Introduction. James Corkery and Thomas Worcester
|
|
- Neal Todd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction Many images could have been selected for the cover of this book; we chose Corot s View of Rome, painted in It offers a particular angle of perspective on the dome of St. Peter s, the Castel Sant Angelo, and the Ponte Sant Angelo across the Tiber river. The St. Peter s Basilica that exists today, and is seen in Corot s image, was begun shortly after 1500, and over these last five centuries it has become a central place for the pope to function as pastor, celebrating sacraments and preaching and teaching. The basilica has also served as the venue for the two most recent ecumenical councils, councils called by the pope. The Castel Sant Angelo (begun in 135 ce) was originally the tomb of the Emperor Hadrian, and popes for centuries used it as a fortress for protection against enemies and/or as a prison. This tomb, fortress, and prison thus evokes the history of the pope as a princely head of state, and successor to the caesars. This book places special emphasis on how two roles of the pope prince and pastor have evolved over the past 500 years. Attention is also paid to the role of patron, a role closely associated with that of prince. Though the pope has become principally if not exclusively a pastor, a kind of universal pastor, the chapters that follow explore some of the complexities of how he has become that. It will become clear that it has not been through a simple, linear evolution, and still less solely through free choices made by popes. If the pope as prince was frequently challenged, so too has been his role as universal pastor, as a pastor claiming a kind of universal jurisdiction and doctrinal authority throughout the world. What popes have done is less the focus of this book than is the question of how performance of certain functions or roles has been perceived, promoted, and/or critiqued. How the roles of prince and patron have been largely replaced by that of pastor alone will be examined, as well as how that transition has been elicited from the papacy by a wide variety of factors and forces at times beyond papal control. 1
2 2 What this book is not should perhaps be underlined. It is not another general history of the papacy; there are already many excellent works of that genre, Eamon Duffy s among them. 1 Nor is it a comprehensive, chronological, or alphabetical account of one pope after the next, such as many fine dictionaries and encyclopedias offer. Rather, this book examines a number of especially significant popes since about 1500, significant for the ways in which their pontificates reveal tensions about, reactions to, developments in, and changes in the role or roles of the pope as prince and/or pastor. Renaissance Rome is where this book begins. John W. O Malley, in his work on preaching before the papal court in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, has studied the kind of preaching that was done in that time and place. The preachers were usually members of religious orders; the pope himself did not preach, though much of the preaching was done in his presence. 2 That the pope rarely if ever preached may come as a surprise to those familiar with the papacy of John Paul II or of other recent popes. Preaching has come to be a major part of the pastoral role of the pope, and the pastoral role has come to take precedence over any other roles. Much has changed in the last 500 years. To be more specific in chronology, by the papacy since 1500 we mean the papacy since the pontificate of Julius II ( ), Giuliano della Rovere. Julius was the epitome of what is sometimes referred to as a Renaissance pope. He lived as an Italian prince of that time, and thus he spent much of his efforts on war, seeking to defend and, better yet, extend his territory on the Italian peninsula. He was even called the warrior pope, and, wearing armor, he led troops into battle. 3 The beneficiary of nepotism his uncle was Sixtus IV, who made the young Giuliano a cardinal Julius II bribed his way to election as pontiff, replacing Pius III, who died less than a month after his election. Though Julius did not have as many mistresses and illegitimate children as some bishops of Renaissance Rome, his daughter Felice played a prominent role in early sixteenth-century Rome, as a recent biography of her makes clear. 4 Pope Julius was one of the great Renaissance patrons of the arts, choosing the very best artists of the 1 Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). 2 John W. O Malley, Praise and Blame in Renaissance Rome: Rhetoric, Doctrine, and Reform in the Sacred Orators of the Papal Court, c (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979). O Malley has recently published an overview of papal history: A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present (Lanham, MD: Sheed & Ward, 2010). 3 See Christine Shaw, Julius II, the Warrior Pope (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993). 4 See Caroline Murphy, The Pope s Daughter: The Extraordinary Life of Felice della Rovere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
3 Introduction day, Michelangelo among them. The pope as patron of the arts emerged as equal to the pope as pastor or as warrior prince. Julius laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter s Basilica, the basilica we see today. One of the ways in which he financed his bellicose and cultural enterprises was through the sale of indulgences, and Martin Luther s critique of such practices is usually considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. 5 Frederic J. Baumgartner s chapter in this volume highlights how Julius, who may have chosen this name in imitation not of an earlier pope but of Julius Caesar, was perceived as above all a prince and warrior devoted to expansion and defense of his territories, the Papal States, and to driving French troops out of Italy. Julius was seen as impetuous, prone to fits of rage, and ready to put all sorts of things up for sale, indulgences included, in order to fill the papal treasury. The role of Julius as patron of artists such as Michelangelo, Bramante, and Raphael was seen at the time as an integral part of his role as prince, but also as part of his role as supreme pastor of the Catholic Church. Baumgartner points out that many of the negative assessments of Julius came from outside the Papal States and indeed outside Italy. Many of the popes in the sixteenth century came from the most powerful families in Italy. Julius II s family, the della Rovere, was actually of relatively modest standing compared with the Medici, the family of Julius s successor, Leo X ( ). Though the Protestant Reformation was well underway by the end of his pontificate, Leo seems to have had other priorities, including patronage of the arts and fascination with a pet elephant given to him by the King of Portugal. 6 Leo was not the only Medici pope; his cousin Giulio, whom he had made Archbishop of Florence and a cardinal, reigned as Clement VII ( ). Kenneth Gouwens s chapter in this volume examines Clement s eventful pontificate, including the 1527 sack of Rome by troops of Emperor Charles V. For an extreme case of a negative response to, or reception of, a pope s actions, it would be hard to find a better example than this. Clement and the entire city of Rome paid dearly for papal support of the French in the on-going wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Gouwens shows how Clement was more successful in promoting Medici power in Florence than he was in pursuing his many goals as Bishop of Rome. Still, Gouwens makes clear that, as patron of the arts, Clement was viewed favorably, for he extended 3 5 For Luther on the papacy, see Scott Hendrix, Luther and the Papacy: Stages in a Reformation Conflict (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981). 6 See Silvio Bedini, The Pope s Elephant (Nashville: Sanders, 1998).
4 4 papal support not only to the visual arts but to music and literature. Gouwens also considers both hostile assessments of Clement especially as prince made in the 1520s and 1530s, and how recent historiography has been more balanced in its accounts of Clement s reign. Paul III succeeded in convoking a council at Trent. One of the most interesting things about the Council of Trent, meeting between 1545 and 1563, is its reform decrees calling on bishops and parish priests to get their act together, reside in their dioceses and parishes, and make pastoral ministry their priority. Such changes surely were an innovation for many clerics in that era. The silences of Trent are also interesting. These stand out: there is nothing at Trent on the church expanding outside Europe, in the Americas and elsewhere, even though by the time the council met such expansion was very considerable. And there is no decree at Trent on papal authority, despite repudiation of the papacy by Luther, Calvin, and other Protestant reformers. It is true that in the closing session of Trent, in 1563, the council fathers voted to seek papal confirmation of the council s canons and decrees, confirmation that was obtained from Pope Pius IV. In the following years implementation of Trent was promoted by popes such as Pius V. For example, the council had asked the pope to oversee publication of a revised Roman missal, and Pius V did that. 7 In her chapter, Pamela M. Jones considers what led to Pius V ( ) being canonized as a saint a century and a half after his death. In other words, she examines post-mortem reception of Pius V, especially by his successors as pope. Jones highlights tensions in the image of Pius V that emerged beginning with the pontificate of Sixtus V ( ), who initiated the process for beatification and eventual canonization of Pius V. Pius was remembered both as a warrior, most especially as one of the leaders of a coalition that led to a naval victory over the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, and as a man of intense prayer before the crucifix and of deep devotion to Our Lady of the Rosary. In the decades after Trent, as the papacy took more seriously its pastoral role, popes also strove to keep up, as it were, with other heads of state. Post-Tridentine popes worked hard as princes and as pastors. 8 And 7 For an excellent summary of what Pius V did as pope, see A. D. Wright, The Early Modern Papacy: From the Council of Trent to the French Revolution, (New York: Longman, 2000), See Paolo Prodi, The Papal Prince: One Body and Two Souls: The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe, trans. Susan Haskins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). See also Prodi s revised version, Il sovrano pontefice: un corpo e due anime: la monarchia papale nella prima età moderna (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2006).
5 Introduction 5 they were very image-conscious, as we might say. The rebuilding of Rome, architecturally and spiritually, was a primary concern; 9 the completion of the new St. Peter s, intended to be the largest church in Christendom, was a major focus for popes through the mid-seventeenth century. Papal rituals also helped to promote the dignity, the authority, the mystique of the papacy. Peter Burke has argued that the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were a kind of high-water mark for elaborate rituals that were designed to display the pre-eminence of the pope in both temporal and spiritual realms. Julius II had founded the Swiss Guards, and there were other mercenary troops employed by popes, but the lack of an army comparable to that of most princes or kings had to be compensated for in some way, and in part, at least, by ritual: its magnificence, its complexity, its ability to display hierarchical order. For example, most visitors to the pope had to genuflect at two points as they crossed a room to meet the Holy Father; then they knelt to kiss his foot. For some occasions, trumpets were sounded when the pope made his entrance, carried in procession on a throne and surrounded by large fans of ostrich or white peacock feathers. When a new pope took possession of his cathedral St. John Lateran triumphal arches were erected for the procession to the basilica, and fountains flowed with wine. When the pope gave his urbi et orbi blessing from the loggia of St. Peter s, not only were bells rung but cannons were fired. 10 The urbi et orbi blessing was for the city of Rome and for the world. Post- Tridentine popes focused not only on Rome, but on the entire world, a world in which the Catholic Church was increasingly present, through the efforts of missionaries sent to the corners of the earth. When Pope Gregory XV created the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in 1622, he acted as a kind of universal pastor, seeking to ensure a greater measure of papal supervision of evangelization beyond the limits of Catholic Europe. Gregory s efforts sought also to limit the power of Catholic monarchs over the church in their realms, but in the following centuries it was the monarchs of Spain, Portugal, and France that limited papal authority the most severely. 9 See Frederick McGinness, Right Thinking and Sacred Oratory in Counter-Reformation Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995). 10 Peter Burke, Sacred Rulers, Sacred Priests: Rituals of the Early Modern Popes, in The Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Italy: Essays on Perception and Communication (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), On the rituals for taking possession of St. John Lateran, see also Irene Fosi, Court and City in the Ceremony of the possesso in the Sixteenth Century, in Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia, eds., Court and Politics in Papal Rome, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
6 6 Of seventeenth-century popes, none stands out more for his patronage of the arts, and for his efforts to function as a significant prince on the international stage, than Urban VIII ( ). Well known for his patronage of the sculptor and architect Gianlorenzo Bernini, whom he considered a Michelangelo of his own, 11 Urban also supported the other arts, including music. 12 Urban s pontificate fell within the period of what we now call the Thirty Years War ( ). His efforts to play a significant role in that major war and in its resolution were largely frustrated by a variety of factors. The pope was seen by many as an ineffectual prince. In her chapter in this volume, Sheila Barker examines criticism of Urban disseminated by pasquinades: brief, anonymous satirical writings, usually written in verse, both during and after Urban s reign. Though later generations would deplore the condemnation of Galileo s heliocentrism, a condemnation made under Urban VIII s authority, Barker shows how in Italy, at least, in Urban s own time, a range of other alleged papal faults were considered far more significant. From the 1640s on, Jansenists, taking their initial inspiration from Cornelius Jansen s work on St. Augustine, emphasized the sinfulness of humanity and the authority of Augustine, an authority they placed above that of the pope. Gemma Simmonds s chapter offers a sympathetic account of Jansenist non-reception of papal teaching authority in the second half of the seventeenth century. She shows how Jansenists juxtaposed what they identified as ancient traditions of Augustinian theology and of conciliarist ecclesiology with more recent and novel papal efforts to exercise absolute doctrinal authority and to turn aside Augustinian tradition. Simmonds also points out that the Jansenist spokesman Blaise Pascal, in his Provincial Letters of , mentioned the papal condemnation of Galileo as an example of papal fallibility. The eighteenth century was a time of enormous challenges to the popes, and not solely from a resilient Jansenism. One of the biggest changes in the exercise of the papal office over the last 500 years has been in the role of heads of state in church matters such as appointment of bishops. Whereas cathedral chapters had often chosen bishops in the Middle Ages, in the early modern era ( ) Catholic monarchs enjoyed that prerogative, in Portugal, Spain, and France. National churches, under royal patronage, existed in no small tension with a papacy of increasingly international 11 Howard Hibbard, Bernini (New York: Penguin, 1990), See Frederick Hammond, Music and Spectacle in Baroque Rome: Barberini Patronage under Urban VIII (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
7 Introduction 7 pretensions. The Catholic monarchs of Europe were pleased to control episcopal nominations in their kingdoms, but they wanted more than that. By the 1700s, kings pushed hard against papal interference in their territories; separation of church and state was not the monarchs goal, but rather the thorough subjection of national churches to kings. Pope Benedict XIV ( ) was the first pope to utilize the encyclical as a way of making the papal magisterium function in a universal way, but he did so in an age when his role as universal pastor was contested by many voices, not least those of the Catholic heads of state. 13 Worse was to come for the papacy. The French Revolution and Napoleon seemed for a time to have nearly destroyed it. The Papal States were occupied repeatedly by French troops; Pope Pius VI ( ) died in France, a prisoner of Napoleon. His successor, Pius VII ( ), was elected in a conclave held in Venice. As Cardinal and Bishop Chiaramonte, the future Pius VII was considered a moderate, or at least as somewhat open to some of the Revolution s ideals. But agreement between Pius VII and Napoleon on a concordat governing church and state in France did not prevent Napoleon s troops from suppressing the Papal States and taking Pius VII prisoner. But this pope outlived Napoleon s empire and returned to Rome a hero in Thomas Worcester s chapter explores reception of Pius VII, and finds that being seen as persecuted by and as a survivor of Napoleon s imperialism served Pius and the papacy very well. In an age of restoration of monarchical authority, not only did Ultramontanists seek to restore the pope s authority to what it had been before what they saw as the horrors of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but they wanted the pope to play a greater and more direct role as head of the church than had ever been the case. Pius IX ( ) was happy to oblige. Ciarán O Carroll s chapter examines how Pius IX fought a losing battle to retain the Papal States, and yet won, at the same time, a greater role as pastor of the universal church, especially as teacher of doctrine. The pope may no longer have been a prince as well as a pastor, but as pastor he was stronger than before. Conciliarism was rejected not only by a pope but by a council when Vatican I affirmed the possibility for the pope to speak infallibly, if certain conditions were fulfilled, on matters of faith or morals. O Carroll also shows how under Pius IX centralization of the Catholic Church progressed rapidly, and how Ireland in particular helped to lead the way in enthusiastic reception and implementation of an Ultramontanist vision of the church. 13 On Benedict XIV, see Duffy, Saints & Sinners,
8 8 Though it would be hard to overstate the role of reaction against the French Revolution in nineteenth-century European Catholicism, by the end of the century, Pope Leo XIII ( ) pointed in some other directions. He encouraged French Catholics to accept and work within the poli tical structures of the Republic. In his 1891 encyclical, Rerum novarum (literally, Of New Things ), Leo applied a Thomistic understanding of natural rights to the question of capital and labor in the industrial age. He insisted that the state has a duty to intervene in the economy to protect the dignity of workers. Laissez-faire capitalism Leo presented as a threat to human rights no less menacing than a socialism that would confiscate all private property. Some papal encyclicals never get much attention and are quickly forgotten, perhaps deservedly; Thomas Massaro s chapter shows how Rerum novarum is most certainly not in that category. In many places, Catholic politicians and labor leaders were inspired by Leo s teaching and put it into practice. Popes after Leo XIII saw fit to recall and update the themes of his Rerum novarum: for example, Pius XI s Quadragesimo anno (1931), John Paul II s Centesimus annus (1991), and Benedict XVI s Caritas in veritate (2009). From the reign of Pope Leo XIII on, the publication of encyclicals and other papal documents, on doctrinal and spiritual matters as well as on questions of social justice, became a very major part of what popes did. The pope as a spokesman for human rights and human dignity eventually became a part of what people expected of a pope and not just what Catholics expected, but others as well. A defense of human rights that was grounded in a theory of natural rights could be directed to a worldwide audience, not solely to a Christian one that recognized biblical imperatives. While Leo s Thomism no doubt had elements of a very conservative looking-back to what was imagined as a golden age of thirteenth-century philosophy and theology, it also helped to point ahead to a prophetic style of papal discourse which popes such as Paul VI and John Paul II frequently employed. But, as may be repeated many times, the development of the papacy has rarely been in a straight line. It has been a matter of two steps forward and one back, and perhaps one sideways. Leo XIII s successor, Pius X ( ), had none of the zeal for Catholic intellectual life that animated his predecessor, and he pursued a relentless campaign against historical critical scholarship, perceived as a threat to Catholic doctrine. Yet Pius X also is remembered for encouraging frequent reception of communion and for allowing a younger age for first communion than had previously been the common practice. He was eventually beatified and canonized.
9 Introduction 9 Pius X died just as World War I began. When the Papal States existed, popes had often hired troops to fight wars for them, and entered into po - li tical and military alliances just like any other state. Since 1870, there had been no papal state. Charles R. Gallagher s chapter considers both how and why Benedict XV adopted an impartial stance in time of war, and the generally negative reception of this stance. During World War I, the impartiality of Benedict XV ( ) irritated governments on both sides, which suspected him of really favoring their enemies. 14 Gallagher gives special attention to British reception (or non-reception) of Benedict s policies during that war. It was also during World War I that Benedict published the Code of Canon Law. This publication surely reinforced the role of the pope as universal lawmaker in the church. But Benedict s efforts to broker a peace deal in World War I failed, and when the Armistice of 1918 came, he was refused the right to send a representative to the peace conference at Versailles. Pius XI ( ) resolved the Roman Question through the 1929 Lateran Accords, signed by the Holy See and by the Kingdom of Italy. The pope was once again a head of state (Vatican City). John F. Pollard s chapter considers how from Pius XI s creation of Vatican Radio in the early 1930s, the pope has become a kind of electronic pastor, with technological advances allowing his message to reach the ends of the earth. The impartial stance of Pius XII ( ) during World War II, and especially his alleged silence in the face of the extermination of millions of Jews, remains controversial. Critics continue to contend that Pius XII should have played a more public and prophetic role, in particular by exposing and denouncing the Holocaust. Pollard considers especially the significance of Vatican Radio broadcasts in helping to sort out such heated questions. For the post-world War II era, Pollard examines the pope on television and in film, up to John XXIII ( ). Reception of the pope henceforth included viewing him on one s own television screen; the pope could be seen and heard live, in one s own home, everywhere. The Ultramontanist bishops of the First Vatican Council could not have dreamt of such a vast opportunity to promote a pope-centered church. October 1962 saw the first sessions of the Second Vatican Council ( ), a council called by Pope John, but one that did most of its work in the pontificate of Paul VI ( ). John O Malley, in his recent book What Happened at Vatican II, argues that the council adopted a new 14 See John F. Pollard, The Unknown Pope: Benedict XV ( ) and the Pursuit of Peace (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1999).
10 10 style of discourse. Unlike earlier councils that had delineated what was Catholic and what was not by issuing condemnations and drawing firm boundaries, Vatican II put in place a model largely based on persuasion and invitation. This new style relied heavily on concepts such as dialogue, cooperation, partnership; Vatican II so radically modified the legislative and judicial model that had prevailed since the first council, Nicaea, in 325, that it virtually abandoned it. 15 If O Malley is right, a key question for the papacy since that of Paul VI is whether or not the pope has adopted such a new style. Linda Hogan s chapter looks at reception of both Paul VI and John Paul II ( ) in their teachings on sex and on war. Paul VI s 1968 encyclical, Humanae vitae, stands out as a case of controversial papal teaching. Some might call the encyclical prophetic. Its reception was often negative, especially in Europe and North America. But Paul s teachings on war and peace also met with mixed reception. As Vatican II met, Paul VI traveled to places where no pope had been before. Modern technology had made possible a different style of the papacy, as itinerant as it was Roman. Paul VI s 1965 address to the United Nations helped to establish a new model of the papacy: one that was prophetic, on pilgrimage, and concerned to promote the good of all human beings in this world, not solely their salvation in the next. In the very year in which the United States dramatically increased its war effort in Vietnam, Paul VI pleaded for there to be no more war. The prophetic voice, however, is actually quite a different one from what O Malley attributes to Vatican II. 16 The prophet proclaims uncomfortable or unpopular truths and is rarely conciliatory or collaborative. It is easy to pass over the brief pontificate of John Paul I, some thirtythree days in August September He turned out to be the last Italian pope in a tradition of Italians-only popes that had lasted since But even in his brief pontificate, John Paul I managed to make a significant change that his two successors have followed: he abandoned the ritual of coronation with the tiara. This was no small innovation, especially for turning the page on some of the more imperial trappings of the papacy. Pope John Paul II developed Paul VI s itinerant model of the papacy further, with much more travel, all around the world. He also published many encyclicals and other writings in defense of human life and human dignity. Indeed, the prophetic style characterized much of John Paul s 15 John O Malley, What Happened at Vatican II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), O Malley discusses prophetic culture as one of four cultures in his Four Cultures of the West (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004),
1519 election of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor War in Italy between Hapsburg Charles V. and French King Francis I
End of the Renaissance in Italy Italian Wars 1494 1530 1494 French invasion again in 1499 and 1515 1519 election of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor 1520-1530 War in Italy between Hapsburg Charles V and
More information+ To Jesus Through Mary. Name: Per. Date: Eighth Grade Religion ID s
+ To Jesus Through Mary Name: Per. Date: Eighth Grade Religion ID s Chapter Eleven: The Dawn of a New Age (1814 -- 1914) 1. Liberalism A movement which seeks to obtain more personal freedoms; such as the
More informationGrade 8 Chapter 11 Study Guide
Grade 8 Chapter 11 Study Guide 1300 1500 A.D. are known as the late Middle Ages. This was a time of disease, disorder and great change in the church. The plague, or black death was a highly contagious
More informationPAPAL ROME SYLLABUS PAPAL ROME AND ITS PEOPLE, 1500-PRESENT: A SELECT HISTORY ARTS & SCIENCES INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 01:556:251
PAPAL ROME SYLLABUS PAPAL ROME AND ITS PEOPLE, 1500-PRESENT: A SELECT HISTORY ARTS & SCIENCES INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 01:556:251 Online course: spring semester 2016 T. Corey Brennan (Department of Classics;
More informationA Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by:
A Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by: www.cainaweb.org Early Church Growth & Threats (30-312 AD) Controversies and Councils Rise of Christendom High Medieval Church Renaissance to Reformation
More information274 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY NEWS
274 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY NEWS and the interests of the Scaglia di Verrua clan. Thus, Osborne claims somewhat unconvincingly, although it seems that Scaglia did not accomplish much, his efforts paved the
More informationThe Reformation. Context, Characters Controversies, Consequences Class 10: The Catholic Reformation and the Council of Trent
The Reformation Context, Characters Controversies, Consequences Class 10: The Catholic Reformation and the Council of Trent Class 10 Goals Explore Catholic reform movements prior to the Protestant Reformation.
More informationThe Direction of Intention
The Direction of Intention My God, give me the grace to perform this action with you and through love for you. In advance, I offer to you all the good that I will do and accept all the difficulty I may
More informationBackground Information
Reformation 8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 2 Background Information Prior to the Reformation there was only 2 sects of Christianity Many outside forces made it possible for an event
More informationFORUM ON RELIGION AND ECOLOGY AT YALE
FORUM ON RELIGION AND ECOLOGY AT YALE http://fore.research.yale.edu/ Frequently Asked Questions on the Papal Encyclical 1. What is an encyclical? The word encyclical originally meant a circular letter.
More informationAn Introduction to the Protestant Reformation
An Introduction to the Protestant Reformation Wittenberg, 1725, engraving, 18 x 15 cm (State and University Library, Dresden) The Protestant Reformation Today there are many types of Protestant Churches.
More informationHistory of The Catholic Church Part II
History of The Catholic Church Part II The Era of the Crusades 1095-1272 Why Be a Crusader? Take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims The desire to defend the Byzantine empire from the Turks. The possibility
More informationTEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Protestant Reformation Begins
The Protestant Reformation Begins Objectives Summarize the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation. Analyze Martin Luther s role in shaping the Protestant Reformation. Explain the teachings
More informationTable of Contents. Church History. Page 1: Church History...1. Page 2: Church History...2. Page 3: Church History...3. Page 4: Church History...
Church History Church History Table of Contents Page 1: Church History...1 Page 2: Church History...2 Page 3: Church History...3 Page 4: Church History...4 Page 5: Church History...5 Page 6: Church History...6
More informationPreceding History. To understand the quantum leap of John Paul II s social teaching, we need to know a little of what preceded it:
Preceding History To understand the quantum leap of John Paul II s social teaching, we need to know a little of what preceded it: Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII, 1891) Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI, 1931) Mater
More informationRCIA Significant Moments from the Past Session 25
RCIA Significant Moments from the Past Session 25 The Church will receive its perfection only in the glory of heaven, at the time of Christ s glorious return. Until that day, the Church progresses on her
More informationWorld History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide
World History Honors Semester 1 Review Guide This review guide is exactly that a review guide. This is neither the questions nor the answers to the exam. The final will have 75 content questions, 5 reading
More informationThe trouble caused by Christianity
www.lifes-big-questions/has christianity caused wars p1 The trouble caused by Christianity It is perfectly true that conflicts between different factions of Christianity have caused much trouble, war and
More informationChapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Italian Renaissance The word renaissance means rebirth. The Italian Renaissance, which
Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation 1350-1600 Section 1 The Italian Renaissance The word renaissance means rebirth. The Italian Renaissance, which spread to the rest of Europe, occurred between 1350
More informationIn the Fall, we made it from approximately 10,000 BC to the 1500s. Next up: 1500s-today
In the Fall, we made it from approximately 10,000 BC to the 1500s. Next up: 1500s-today Finishing Unit 6- Changing Ideas: Renaissance & innovations in Europe Revolutions! People revolt around the world
More informationUnit III: Reformation, Counter Reformation, and Religious Wars
Unit III: Reformation, Counter Reformation, and Religious Wars I. The Protestant Reformation A. Causes of the Reformation 1. Crises of the 14 th and 15 th centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy a. Babylonian
More information2. Early Calls for Reform
2. Early Calls for Reform By the 1300s, the Church was beginning to lose some of its moral and religious standing. Many Catholics, including clergy, criticized the corruption and abuses in the Church.
More informationReformation Era Church History ( ) June, 2018
Reformation Era Church History (1500 1600) June, 2018 1 Topics Introduction & Context for the Reformation Desiderius Erasmus and the Humanists Martin Luther & Germany Huldrych Zwingli & Switzerland Reformation
More informationCONTENTS. Foreword Part One THE CHURCH IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (30-476)
CONTENTS Foreword... 5 Part One THE CHURCH IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (30-476) Chapter 1 The Mission to the Jews and Gentiles... 13 Chapter 2 The Roman Persecution of the Church (30-313)... 24 Chapter 3 The
More informationBishop McNamara High School Advanced Placement European History Summer Reading Project 2016
Bishop McNamara High School Advanced Placement European History Summer Reading Project 2016 Purpose: The course in Advanced Placement European History is subdivided into four (4) major chronological time
More informationDue to copyright restrictions, this image is only available in the print version of Christian Reflection.
48 Copyright 2011 Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University Due to copyright restrictions, this image is only available in the print version of Christian Reflection. In Liberation of St. Peter,
More informationThe Reformation. Context, Characters Controversies, Consequences Class 2: Medieval Christianity
The Reformation Context, Characters Controversies, Consequences Class 2: Medieval Christianity Class 2 Goals Consider the structure of late medieval Christianity. Examine the physical representations of
More informationCIEE Global Institute Rome
CIEE Global Institute Rome Course name: A City Within the City: the Vatican and Rome. History, Politics and Society Course number: HIST 3004 ROIT / ITST 3002 ROIT Programs offering course: Summer in Rome
More informationVATICAN II COUNCIL PRESENTATION 7 APOSTOLICAM AUCTUOSITATEM: THE DECREE ON APOSTOLATE OF THE LAITY
VATICAN II COUNCIL PRESENTATION 7 APOSTOLICAM AUCTUOSITATEM: THE DECREE ON APOSTOLATE OF THE LAITY I. Apostolicam Auctuositatem was the result of an increasing emphasis on the need for the laity to become
More informationA Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by:
A Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by: www.cainaweb.org Early Church Growth & Threats (30-312 AD) Controversies and Councils Rise of Christendom High Medieval Church Renaissance to Reformation
More informationHas Christianity caused wars?
It is perfectly true that conflicts between different factions of Christianity have caused much trouble, war and suffering You may think Christianity reflects what the Bible says, and that therefore the
More informationHISTORY/HRS 127 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY SINCE THE REFORMATION
HISTORY/HRS 127 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY SINCE THE REFORMATION George S. Craft Spring 2010 Tahoe 3084 Office hours: T 3:00-4:00; W 10:30-11:30. Telephone: 278-6340 Email: gcraft@csus.edu (preferred) CATALOG
More informationThe Reformation. The Outcomes Of The Protestant Reformation. Can we be more specific? Where does the Reformation begin?
on Notebook.notebook The Subject: Topic: Grade(s): Prior knowledge: Western Civilization 10th 1st Semester: The Renaissance 1) Chapter 12 Sec 3 4 2) Key people of the 3) How would technology play a part
More informationLesson 1 Student Handout 1.1 Major Differences between Catholics and Protestants
Lesson 1 Student Handout 1.1 Major Differences between Catholics and Protestants According to the Protestant reformers who shaped the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church had over the centuries incorporated
More informationA STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES IN A TIME OF CRISIS. The Church
A STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES IN A TIME OF CRISIS Priests of the Society of St. Pius V present the principles which are the basis for their work The Church 1. The changes following the Second Vatican Council
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject www.xtremepapers.com HISTORY 9769/21 Paper 2a European History Outlines, c. 300 c.
More informationFrederick Douglass Academy Global Studies
Frederick Douglass Academy Global Studies 1. One impact Gutenberg's printing press had on western Europe was A) the spread of Martin Luther's ideas B) a decrease in the number of universities C) a decline
More informationLearning Goal 3: Describe the major causes of the Reformation and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic and religious effects of the
Learning Goal 3: Describe the major causes of the Reformation and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic and religious effects of the Reformation. (TEKS/SE s 1D,5B) New Ideas of the Renaissance
More informationBCM 306 CHRISTIANITY FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE PRESENT
BCM 306 CHRISTIANITY FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE PRESENT PURPOSE This course is designed to give the student insight into the nature and development of the basic beliefs of the historic Christian community.
More informationThe History of Canonization. How the Saints came to be honored in the Church
The History of Canonization How the Saints came to be honored in the Church The Early Martyrs Reverence was naturally shown to the bodies of the martyrs. The disciples [of John the Baptist] came and took
More informationThe Counter-Reformation
Main Idea Content Statement: The Counter-Reformation Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the
More informationBell Ringer Read Protestant Reformation: The Basics worksheet in your groups. Answer questions on the back together.
Bell Ringer 10-16-13 Read Protestant Reformation: The Basics worksheet in your groups. Answer questions on the back together. The Protestant Reformation The Division of the Church into Catholic and Protestant
More informationThe Counter-Reformation
Preview The Counter-Reformation Main Idea / Reading Focus Reforming the Catholic Church Map: Religions in Europe Religious and Social Effects Religious Wars and Unrest Preview, continued The Counter-Reformation
More informationPope Benedict, influenced by Vatican II, can shape its implementation
VATICANII-BENEDICT Oct-12-2005 (1,900 words) Backgrounder. With photo posted Oct. 11. xxxi Pope Benedict, influenced by Vatican II, can shape its implementation By John Thavis Catholic News Service VATICAN
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject
www.xtremepapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate Principal Subject *9204080452* HISTORY 9769/22 Paper 2b European History Outlines,
More informationThe Renaissance ( ) Humanism, the New Learning and the Birth of Science
The Renaissance (1400-1600) Humanism, the New Learning and the Birth of Science Social Conditions in the Renaissance The World - 1456 The World - 1502 The World - 1507 The World 1630 Renaissance Mansions
More informationChurch History, Lesson 12: The Modern Church, Part 2: The Age of Progress ( )
94, Lesson 12: The Modern Church, Part 2: The Age of Progress (1789 1914) 35. Protestant Progress a. Missions i. Background: ii. Causes: 1. Up until the 19 th century, Protestant Christianity hardly existed
More information3/ Luther's Theology 29 The Word of God 29 The Knowledge of God 31 Law and Gospel 32 The Church and Sacraments 33 The Two Kingdoms 36
Contents List of Maps Preface xi XU1 PART I: THE REFORMATION Chronology 2 I / The Call for Reformation 6 2/ Martin Luther: Pilgrimage to Reformation 14 The Long Quest 1 5 The Storm Breaks Loose 20 3/ Luther's
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance and Reformation What was the Renaissance? Renaissance = Rebirth 1350-1550 in European history was a rebirth in art and learning Subjects the Greeks and Romans studied Why Italy? Center
More informationSocial Studies High School TEKS at School Days Texas Renaissance Festival
World History 1.d Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following important turning points in world history from 1450 to 1750: the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the
More informationPrimary Source Analysis: The Thirty-nine Articles. The primary source that I decided to read is The Thirty-nine Articles, a really
Student Name Date Primary Source Analysis: The Thirty-nine Articles The primary source that I decided to read is The Thirty-nine Articles, a really important religious document from the reign of Queen
More informationTeacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750
Teacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective 1. Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. Guiding Question and Activity Description
More informationUnit One: The Renaissance & Reformation. AP European History
Unit One: The Renaissance & Reformation AP European History www.chshistory.net 1 Unit One: The Renaissance & Reformation in Europe Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday August 22 August 23 August 24
More informationGermany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
Week 12 Chapter 15 (p.486-523) The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion Politics, Religion, and War Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion Later Explorers Changing Attitudes Literature and Art
More informationA.D. Idea of papacy/ Interesting facts
BISHOP OF ROME A.D. Idea of papacy/ Interesting facts Church Fathers 1. Paul & Peter 30 Not known 2. Linus 67 Not known 3. Anacletus 80 Not known 4. Clement I 91 Not known 5. Evaristus 100 Not known 6.
More informationThe Renaissance Begins AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS ( )
The Renaissance Begins AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 1450) During the Medieval times the Latin West had fallen backward and was far behind the Islamic world in intellectual achievements. In the
More informationThe Reformation. The Reformation. Forerunners 11/12/2013
The Reformation Began during the early sixteenth century Protest against the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church Equal authority of tradition and Scripture Papal infallibility Indulgences (the sale
More informationOne Hundred Years of Catholic Social Teaching
One Hundred Years of Catholic Social Teaching The year 1991 finds our country in a severe recession. We have serious unemployment, a housing crisis among the poor, widespread reliance on food banks, and
More informationAP European History - Chapter 11 Crisis of the Later Middle Ages Class Notes & Critical Thinking
Focus Question: What impact did the Black Death have on the society and economy of Europe? Opposing Viewpoints: Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary Views pg 302 1. What were the different explanations
More information# 9: The Era of Papal Domination, part 3
# 9: The Era of Papal Domination, part 3 Church History Study ELM GROVE BAPTIST CHURCH August 28, 2011 # 9: The Era of Papal Domination, part 3 Three Phases Church History Study The Era of Papal Domination,
More information+ To Jesus Through Mary. Name: Per. Date: Eighth Grade Religion ID s
+ To Jesus Through Mary Name: Per. Date: Eighth Grade Religion ID s Chapter Five: A Remarkable Age of Renewal (1046 1305) 1. Emperor Henry III He was the Holy Roman Emperor who in the early 1000 s (1046)
More informationWhat Happened At Vatican II PDF
What Happened At Vatican II PDF During four years in session, Vatican Council II held television audiences rapt with its elegant, magnificently choreographed public ceremonies, while its debates generated
More informationInstructors Information
COURSE INFORMATION SHEET RELIGION DEPARTMENT DATE: FEBRUARY 2016 SECONDARY SCHOOL: St. Michael s Choir School PRINCIPAL: Mr. B. White DEPARTMENT HEAD: Mr. J. Woodger CURRICULUM POLICY DOCUMENT COURSE TITLE
More informationVoegelin and Machiavelli vs. Machiavellianism. In today s day and age, Machiavelli has been popularized as the inventor or
Geoffrey Plauché POLI 7993 - #1 February 4, 2004 Voegelin and Machiavelli vs. Machiavellianism In today s day and age, Machiavelli has been popularized as the inventor or advocate of a double morality
More informationThe Protestant Reformation ( )
The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565) Key Concepts End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West Attack on the medieval church its institutions, doctrine, practices and personnel I. The Church s
More informationChapter 12: Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages
Chapter 12: Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 1: Medieval Christianity Papal Monarchy Catholic Church reached its height of its political power in the 13 th century under Pope Innocent III
More informationThe Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation By History.com on 01.31.17 Word Count 791 This painting shows Martin Luther posting his 95 theses in 1517. Luther was challenging the Catholic Church with his opinions on Christianity.
More informationCHRISTIANITY. text in purple for notes. Voorhees
CHRISTIANITY text in purple for notes Voorhees The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of Christianity by a) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and
More informationImpact of the Second Vatican Council:
Impact of the Second Vatican Council: What historical influences have been most important in your lifetime? In your family, what world events have made the greatest impact? For you personally, how has
More informationChristian Scriptures: Testimony and Theological Reflection 5 Three Classic Paradigms of Theology 6
Contributors Abbreviations xix xxiii Introducing a Second Edition: Changing Roman Catholic Perspectives Francis Schüssler Fiorenza xxv 1. Systematic Theology: Task and Methods 1 Francis Schüssler Fiorenza
More informationThe Holy See BENEDICT XVI GENERAL AUDIENCE. St. Peter's Square. Wednesday, 23 March [Video]
The Holy See BENEDICT XVI GENERAL AUDIENCE St. Peter's Square Wednesday, 23 March 2011 [Video] Saint Lawrence of Brindisi Dear Brothers and Sisters, I still remember with joy the festive welcome I was
More informationEuropean Culture and Politics ca Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives.
European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. What s wrong with this picture??? What s wrong with this picture??? The
More informationAn Exercise of the Hierarchical Magisterium. Richard R. Gaillardetz, Ph.D.
An Exercise of the Hierarchical Magisterium Richard R. Gaillardetz, Ph.D. In Pope John Paul II s recent apostolic letter on the male priesthood he reiterated church teaching on the exclusion of women from
More informationName: Date: Period: Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, p
Name: Date: Period: Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 p.380-398 Using the maps on page 384 (Map 17.1) and 387 (Map 17.2): Mark Protestant countries with a P
More informationSacrament of Holy Orders. And Electing a Pope
Sacrament of Holy Orders And Electing a Pope Ministry Called to ministry Service to God and God s Church We are all called by our Baptism Ordained Ministry Special call to service Special call to worship
More information1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon? A) Italian Renaissance B) Protestant
More informationRenaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2)
Renaissance Humanism Medici Family Perspective A new age that began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Marked a transition from medieval times to the early modern world. Literally meaning rebirth,
More informationOctober 11, 1962 through December 8, 1965
October 11, 1962 through December 8, 1965 Council of Jerusalem 50 AD held to decide the entrance of Gentiles into the Church. Prior to this council there was division in the Church between Jews and Greeks
More informationLecture - The Protestant Reformation
Lecture - The Protestant Reformation A. Causes of the Protestant Reformation Basis - not a single event but a combination of events 1. Relationship with the Renaissance * people began to question the authority
More informationProtestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation WHII.3 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Reformation in terms of its impact on Western civilization by a) explaining the effects of the theological, political, and economic
More informationThe Reformation. Christianity Branches Off 1517-?
The Reformation Christianity Branches Off 1517-? The Troubled Church Babylonian captivity Great Schism Calls for Reform Weakened Church The Church was weakened by problems through the High Middle Ages
More informationChapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78)
Chapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78) Inquiry question: How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe???? Chapter Overview You will learn the influence that the exchange
More informationIn 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus.
1 In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree
More informationThe Decline of Rome. I. Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five good emperors, died in 180, and a series of civil wars followed.
The Fall of Rome I. Marcus Aurelius, the last of the five good emperors, died in 180, and a series of civil wars followed. II. The Decline of Rome From 196 to 284, the throne was occupied by whoever had
More informationWelcome to Selective Readings in Western Civilization. Session 9
Welcome to Selective Readings in Western Civilization Session 9 Nine Steps for Answering a Document Based Question Step 1: Closely examine the Task Step 2: Understand Key Terms within the Question Step
More informationI. Types of Government
The Rise of Democracy Unit 1: World History I. Types of Government A. Types of Government 1. Monarchy king or queen rules the government 2. Theocracy the religious leader also rules the government 3. Dictatorship
More informationAGGIORNAMENTO AS HEALING
AGGIORNAMENTO AS HEALING Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of Vatican II I N 1959 POPE JOHN XXIII stunned the world when, after being Pope for only ninety days, he announced his plan to convoke the
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of rebirth in Europe after the Middle Ages Renaissance After years of war and the plague, many city-states in Italy began exploring
More informationTHEOLOGICAL TRENDS. Canon Law and Ecclesiology II The Ecclesiological Implications of the 1983 Code of Canon Law
302 Introduction I THEOLOGICAL TRENDS Canon Law and Ecclesiology II The Ecclesiological Implications of the 1983 Code of Canon Law N A PREVIOUS article, published in The Way, January 1982, I gave an outline
More informationSaint John XXIII Pope
Saint John XXIII Pope 1881-1963 Important Places in His Life Bergamo Venice Sotto il Monte Sotto il Monte Born in 1881 Bergamo Attended minor seminary from 1892 1901 and served at the bishop s secretary
More informationThe Holy See PAUL VI APOSTOLIC LETTER ISSUED MOTU PROPRIO APOSTOLICA SOLLICITUDO ESTABLISHING THE SYNOD OF BISHOPS FOR THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH
The Holy See PAUL VI APOSTOLIC LETTER ISSUED MOTU PROPRIO APOSTOLICA SOLLICITUDO ESTABLISHING THE SYNOD OF BISHOPS FOR THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH The Apostolic concern leading Us to carefully survey the signs
More informationA Brief History of the Church of England
A Brief History of the Church of England Anglicans trace their Christian roots back to the early Church, and their specifically Anglican identity to the post-reformation expansion of the Church of England
More informationChristianity, Islam, and Judaism UNIVERSAL RELIGION
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism UNIVERSAL RELIGION Branch a large & fundamental division within a religion RELIGION Denomination a division of a branch that unites local congregations BRANCH BRANCH BRANCH
More informationChapter 16: The Reformation in Europe, Lesson 1: The Protestant Reformation
Chapter 16: The Reformation in Europe, 1517 1600 Lesson 1: The Protestant Reformation World History Bell Ringer #55 2-23-18 What does the word reform mean? It Matters Because The humanist ideas of the
More informationAP World History 12/9/2014. Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes
AP World History Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes The Italian Renaissance: Starts Italy due to independence of Italian City-states, there was a Northern Renaissance as well (based
More informationAnswer three questions which must be chosen from at least two sections of the paper.
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certifi cate HISTORY (PRINCIPAL) 9769/02B Paper 2B European History Outlines, c. 1400 c. 1800 For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 2 hours 15 minutes
More informationLuther s Teachings Salvation could be obtained through alone The is the sole source of religious truth o not church councils or the All people with
Module 9: The Protestant Reformation Criticisms of the Catholic Church leaders extravagant Priest were poorly John & Jan o Denied the had the right to worldly power o Taught that the had more authority
More informationREFORMATION Sunday: Moving beyond the fifth centenary. Holy Trinity Parish October 29, 2017 John Borelli
REFORMATION Sunday: Moving beyond the fifth centenary Holy Trinity Parish October 29, 2017 John Borelli REFORMATION Sunday: Moving beyond the fifth centenary FIFTH CENTENARY October 31, 2017 Common Commemoration
More informationMOTU PROPRIO: FIDES PER DOCTRINAM
MOTU PROPRIO: FIDES PER DOCTRINAM BENEDICTUS PP. XVI APOSTOLIC LETTER ISSUED MOTU PROPRIO FIDES PER DOCTRINAM WHEREBY THE APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTION PASTOR BONUS IS MODIFIED AND COMPETENCE FOR CATECHESIS IS
More informationIntroduction. Jean-Charles DESCUBES. Archbishop of Rouen. President of the Council for Family and Social Questions of the Bishops Conference of France
Introduction Jean-Charles DESCUBES Archbishop of Rouen President of the Council for Family and Social Questions of the Bishops Conference of France Presentation of the Compendium of the Social Doctrine
More information