyhpw {]mtz-ini -hy-h-ÿ hmwn-py-hn-i-k-\hpw temi-hy-h-ÿ-bpss hf -bpw temi-hy-h-ÿ-bpss A w LS-\. 33

34 bqwn v 5 kzcq]hmgvn, hmwnpyw kzcq]w \m p-s-b-h-cpss Iqdp-hm-gvN- q-spw-_-ßfn \n v kzcq-]-hm-gvn-bn-te v A[n-Im-c-kz-cq]w tzi-hm-gn, \msp-hmgn tic-f-ønse kzcq-]-߃ thwmsv, sh s]m-en-\m-sv, G h-f-\m-sv, h p-h-\m-sv, Ipdp-ºp-ssd-\m-Sv, time-øp-\msv hn`-h-t{km-x v hmwn-py-{]m-[m\yw awn-{]-hm-f-km-lnxyw hmwn-py-øns hmmvabw F \ne-bn. klmbi{kÿ߃ Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-f³, 1953, `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw \qäm--p-i-fnâ, tim-«bw. Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-f³, 1953, tic-f-`m-j-bpss hnim-k-]-cn-wm-a- Ä, tim-«bw. Ipª³]nÅ, Cfw-Ip-fw, ]n.-f³, 1959, P n-k-{¼-zm-bw ticf nâ,- tim-«bw, \mj-wâ _p v ÌmÄ Ipdp- v. si.-si.-f³ (FUn), 1986, IqSmfn {KÙ-hcn, Imen- äv bqwn-th-gvknän lntìm-dn-  kocokv, \w. 2, bqwn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen- äv. Ipdp- v. si.-si.-f³ (FUn), 1990, Ih-f- md t]t gvkv, Imen- äv bqwn-thgvknän lntìm-dn-  kocokv, \w. 4, bqwn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen- äv. KtW-jv si. -F³, 1997, tic-f- nsâ C -se-iä, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, ticf kmwkvim-cni {]kn-²o-i-c-w-h-ip- v. KtW-jv si. -F³, 2012, tic-f-kaqlw C v \msf, tim«bw, kmln-xy-{]-hà - I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw. Kp-À«v slàa³, (1868), 2014, tic-f-]-g-a, kv dnb k -dn-b (-F-Un), tim«-bw, kmln-xy-{]-hà I kl-i-c-w-kw-lw. tzh-bm-\n.si (1989) 2011, tnmcbpw I ocpw \\ª hgn-i-ä, XriqÀ, ka-x. \mc-b-w³ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv (FUn), 1984, htªcn {KÙ-hcn, Imen- äv bqwn-thgvknän lntìm-dn-  kocokv, \w. 1, bqwn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen- äv. cmlhhmcnbà., Fw. BÀ, 1990, tic-fo-bx Ncn-{X-am-\- Ä, ipi-]p-cw, håt mä hnzym-]otw cml-h-hm-cn-bà Fw.- BÀ, 2006, A½ hgn-ti-c-fw, XrÈqÀ, tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan cml-h-hm-cn-bà Fw.- BÀ, 1994, a²y-im-e-ti-cfw, hff-t mä hnzym]otw, ipi- ]pcw. cml-h-hm-cn-bà Fw.-BÀ & cmp³ Kpcp- Ä, 1991, tic-f-n-cn-{xw, thmfyw.1, ipi- ]p-cw, hå-t mä hnzym-]otw 34

35 cml-h-hm-cn-bà.-fw.-bà, 2014, a²y-im-e-ti-cfw: kzcq] \oxn-bpss Ncn{X ]mt- Ä, tim«-bw, \mj-wâ _p v ÌmÄ. cml-h-hm-cn-bà.-fw.-bà, 1984, tic-tfmâ] n {KÙ-hcn, time p\m«p hg- - Ä, Imen- äv bqwn-th-gvknän lntìm-dn-  kocokv, \w. 3, bqwn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen- äv. cxv\-½, 1976, A\- -]p-c-hà \w, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, {Zmhn-Un-b³ enwkzn-ìnivkv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ tic-f-kàh-i-em-im-e. cml-h³]n-å, (1958), 1983, aqjn-i-hwiw: aqehpw ]cn-]m-j-bpw, Xncp-\- -]pcw, {iopn- v.-c, 2016, tic-f- nse hnzym-`ym-kw, Ncn{XwþhÀ -am-\w, tim«bw, kmln- Xy-{]-hÀ -I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw. kmw.-f³, 2005, Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS k¼qà -Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw. 1 A m-cmjv{s tic-f-]-t-\-ti-{µw, Imcy-h-«w, ticfm bqwn-th-gvkn-än lcn-zm-kv.-hn.hn, 2015, amam- hpw Nmthdpw, tim«bw, kmln-xy-{]-hà -I-k-l- I-c-W-kwLw. Abraham, Meera, 1988, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India, Delhi, Manohar Publications. Achutha Menon & S.K. Nair (ed), Ballads of North Malabar, Vol-1, 1956, Vol - II 1957, Vol - III 1958, Madras. Champakalakshmi. R, Kesavan Veluthat, T.R.Venugopalan (Ed) 1994 : State and Society in Pre Modern Kerala, Trissur, Cosmos Books. Cherian.P.J. (Ed), 1999, Perspectives on Kerala History: The second millenium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Gazetteers Department. Gurukkal, Rajan, 1992, The Kerala Temple and Early Medieval Agrarian System, Sukapuram, Vallathol Vidya Peedom Gurukkal Rajan, 2012, Social Formations of Early South India, Oxford University Press Hall Kenneth.R., (Ed), 1980, Trade and State Craft in the Age of the Colas, Delhi, Abhinav Publications. Karashima.N, 2009, Transition from Ancient to Medieval South India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press Kurup. K.K.N (Ed) 1995, New Dimensions in South Indian History, University of Calicut. Kenneth.R.Hall, (Ed), 2005, Structure of Society in Early South India: Essays in Honour of Naboru Karashima, Oxford University Press. Narayanan M.G.S., 2013, Perumals of Kerala (Text of Phd dissertation, Political and social conditions of Kerala under the Kulasekhara Empire, University of Kerala, 1972), Trissur. 35

36 Narayanan M.G.S., 1977 Re-Interpretations in South Indian History, Trivandrum, College Book House Narayanan M.G.S., (1977), 2009, Foundations of South Indian History and culture,thiruvananthapuram Narayanan.M.G.S, 1972 Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram. Raja. P.K.S.1966, Medieval Kerala, Trivandrum, Navakerala Co-op Publishing House Raghava Varier.M.R, 1994, Village Community in Pre-Colonial Kerala, Mysore, Place Names Society of India. Stein, Burton, 2005, Peasant, State and Society in Medieval South India, ACLS History E-Book Project. Veluthat Kesavan, 2010, The Early Medieval in South India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press. Veluthat, Kesavan, 1993, The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India, Orient Longman. Veluthat, Kesavan, (1978), 2013 Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, Revised and Enlarged Edition, Trissur, Cosmo books. 36

37 HIS 8209 : `mcxobncn{xw BJym\ss]XrI߃ bqwn v 1 `qx- -Ime k ]\w {]mno\ C ybnse `qxime k ev]\w - C ybnse `qxime k ev]\sø pdn p A[n\nthi ho W߃- Ncn{XmJym\ cq]߃ ImesØ pdn p k ]\w {]amwkma{kniƒ -{]mno\cn\iƒ- hymjym\nn - CXnlmk]pcmW]mcºcyw tkm{xøn \n pw cm{ k ev]\ønte v kqx amk[ ]mcºcyw thzßfpw D]\njØp fpw - ssp\ - _p ]mcºcyw temimbx - APohnI - Nm hmi hwimheniƒ - l jncnxw cmpxcwknwn aqjihwiimhyw. bqwn v 2 Ncn-{X-c-N-\m]mc-ºcyw a[yime C ybnse Ncn{XcN\ k mc pdn piƒ sim mcncn{xcn\ - kp Øm\Øv ImeL w apkƒ]mcºcyw Aao Jp{kp _dm\n, A_p ^mk XpSßnbh - Ncn{X cn\bpss tziob]mcºcyw - Z ntw y Ncn{X ]mcºcyw- sxep v I WmSIw Xangv aebmfw. bqwn v 3 A[n-\n-thi Ncn-{X-c-N\ A[n\nthiNcn{XcN\ C ysb pdn p ]uckvxyhmz\nco W߃ Ct mfpn hneyw tpm kv amivkv ap Chm PenÃpIfpw bp nent dnb\nãpifpw -km{ampyxz kao]\߃ -Pbnwkv an hn sk v kvanøv A[n\nthi Ncn{XcN\bpsS khntijxiƒ tziobhmznifpss {]XnIcWw tziobhmz Ncn{XcN\bpsS khntijxiƒ -si.]n Pbkzmƒ B. kn. appwzm - F v.kn. dmbv Nu[cn - si.f. \oeiwv-timkv{xn B.Pn `fim si. Fw ]Wn. bqwn v 4 ]pxp-n-cn-{x-[m-c-iƒ am IvknÃv kao]\w / ]pxpncn{x[mciƒ - cp\n]msa ZØv F.B tzimbn Un.Un simkmw_n C ymncn{x cn\bnse NphSpam w simkmw_nbpss Ncn{X]cnt{] yw simkmw_nbpss Ncn{XcYysb 37

38 hnikn n h B.Fkv. i Ω tdmane Ym] - _n] N{µ C ^m l_o_v si.f ]Wn XpSßnbh \htiw{_nuvpv kviqƒ A\n ko kn.f. s_bven Un.F. hmjv- {_q v kn. sp. t_ Iogmf Ncn{Xkao]\w kpanxv k m cwpnøv Kpl ]m m Nm Pn, Kym ]msfi, Zot]jv N{I_ Øn XpSßnbh Iogmf Ncn{X hna iw - tdmken Uv H lm e kpanxv k m - {InÃ^ s_bv-en -hnthiv Nn m. bqwn v 5 amdp ]cn-t{]- yw, kap-zm- -b- -N-cn{Xw kv{xo ] Ncn{Xw/ enwk ]Zhn Ncn{Xw - - Ip pw tdmbv - Ip pw kmwkcn - Da N{Ih Øn ZfnXv- Ncn{X߃ - Im Geø tkm]m Kpcp cmw \mcmb dmhøv j anf sdsk k\ taml XpSßnbh -{]mtzini Ncn{Xw amdp ]cnt{] yw kzxzw kap-zm-b-n-cn-{xw. klmbi{kÿ߃ Ahmad, Aijaz, 1992, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, London, Verso Arberry, A.J. 1943, British Orientalists, London, Brockington, J. L., 1985, Righteous Rama: The Evolution of an Epic, Oxford University Press. Bulcke, Kamil, 2010, Ramakatha And Other Essays, Vani Prakashan. Chakravarti, Uma, 2003, Gendering Caste: Through a Feminist Lens, Bhatkal & Sen Chatterjee, Partha and Anjan Ghosh (ed), 2003, History and the Present, Permanent Black. Currie, Kate, 1996, Beyond Orientalism, Calcutta, K.P.Bagchi and Co. Grewal, J.S, 1975, Medieval India: History and Historians, Guru Nanak University. Guru, Gopal, Sunder Sarukkai, 2012, The Cracked Mirror: An Indian Debate on Experience and Theory, Delhi, OUP. Guha Ranajit, 1988, ì"on Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India'', Guha Ranajit and Gayathri Spivak, (ed.) Selected Subaltern Studies, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Guha Ranajit, 1982, ìsubaltern Studies, (Vol. 2,3,4) New Delhi, Oxford University Press Hasan, Mohibbul (ed), 1997, Historians of Medieval India, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal. Ilaiah, Kancha.B, 1990, Imagining India, New Delhi, Blackwell Publishers Ilaiah, Kancha.B, 2004, Buffalo Nationalism: A Critique of Spiritual Fascism, Popular Prakashan. Keay, John, 1981, India Discovered, London, Harper Collins. 38

39 Kopf, David, 1969, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: the Dynamics of Indian Modernization, , University of California Press. Ludden, David, (ed.), 2005, Reading Subaltern Studies, Delhi, Permanent Black Mackenzie, John M., 1995, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts, Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press. Majeed, Javed, 1992, Ungoverned Imaginings: James Mill's the History of British India and Orientalism, The Clarendon Press. Mohan, Sanal.P, 2015, Modernity of Slavery: Struggles Against Caste Inequality in Colonial Kerala, Oxford University Press. Mukherjee, S.N., Sir William Jones: 1987, A Study of Eighteenth Century British Attitudes to India, Bombay, Cambridge University Press Mukhia, Harbans, 1976, Historians and Historiography During the Reign of Akbar, Vikas Publishing House. Nizami, K.A, 1983, On History and Historians of Medieval India, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal. Pargiter, F.E, 1962, The Purana Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. Pargiter, F.E., 1973, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan Pathak V.S., 1966, The Ancient Historians of India, Bombay Philips C.H. (ed), 1986, Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, Dept. of History, University of Kerala. Said, Edward.W, 1987, Orientalism, New York, Pantheon Books, Sankalia H.D., 1973, Ramayana: Myth or Reality?, New Delhi, People's Pub House. Subrahmanyam Sanjay, Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Shulman, 1990, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India , OUP Thapar, Romila, 2003, Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History, New Delhi, Oxford University Press Thapar, Romila, 1978, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Delhi,Orient Longman pvt.ltd Thapar, Romila, 1975, The Past and Prejudice, New Delhi, NBT. Thapar, Romila, 1993, Interpreting Early India, New Delhi, OUP. Thapar, Romila, 1996, Why I Am Not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva, Philosophy, Culture, and Political Economy, Culcutta, Samya. Thapar, Romila., 1978, Exile and the Kingdom, Bangalore. Upadhyay Neelam and Rekha Pandey, "Women in India: Past and Present", Allahabad, Chugh Publications. Viswanathan, Gauri, 1980, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British rule in India, Columbia University Press. 39