CBSE. Question Bank SOCIAL SCIENCE. Teacher s Manual. FULL MARKS PVT LTD Educational Publishers 4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi

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1 Question Bank 6 CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE Teacher s Manual FULL MARKS PVT LTD Educational Publishers 4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi

2 CONTENTS PART-A: HISTORY (OUR PASTS-I) 1. What, Where, How and When? 3 2. On the Trail of the Earliest People 5 3. From Gathering to Growing Food 9 4. In the Earliest Cities What Books and Burials Tell Us Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic New Questions and Ideas Ashoka, the Emperor Who Gave up War Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Traders, Kings and Pilgrims New Empires and Kingdoms Buildings, Paintings and Books 41 Worksheets 1 to PART-B: GEOGRAPHY (THE EARTH: OUR HABITAT) 1. The Earth In The Solar System Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Motions of the Earth Maps Major Domains of the Earth Major Landforms of the Earth Our Country India India: Climate, Vegetation and Wildlife 86 Worksheets 1 to PART-C: CIVICS (SOCIAL & POLTICAL LIFE-I) 1. Understanding Diversity Diversity and Discrimination What is Government? Key Elements of a Democratic Government Panchayati Raj Rural Administration Urban Administration Rural Livelihoods Urban Livelihoods 127 Worksheets 1 to (ii)

3 Chapter Part-A: History (Our Pasts-I) 1 What, Where, How and When? Oral Questions 1. Skilled gatherers were people who gathered their food. 2. Because although it is smaller than a continent, it is very large, and is separated from the rest of Asia by seas, hills and mountains. 3. Hills, mountains and seas. 4. We use a script. 5. We use a language. 6. About 2500 years ago. 7. The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in north-west. 8. They are scholars who study the past. 9. Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. 10. Palm leaves. Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) rice 2. (d) temples 3. (a) palm leaves 4. (d) all of the above 5. (b) Before Christ 6. (b) they were formed of hills, mountains and seas Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) (v) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. birch 2. Prakrit FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3 Fill in the Blanks 1. detectives 2. instruction 3. Magadha 4. fish 5. Inscriptions 6. movements Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Prakrit 2. Inscriptions 3. The Iranians and the Greeks 4. The Rigveda 5. Sanskrit 6. Magadha 7. The north of the Vindhyas 8. Livelihood Puzzle Time 1. Palm leaf 2. Rigveda 3. Kandahar 4. Magadha 5. Christianity 6. Ganga 7. Tributary 8. Herders 9. Sheep 10. Monastery 3. hard 4. manuscripts; archaeology 5. Caravans 6. adventure 7. Domino 8. languages True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Water was easily available. 2. They collected roots, fruits and other forest produce for their food. 3. Wheat and barley.

4 4. Sheep, goats and cattle. 5. Rice was first grown in the north of the Vindhyas. 6. The Indus and its tributaries. 7. On the banks of river Ganga and its tributaries. 8. Magadha 9. In temples and monasteries. 10. Prakrit means languages used by ordinary people. 11. Sanskrit and Tamil. 12. So that people could see, real and obey them. 13. To find tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins. 14. To find out what people ate in the past. 15. Manu means hand and script means letter or sign. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Travelling in different parts of a place gives ancient people an opportunity to meet new people and converse with them. This led to the sharing of ideas between people. 2. People travel today for many reasons. Three of them are: (i) To study (ii) To get employment (iii) To get medical check up. 3. Two of the words we often use for our country are India and Bharat. The word India comes from the Indus, called Sindhu in Sanskrit and the name Bharat was used for a group of people who lived in the north-west. 4. Merchants travelled with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place. Religious teachers walked from village to village, town to town, stopping to offer instruction and advice on the way. 5. Manuscripts are called so because they were written by hand. When people had to write a book in ancient time, they cut palm leaves into pages and tied them together to make books. Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) How ancient people wrote and what material. (ii) What religious practices and beliefs were followed. (iii) How ordinary people lived. (iv) What the people ate. 2. We have used the word pasts in plural to draw attention to the fact that the past was different for different groups of people. For example, the lives of herders or farmers were different from those of kings and queens, the lives of merchants were different from those of craftspersons, and so on. 3. The books in the past dealt with all kinds of subjects religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science. I would like to read about the lives of the kings. 4 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

5 Chapter 2 On the Trail of the Earliest People FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 1. (i) Hunting animals (ii) Gathering fruits, roots nuts, etc. 2. Gathering plant produce. 3. To collect plant produce, hunter-gatherers needed to find out which plants or parts of plants were edible. 4. Perennial rivers and lakes never get dry in any season. They have water throughout the year. 5. Seasonal rivers get dry during winter and summer. 6. Early people travelled on foot. 7. Stone, wood and bone. 8. Bhimbetka is located in present-day Madhya Pradesh. 9. Places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory sites. 10. Wheat, barley and rice. Fill in the Blanks 1. food 2. animal 3. seasonal 4. Vindhyas 5. stone 6. Hunsgi True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Palaeolithic sites 2. (i) Stone on stone (ii) Pressure flaking 3. (i) Hallur (ii) Chirand 4. Stone, wood and bone 5. Inamgaon 6. Middle Stone Age Puzzle Time 1. Kurnool 2. Microliths 3. Hallur 4. Barley 5. Hides 6. Caves 7. Fishing 8. Bone SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions (iv) (b) (v) (d) 1. (a) grasslands developed 2. (c) both (i) and (ii) 3. (b) tiny 4. (a) 12,000 years ago 5. (d) Kurnool caves 6. (b) leather Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) Fill in the Blanks 1. stone 2. water 3. fire 4. caves 5. 12, limestone 7. Hunsgi True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True Teacher s Manual n 5

6 Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Tools made of stone lasted long. 2. Spears and arrows. 3. Early people used wood for making huts and tools. 4. Usually we find blocks of stone, tools that were made and perhaps discarded because they were not perfect, and chips of waste stone left behind at these sites. 5. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (Southern). 6. Animals move from place to place in search of smaller prey or in search of grass and leaves. 7. The movements of animals forced hunter-gatherers to follow them. 8. Hunting animals and catching fish and birds. 9. The rock paintings are drawn with great accuracy and skill. 10. Early man used fire to cook meat and to scare away animals. They also used it as a source of light. 11. We use knives for cutting fruits. They are made of iron and woods. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Hunter-gatherers travelled from place to place to satisfy their basic needs i.e. food and water. Even today people travel for this reason. We see migration on a large scale. People living in rural areas or small towns and cities move to urban or big towns and cities in search of better livelihood. But not all people today travel for this reason. In fact, there are many people who migrate to cities for getting higher education, for establishing business, for entertainment, etc. 2. There were two methods for making stone tools: (i) Stone on stone method: In this method, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand and another stone, which was used as a hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strike off flakes from the first, till the required shape was obtained. (ii) Pressure flaking: In this method, the core (pebble) was placed on a firm surface. The hammer stone was used on a piece of bone or stone that was placed on the core, to remove flakes that could be shaped into tools. 3. Archaeologists have found sites at places like Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, Kurnool caves, etc. These sites make it clear that hunter-gatherers lived there. Hunter-gatherers lived in many more places. Many sites were located near sources of water, such as rivers and lakes. Availability of good quality stone was also a major point that hunter-gatherers kept in mind while choosing a place to live in. 4. Three ways in which huntergatherers used fire: 6 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

7 (i) As a source of light. (ii) To cook meat. (iii) To scare away wild animals. Nowadays we don t use fire as a source of light. We also don t use it to scare away animals. Instead we use fire today to cook food and to keep ourselves warm in winters. 5. (i) Many of the caves in which early people lived have paintings on the walls. Some of the best examples are from Madhya Pradesh and southern Uttar Pradesh. These paintings show wild animals, drawn with great accuracy and skill. (ii) Hunsgi is in present day Maharashtra. A number of early Palaeolithic sites were found there. At some sites, a large number of tools, used for all sorts of activities, were found. These were probably habitation-cumfactory sites. Limestone was found in abundance which was used in making tools. 6. Water has always been a major attraction for people. That s why they established their settlements close to rivers. But not all rivers are perennial. There are many rivers which are seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons i.e. winter and summer. 7. (i) Habitation site: Habitation sites were places where huntergatherers lived. (ii) Factory site: Factory sites were places where stone was found and where people made tools. (iii) Habitation-cum-factory site: Habitation-cumfactory sites were places where people lived for longer spells of time. 8. Hunter-gatherers were involved in several activities in order to manage their food. They hunted wild animals, caught birds and fish, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Thus, gathering a variety of plant produce was an important means of obtaining food for these people. 9. Three activities associated with the earliest people were: (i) Hunting wild animals (ii) Gathering plant produce (iii) Making stone tools (iv) Painting on cave walls (Any three) 10. Three features of the Mesolithic period are: (i) This period, also known as Middle Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago and lasted for about 10,000 years ago. (ii) This period witnessed major environmental changes. (iii) Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny, and are Teacher s Manual n 7

8 called microliths. These microliths were probably stuck on the handles of bone or wood to make tools such as saws and sickles. Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Around 12,000 years ago, major environmental changes occurred in the world, with a shift to relatively warm conditions. (ii) In many areas, this led to the development of grasslands which in turn led to an increase in the number of those animals that survived on grass. (iii) Hunter-gatherers started following such animals and in due course of time they learnt their food habits and their breeding seasons. This encouraged them to herd and rear these animals. (iv) Several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in different parts of the subcontinent. (v) Changing environment also encouraged people to grow plants on their own. In this way they became farmers. They began looking plants so that they (plants) could grow and the seeds could ripen. 2. Archaeologists have given lengthy names for different periods. They call the earliest period the Palaeolithic which comes from two Greek words, palaeo, meaning old, and lithos, meaning stone. The name points to the importance of finds of stone tools. The Palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago. Then comes the Mesolithic period which is also known as Middle Stone Age. This period began about 12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years ago. This periods witnessed major climatic changes. Stone tools found during this period are tiny, and are called microliths. Tools such as saws and sickles were used. The next stage began about 10,000 years ago and is called the Neolithic period. Tools found during this period are polished, so as to give a fine cutting edge. 3. The world witnessed major climatic changes around 12,000 years ago. This was a time when several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in different parts of the subcontinent. Men, women and children probably collected these grains as food and learnt where they grew, and when they ripened. This may have encouraged them to think about growing plants on their own. 8 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

9 4. Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food Oral Questions 1. Tending animals. 2. About 10,000 years ago. 3. Places where dead persons are buried. 4. To convert animals to domestic use. 5. Dog and sheep. 6. Unlike wild animals, domesticated animals were relatively gentle. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 7. In present-day Kashmir. 8. In Burzahom in present-day Kashmir. 9. They were used for storing things. 10. Mortars and pestles. Fill in the Blanks 1. farming 2. food 3. climatic 4. barley 5. Catal Huyuk Teacher s Manual n 9

10 True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Tribes 2. Mortars and Pestles 3. Cotton 4. Earthen Pots 5. Cooking hearths Puzzle Time Across 1. Hunting 2. Mehrgarh 3. Bore 4. Jadeite Down 1. Pit-houses 2. Grain 3. Sheep 4. Dog Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) elephant 2. (c) 12,000 years ago 3. (b) Uttar Pradesh 4. (d) all of the above 5. (d) Mehrgarh 6. (d) all of the above. Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. tribes 2. store 3. wheat 4. pig 5. experience 6. Mehrgarh True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Children in tribal society looked after plants by driving away animals and birds that might eat them. They also looked after small flocks. 2. The early people used pots for storing grain. 3. These tools were polished having a fine cutting edge. 4. Pit-houses were dug into the SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 10 n Question Bank Social Science-VI ground, with steps leading into them. 5. It suggests that, depending on the weather, people could cook food either indoor or outdoors. 6. Some men in tribal societies were made leaders. They may be old and experienced, young, brave warriors or priests. 7. Seeing traces of pit-houses in Burzahom archaeologists infer that they may have provided shelter to early people in cold weather. 8. They made large clay pots or wove baskets, or dug pits into the ground to store grain. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mehrgarh is located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. Archaeologists excavated this site and found evidence of many kinds of animal bones from the earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals like deer and pig. In later levels, they found more bones of sheep and goat. In still later levels, they found cattle bones. This suggests that

11 people in Mehrgarh started with hunting and in the later stage, herding became more important for them. 2. (i) Hunter-gatherers kept on moving from one place to another whereas farmers and herders had to stay at the same place for longer spells of time to take care of their crops and animals. (ii) Hunter-gatherers lived in natural caves if needed whereas farmers and herders built huts and pit-houses to live in. (iii) Since hunter-gatherers didn t know the art of cultivation, they depended on the meat of wild animals and plant produce which they gathered while moving here and there. Farmers/herders, on the other hand, grew crops and reared animals respectively for their livelihood. 3. On excavation at Mehrgarh, archaeologists found the evidence of many things which included bones of wild and tamed animals like deer, pigs, sheep, goats and cattle, remains of square or rectangular houses and burials. The study of the remains of houses make it clear that each house had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. The burial sites that the archaeologists have found at Mehrgarh make it clear that the dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in the next world. 4. We can give its answer in negative. In fact, there were many areas where men and women still involved in hunting and gathering food. Elsewhere people adopted farming and herding. At some places people tried to combine these activities. They preferred to do different things during different seasons. 5. The Neolithic tools are different from the earlier Palaeolithic tools. These tools were polished with a fine cutting edge. The mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have found many evidences of settled life. They have found traces of huts or houses at some sites, such as Burzahom in present day Kashmir. People built pithouses, which they dug into the ground, with steps leading into them. These might have provided shelter in the cold weather. The finds of cooking hearths both inside and outside the huts, also suggest that people had started living a settled life. Archaeologists have also found stone tools from Teacher s Manual n 11

12 many sites which further act as a proof of early man s settled life. Traces of many kinds of earthen pots also prove the same fact. Besides, people also wove cloth, using different kinds of materials like cotton. 2. Groups of families related to one another form a tribe. The people belonging to tribe followed many occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing. We find a distinct labour division among them. Women did most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Men led large herds of animals in search of pasture. Children looked after small flocks. They also looked after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them. However, there were certain tasks which were performed by both men and women, for example, cleaning of animals and milking, making pots, baskets, tools and huts, etc. Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 1. Scribes were people who know how to write. 2. An engraved piece of metal used to stamp a design. 3. A specialist is a person who is trained to do only one kind of work, for example, cutting stone. 4. Because old buildings often have a story to tell. 5. Kalibangan and Lothal. 6. Harappa and Mohenjodaro. 7. They built fire altars where sacrifices may have been performed. Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) sheep, goat, buffalo Fill in the Blanks 1. east terracotta 4. black 5. Khadir Beyt 12 n Question Bank Social Science-VI True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Great Bath 2. Dholavira 3. Lothal 4. The rivers dried up 5. Cotton Puzzle Time 1. Specialist 2. Faience 3. Scribes 4. Lothal 5. Dockyard SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2. (a) two parts 3. (a) bronze

13 4. (c) clay 5. (a) 7000 years ago 6. (c) Rajasthan 7. (c) Mohenjodaro 8. (c) plough Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) Fill in the Blanks Seals 3. chert 4. finished 5. wells 6. Khadir Beyt 7. Lothal 8. mummies 9. rulers True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The engineers found the site of Harappa in present-day Pakistan. 2. Harappan cities developed around 4700 years ago. 3. Very often, old buildings are pulled down to make way for new construction. 4. Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually the part to the west was smaller but higher. Archaeologists describe this as the citadel. 5. Barley, wheat, rice, sesame, mustard, etc. 6. Mohenjodaro. 7. Many of the Harappan cities had covered drains. Most houses in the cities had a separate bathing area. 8. There were people called rulers who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. 9. The rulers sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones and other things that they wanted. 10. Beads and weights. Short Answer Type Questions 1. People in the city of Harappa carried on three major professions Rulers They planned the construction of special buildings. Scribes They prepared seals and wrote on other materials. Craftspersons They made all kinds of things either in their own homes or in special workshops. 2. The raw materials that the Harappans used were copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones. These raw materials had to be brought from distant places, for example, Copper Present-day Rajasthan and Oman in West Asia Tin Present-day Afghanistan and Iran. Gold Present-day Karnataka. Precious stones Present day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan. 3. Three features of the city of Dholavira Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch, where there was fresh water and fertile soil. Teacher s Manual n 13

14 The city was divided into three parts, and each part was surrounded with massive stone walls, with entrances through gateways. There was also a large open area in the settlement where public ceremonies could be held. 4. The countryside people (farmers & herders) were involved in various activities They grew crops and reared animals. They supplied food to craftspersons, scribes and rulers in the cities. They grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard. 5. About eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site of Harappa and realised that this was one of the oldest cities in the subcontinent. As this was the first city to be discovered, all other sites from where similar buildings and other things were found were described as Harappan. 6. The Harappan cities had covered drains. They were land out in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them. 7. Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago. Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists have found spindle whorls, made of terrocotta and faience. These were used to spin thread. 8. The bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern. 9. Archaeologists have found actual pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects at Mohenjodaro. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin thread. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Metals, writing, the wheel and the plough played an important role in the life of the Harappans. They used metals like copper, bronze, gold, silver etc. for different purposes. Copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were also used to make ornaments and vessels. There were scribes who knew how to write. They helped prepare the seals and perhaps wrote on other materials. The Harappans used the wheel in carts and potterymaking. The plough was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. 2. Houses in the city of Harappa were either one or two storeyed high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most houses had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water. 14 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

15 Drains were covered in many of the cities. They were laid out in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow through it. Very often, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them. Streets were also well planned. They were wide and straight. There was proper arrangement for light in all the streets. 3. The decline of Harappan civilisation is no less than a mystery. In fact, scholars are not sure why this happened. Therefore they make guesses. Some of them suggest that there was deforestation. This could have happened because fuel was required for baking bricks, and for smelting copper ores. Besides, grazing by large herds of cattle, sheep and goat may have destroyed the green cover. Some others suggest that the rivers dried up. Some scholars opinion is just opposite. They suggest that some areas got flooded and caused the end of the civilisation. Scholars are not sure which reasons acted as an agent of destruction. Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 1. One of the oldest books in the world. 2. Yes. 3. By sages or rishis. 4. Agni, Indra and Soma. 5. The people who composed hymns. 6. They were opponents of Aryas and did not perform sacrifices. 7. Beas and Sutlej. Fill in the Blanks 1. vish 2. vish 3. big stones 4. Ghod True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Megaliths 2. Sukta 3. a warrior god 4. Soma is a plant from which a special drink was prepared. 5. Sages 6. Vishwamitra 7. Food and water. Puzzle Time 1. Inamgaon 2. Megalith 3. Rigveda 4. Agni 5. Hymn Teacher s Manual n 15

16 Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Brahmagiri 2. (b) Bhima 3. (a) physician 4. (a) Austro-Asiatic family 5. (b) farming and animal rearing Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) (v) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. work 2. burial 3. surface; underground 4. status 5. medicine True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True Very Short Answer Type Questions SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. People discussed matters of war and peace at assemblies. 2. There are four Vedas the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. 3. Ghee, grain and animals. 4. One was the word jana and the other was vish. 5. Aryas called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus. 6. Digging pits in the earth and transporting stones. 7. They think that objects found with a skeleton probably belonged to the dead person. 8. These indicate that people, perhaps belonging to the same family, were buried in the same place though not at the same time. 16 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 9. In China, writings were done on animal bones which are called oracle bones. They were called so because they were used to predict the future. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have found more objects in one grave than in another. At Brahmagiri burial site they have found one skeleton buried with 33 gold beads, two stone beads, four copper bangles and one conch shell. Other skeletons have only a few pots. These finds suggest that there was some difference in status amongst the people who were buried. Some were rich, others poor, some chiefs, other followers. 2. Those who make skeletal studies, take help from the size of the skeleton. If its size is small, they become sure that the skeleton is of a child. But they find no major differences in the bones of a girl and boy. In the same way, it is also difficult to make out whether a skeleton was that of a man or a woman. Sometimes, people decide on the basis of what is found with the skeleton. For instance, if a skeleton is found with jewellery, it is sometimes thought to be that of a woman. However, there are problems with this. Often, men also wore ornaments. A better way of figuring out the sex of skeleton is to look

17 at the bone structure. The hip or the pelvic area of women is generally larger to enable child bearing. 3. Archaeologists have found some megaliths containing more than one skeleton. These indicate that people perhaps belonging to the same family, were buried in the same place though not at the same time. The bodies of those who died later were brought into the grave through the portholes. Stone circles or boulders placed on the surface probably served as signpots to find the burial site, so that people could return to the same place whenever they wanted to. 4. The main difference was that of the status they availed in the society. Usually, raja enjoyed one of the highest civil positions. They were the kings of the community. On the other hand, dasas/dasis were at the lowest rung in the society. They were, infact, slaves and were treated as the property of their owners. They were used for work. 5. There are several ways of describing people (i) in terms of the work they do (ii) in terms of the language they speak (iii) in terms of the place they belong to (iv) in terms of the family they belong to (v) in terms of the communities they belong to Some of the words to describe people in the Rigvedic times are priests, brahmins, rajas, jana, vish, etc. 6. (i) It is a page from a manuscript of the Rigveda. (ii) It was found in Kashmir. (iii) It is now preserved in a library in Pune, Maharashtra. 7. Charaka was a famous physician who lived about 2000 years ago. He wrote a book on medicine known as the Charaka Samhita. There he states that the human body has 360 bones. This is a much larger number than the 200 bones that are recongised in modern anatomy. Charaka arrived at this figure by counting the teeth, joints and cartilage. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Brahmagiri and Adicharrallur are important megalithic sites. Some megalithic burials have been found on the surface while some others are often underground. Sometimes archaeologists find a circle of stone boulders or a single large stone standing on the ground. These are indications that there are burials beneath. All these burials have some common features. Generally, the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Archaeologists have also found tools and weapons Teacher s Manual n 17

18 of iron and sometimes, skeletons of horses, horse equipment and ornaments of stone and gold. 2. In the Rigveda, we find the description of two groups of people in terms of their work: The priests, sometimes called brahmins, performed various rituals. Then there were rajas. These rajas had their own limitations. They didn t have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes. Generally, sons did not automatically succeed fathers as rajas. Then came the common people of the society. There were two words to describe them. One was the word jana, and the other was vish. Then there were Aryas who called themselves the composers of the hymns. They regarded dasas/dasyus as their opponents. Dasas/dasyus, who later came to be known as slaves were captured in war. They were treated as the property of their owners. They were used for work. 3. Among the four Vedas, the Rigveda is the oldest one. It was composed about 3500 years ago. It includes more than a thousand hymns. These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses and were composed by sages i.e. rishis. There were priests to teach students to recite and memorise each syllable, word, and sentence, bit by bit, with great care. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men, while a few were composed by women. The Rigveda is written in old or Vedic Sanskrit, which is different from today s Sanskrit. Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic Oral Questions 1. Horse sacrifice 2. By rajas 3. The land where the jana set its foot, and settled down. 4. Women and Shudras 5. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or share. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 6. Magadha Fill in the Blanks 1. Vajji 2. 1/6th 3. Chaityas 4. Gana 5. Buddhist True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 18 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

19 Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Women and Shudras 2. Painted grey ware 3. Hastinapur and Kausambi 4. Herders 5. (i) Bimbisara (ii) Agatasattu 6. Alexander 7. Digha Nikaya Puzzle Time A M V A I S H A L I B B V E N C H C G W V A I S H Y A S I H K X V M A C F U M A J T M A J A T A S A T T U L J G O I Z E A G S H N C G Q I K Y T L H J A A D B W P K S V G Y Z P D D K X Q F L D O S P A P Y H H A I R O J U I S F S D E Q A R P U T T N R U D E M O C R A C Y M U X X J A R E Q W Z C Y V R B W R S S A N G H A S R I T U A L T SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) priest 2. (d) The Shudra 3. (d) all of the above 4. (a) horse 5. (d) Delhi 6. (a) Arthashastra 7. (b) script 8. (a) Chandragupta Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (f) (vi) (d) Fill in the Blanks 1. Alexander 2. Vaishyas 3. Raja 4. taxes 5. forest 6. Kalinga 7. government 8. Brahmi 9. paddy True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Around 3000 years ago, some men began performing very big sacrifices to become rajas. 2. The rajas relatives, especially his wives and sons, had to perform a variety of minor rituals. 3. They sit and watched the performance of the sacrifice. 4. All the invited people were expected to bring gifts. The ordinary people, the vish or vaishyas also brought gifts for the raja. 5. Kammakaras were landless agricultural labourers. 6. About 2500 years ago, some janapadas became more important than others and came to be known as mahajanapadas. 7. Punch-marked coins were used to make some payments to soldiers. 8. Craftspersons paid their taxes in the form of labour. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Archaeologists have excavated a number of settlements in different janapadas. They found that people lived in huts and kept cattle as well as other animals. They also Teacher s Manual n 19

20 grew a variety of crops, such as rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sugarcane, sesame and mustard. Several earthen pots have been found in these settlements. Some of these were grey in colour, others were red. One special type of pottery has also been found and is known as Painted Grey Ware. 2. Many rives such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha. This was important for transport, water supplies and making the land fertile. Parts of Magadha were forested in which elephants lived. These elephants were captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts and chariots. Besides, there were iron ore mines in the region that could be tapped to make strong tools and weapons. 3. The form of government in Vajji was known as gana or sangha. There were many rulers in a gana or sangha. Each ruler was known as a raja. These rajas performed rituals together. They also met in assemblies, and decided what had to be done and how, through discussion and debate. Women, dasas and kammaharas were not allowed to participate in these assemblies. 4. The shudras and women of the society did not avail good position. Shudras had to serve the other three groups i.e. brahmins, kshatriyas and vaishyas. They also could not perform any rituals. Both women and shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas. The priests thought that contact with shudras was polluting. 5. The rulers of the mahajanapadas needed huge resources for building huge forts and maintaining big armies. Hence, they could not depend solely on gifts brought occasionally by people. Hence, they started collecting regular taxes by employing officials for this purpose. 6. People opposed the varna system because it was based on social differences. They felt that birth could not be a basis for deciding which varna people belonged to. They also felt that there should be no differences amongst people based on occupation. They also condemned the practice of untouchability. 7. Alexander was a ruler of Macedonia in Europe about more than 2300 years ago. He was an ambitious ruler who wanted to conquer parts of Egypt and West Asia. Then he reached up to the banks of the Beas in the Indian subcontinent. He ordered his soldiers to march further eastwards but was refused. In fact, his soldiers were scared of the Indian rulers. 20 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

21 Long Answer Type Questions 1. The ashvamedha yajna was performed by the raja of the janapada. It was ritual in which a horse was let loose to wander freely and it was guarded by the raja s men. If the horse wandered into the kingdoms of other rajas and they stopped it, they had to fight. If they allowed the horse to pass, it meant that they accepted that the raja who wanted to perform the sacrifice was stronger than them. These rajas were then invited to perform sacrifice. The raja who organised the sacrifice was recognised as being very powerful. He was a central figure in these rituals. His relatives had to perform a variety of minor rituals. The priests performed the rituals including the sprinkling of sacred water on the king. The other rajas watched the performance of the sacrifice. They brought gifts for the raja. They ordinary people except shudras also brought gifts. 2. (i) Taxes on crops were the most important. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or a share. (ii) There were taxes on craftspersons. They paid taxes in the form of labour. (iii) Herders paid taxes in the form of animals and animal produce. (iv) There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold, through trade. (v) Hunters and gatherers provided forest produce to the raja. 3. The four categories of the varna system were brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras. Each category was assigned to a different set of functions: (i) Brahmins were expected to study and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and receive gifts. (ii) In the second place were the rulers, also called kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people. (iii) Third were the vaishyas who were expected to be farmers, herders, and traders. (iv) The shudras were at the last rung of ladder. They were expected to serve the other three groups. Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas Oral Questions 1. It is a language of ordinary people. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2. Upanishad literally means approaching and sitting near. 3. Brahmins. Teacher s Manual n 21

22 4. Brahmacharya 5. An Iranian prophet 6. An association of those who left their homes. 7. Men and women who joined the sangha and begged for food. Fill in the Blanks 1. traders 2. orally 3. brahmins 4. Jaina 5. suffering True/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Sakya gana 2. Sarnath 3. Siddhartha 4. Jainas 5. Vinay Pitaka Puzzle Time E O R D I N A R Y Q B J C H K R D Q H B A I M F R J P R A K R I T P U P A N I S H A D F G N D I J L I N H Y L W T X N S E A T M A N K B S A N G H A I S P A O W S U M A C N X B U F S D B Z H A G Y V K S H A T R I Y A T C M A Z D H V M G C Y O Q F R J E G S K H E I J S A K Y A A I T K L Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) husband 2. (a) Sarnath 3. (a) peeple tree 4. (c) thirty 5. (b) merchants Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) (iv) (b) (v) (d) Fill in the Blanks 1. Sangha 2. orally 3. Prakrit 4. Bodh Gaya 5. Zoroastrianism True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Gautama Buddha s childhood name was Siddhartha. 2. A stupa was built at Sarnath to mark the place where SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 22 n Question Bank Social Science-VI the Buddha first taught his message. 3. The Buddha believed that the results of our actions or karma, whether good or bad, affect us both in this life and the next. 4. Kisagotami s son had died but she was not ready to accept the truth. The Buddha tried to teach her to accept death as it is inevitable. It comes in everyone s life. 5. Jabali was the slave women. She was the mother of Satyakama Jabala who became one of the best known thinkers of the time. 6. Panini was a famous grammarian. He prepared a grammar for Sanskrit. 7. Mahavira taught his message in the Prakrit language which ordinary people knew very well.

23 8. Valabhi is in Gujarat. The teachings of Mahavira were written down in the form in which they are presently available at this place. 9. When the supporters of monks and nuns and they themselves felt the need for permanent shelters, they built monasteries, which were known as viharas. 10. Some Zoroastrians migrated from Iran and settled down in the coastal town of Gujarat and Maharashtra. They were the ancestors of today s Parsis in India. Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Buddha taught that life is full of suffering and troubles. This is caused because we have cravings and desires which often cannot be fulfilled. Sometimes, even if we get what we want, we are never satisfied, and want even more than what we have already achieved. This goes on without a stop. The Buddha described this as thirst or tanha. He taught that this constant craving could only be removed by following moderation in everything. The Buddha also taught people to be kind to all living beings. One should be careful about his actions because they affect him both in this life and the next. 2. Upanishadic thinkers tried to find answer to difficult questions. Some of them wanted to know about life after death. Others wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed. Many of these thinkers felt that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as the atman or the individual soul and the brahman or the universal soul. They believed that ultimately, both the atman and the brahman were one. 3. The followers of Mahavira were called Jainas. They had to lead a very simple lives. They begged for food. They had to be absolutely honest, and were especially asked not to steal. Besides, they had to observe celibacy which means they were not expected to marry. Men had to give up everything, including their clothes. 4. Buddha s childhood name was Sidharatha. He was born in a royal family. He was kshatriya and belonged to the Sakya gana. When he was a young man, he left the comforts of royalty and wandered for several years in search of knowledge. During this period he met and held discussions with other thinkers. He finally decided to find his own path to realisation, and meditated for days on end under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. He attained enlightenment there and came to be known as the Buddha or the wise one. He then went to Sarnath, near Varanasi, where he taught for Teacher s Manual n 23

24 the first time. He spent the rest of his life teaching people who met him on the way. 5. Over hundreds of years, Jainism spread to different parts of north India, and to Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The teachings of Mahavira and his followers were transmitted orally for several centuries. Although Jainism followed very strict rules, thousands left their homes to learn and teach this new way of life. 6. Those who could join the sangha were brahmins, kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, barbers, courtesans and slaves. Men and women who joined the sangha led simple lives. They meditated for most of the time, and went to cities and villages to beg for food during fixed hours. They taught others, and helped one another. They also held meetings to settle any quarrels that took place within the sangha. 7. Slaves could join the sangha, no doubt, but they had to take the permission of their masters. This condition must have posed problems before the slaves. It all depended on their master s goodness. If they gave permission to their slaves out of their goodness, it was easy for them (slaves) to join the sangha, otherwise it was a difficult affair. 8. Zoroaster was an Iranian Prophet. His teachings are contained in a book called the Avesta and are very similar to those of the Vedas. Zoroaster gave emphasis on good thoughts, good words and good deeds because only these qualities could create peace and tranquillity around us. 9. (i) The Buddha, after attaining enlightenment, spent his life travelling on foot, going from place to place, teaching people. (ii) He used the language of the ordinary people i.e. Prakrit to spread his message. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Vardhamana Mahavira was a Kshatriya prince of the Lichchhavis, a group that was part of the Vajji Sangha. He left home at the age of thirty and went to live in a forest. There he led a hard and lonely life for twelve years and at the end attained enlightenment. His teachings are given below: (i) He asked people that if they wanted to know the truth they must leave their homes. (ii) He taught people to follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, which means not hurting or killing living beings. He said that all beings long to live. Hence, they should not be killed. (iii) He also taught people to lead very simple lives. 24 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

25 They should renounce everything, including their clothes. (iv) People should lead a life of honesty. They must not steal. 2. The system of ashramas was developed by brahmins. Here, the word ashrama did not mean a place where people lived and meditate. Instead it was used for a stage of life. The brahmins recognised four ashramas (i) Brahmacharya (ii) Grihastha (iii) Vanaprastha (iv) Samnyasa (i) Brahmacharya: Brahmin, kshatriya and vaishya men were expected to lead simple lives and study the vedas during the early years of their life. This stage of life was known as brahmacharya. (ii) Grihastha: After brahmacharya they entered into the stage of grihastha ashrama. In this stage they got married and had children. They lived as householders. (iii) Vanaprastha: In this stage they left their homes and came to the forest to meditate. (iv) Samnyasa: It was the last stage of life in which they were expected to renounce the world and become samnyasins. 3. List of five ideas and questions (i) Life is full of sufferings and unhappiness. This is caused because we have endless desires which often cannot be fulfilled. Sometimes, even if we get what we want, we are not satisfied. We start wishing for more. (ii) The results of our actions i.e. karma, whether good of bad, affect us both in this life and the next. (iii) Some Upanishadic thinkers wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed. Many of the thinkers felt that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. (iv) We must follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, which means not hurting or killing living beings. (v) We should be absolutely honest and should not indulge in stealing. The ideas and questions mentioned above are very relevant even today. All of us are materialistic. We are never satisfied with what we have and wish for more. This is the reason of our sufferings. Next, ahimsa is very much relevant today. There is war like situation in several parts of the world. People are indulged in killing one another. This should be stopped to bring peace around us. Teacher s Manual n 25

26 Chapter 8 Ashoka, the Emperor Who Gave up War Oral Questions 1. A very big kingdom. 2. When members of the same family become rulers one after another, the family is often called a dynasty. 3. Chandragupta, Bindusara and Ashoka 4. Chandragupta Maurya 5. Chanakya or Kautilya 6. Chanakya 7. Sarnath and Rampurva. 8. An ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of west Asia named Seleucus Nicator. 9. Officials appointed by Ashoka to teach people about dhamma. 10. Kalinga war. Fill in the Blanks 1. Kautilya 2. languages 3. regular 4. Prakrit; Brahmi FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 5. Kalinga True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Sarnath 2. Son of Chandragupta Maurya and second ruler of the Mauryan dynasty 3. Kandahar 4. Gold and previous stones 5. Pataliputra 6. Brahmi 7. It is a finely polished stone sculpture. 8. To see peace on the earth. Puzzle Time Across Down 1. Kalinga 1. Tax 2. Dynasty 2. Prakrit 3. Pataliputra 3. Brahmi 4. Empire 4. Sarnath SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) Brahmi script 2. (c) Coastal Orissa 3. (a) gold and precious stone 4. (a) Buddha 5. (b) Bindusara Match the following (i) (d) (ii) (c) (iii) (e) (iv) (a) (v) (b) 26 n Question Bank Social Science-VI Fill in the Blanks 1. Brahmi 2. Dharma 3. medical 4. Kalinga; peace 5. Arthashastra True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. It was the money or things given by one country or ruler

27 to another, especially in return for protection or for not being attacked. 2. We can get Chanakya s ideas by reading this book. 3. He was an ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of West Asia named Seleucus Nicator. 4. Taxila and Ujjain. 5. Taxila was one of the cities in the Mauryan empire. It was gateway to the northwest, including Central Asia. 6. The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the Mauryan emperor. 7. Officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons and traders. 8. There were spies to keep a watch on the Mauryan officials. 9. Forest people provided a variety of things such as elephants, timber, honey and wax to the Mauryan officials. 10. They went from place to place teaching people about Ashoka s dhamma. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Pataliputra, Taxila and Ujjain. Merchants, officials and craftspersons probably lived in these cities. In other areas of the empire there were villages of farmers and herders. In some areas such as central India, there were forest people. Craftspersons were engaged in craft work. Officials collected taxes from farmers, herders, traders and craftspersons. Forest people gathered forest produce and hunted animals for food. 2. Ashoka wanted to conquer Kalinga. He fought a war for it. However, he was so horrified when he saw the violence and bloodshed that he decided not to fight any more wars. Since he gave up conquest after winning a war, he is undoubtedly a unique ruler. There is no ruler in the history of the world who can be matched with him. 3. Ashoka was a very sensible and compassionate ruler. He was troubled to see the problems that had taken root in his empire. These problems were (i) People in the empire followed different religions and this sometimes led to conflict. (ii) Animals were sacrificed. (iii) Slaves and servants were ill-treated. (iv) There were quarrels in families and amongst neighbours. 4. (i) Ashoka adopted various means to spread the message of dhamma. He appointed dhamma mahamattas who went from place to place teaching people about dhamma. (ii) He got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read his Teacher s Manual n 27

28 message to the illiterate people. (iii) He sent messengers to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands like Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka. 5. This is what Megasthenes wrote about Pataliputra; modern Patna This is a large and beautiful city. It is surrounded by a massive wall. It has 570 towers and 64 gates. The houses are of two and three storeys. They are built of wood and mud brick. The king s palace is decorated with stone carvings. It is surrounded with gardens and enclosures for keeping birds. 6. Pandit Nehru cherished high opinion about Ashoka and his edicts. He wrote that his edicts or instructions still speak to them in a language they can understand and they can still learn much from them. 7. Emperors in China built the Great Wall about 2400 years ago to protect the northern frontier of the empire from pastoral people. Some of its features are (i) The wall is about 6400 km long and is made of stone and brick with a road along the top. (ii) There are watch towers all along, at distances of about m. 8. Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies. They need larger number of officials who collect taxes. 9. The Mauryan emperors tried to control roads and rivers because they were important for transport, and to collect whatever resources were available as tax and tribute. 10. Ashoka was undoubtedly a good human being. (i) He treated his subjects as his own children and took good care of them. (ii) He did several welfare works for the people of his kingdom. For example, he dug wells, built roads and rest houses. He also arranged for medical treatment for both human beings and animals. 11. Ashoka instructed his officials to read his message inscribed on rocks and pillars to all those people who could not read it themselves. 12. Ashoka appointed messengers and sent them to other lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka to spread his ideas about dhamma. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Some parts of Ashoka s message are relevant even today. These parts are (i) Being gentle with slaves and servants. (ii) Respecting one s elders. (iii) Treating all creatures with compassion. (iv) It is both wrong to praise one s own religion or criticise another s. (v) Each one should respect the other s religion. 28 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

29 (vi) If one praises one s own religion while criticising another s, one is actually doing greater harm to one s religion. (vii) One should try to understand the main ideas of another s religion, and respect it. 2. The Mauryan empire was very large. Hence, different parts were ruled differently. The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor. There were several officials to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons and traders. These officials also punished those who disobeyed the ruler s orders. Many of these officials were given salaries. There were several spies who kept a watch on these officials. And the emperor supervised them all with the help of members of the royal family and senior ministers. There were other provinces which were ruled from provincial capitals. Royal princes were often sent as governors to these provinces. 3. The war that Ashoka fought to conquer Kalinga entirely transformed his life. About a lakh and a half people were captured and more than a lakh of people were killed. The violence and bloodshed filled Ashoka with sorrow. He became sad and decided to observe dhamma and to teach others about it as well. He believed that winning people over through dhamma was much better than conquering them through force. He got his message inscribed for the future, so that his son and grandson after him should not think about war. 4. See Long Answer No.2. Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Oral Questions 1. A system of drainage 2. Association 3. Big landowners, ordinary ploughmen, and landless labourers. 4. Large landowners 5. Gramabhojaka 6. Madhya Pradesh 7. Barygaza 8. Pondicherry 9. One of the most important FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT emperors, who ruled about 2000 years ago. 10. Silver or copper. Fill in the Blanks 1. Mathura 2. punch-marked 3. grihapatis Uzhavar True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F Teacher s Manual n 29

30 Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Mathura 2. channels to supply water 3. Sangam literature 4. Sickle or tongs or axe 5. Independent farmers 6. It is usually black in colour, and has a fine sheen. Puzzle Time 1. Amphitheatres 2. Irrigation 3. Augustus 4. Shrenis 5. Jatakas 6. Weaving 7. Glassware S I V C I Y U A K J Q V D W N P T R J Q K O D S Q R E Z Q Y R B I U T Q S N T A M P H I T H E A T H E S V S A U G U S T U S R P F I H G L A S S W A R E X H N H S O T G X X E E N S Y G R W G I R Q L O C I M U T E R N O N B F O M S N Q A I T Z N J A T A K A S I Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) drainage 2. (a) silver 3. (c) religious centre 4. (b) craftspersons 5. (a) gramabhojaka 6. (a) ordinary people 7. (b) vellalar 8. (b) Bharuch 9. (c) Grihapati 10. (a) uzhavar Match the following (i) (d) (ii) (c) (iii) (e) (iv) (a) (v) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. Vellalar 2. slaves 3. punch 4. Krishna 5. Buddhist 6. Kushanas 7. Kadaisiyar 8. mahajanapadas True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Some of the earliest works in Tamil were composed around 2300 years ago. These were SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 30 n Question Bank Social Science-VI known as Sangam literature. 2. Jataka stories were composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks. 3. A massive brick structure, pottery such as amphorae and stamped red-glazed pottery, glassware, Roman lamps and gems. 4. Wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins. 5. Around 2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas. 6. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people living in Mathura. 7. Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland and perfume-makers lived in Mathura. 8. Madurai was the cloth manufacturing centre in the south. 9. Shrenis of merchants organised the trade. 10. Amphorae was a tall doublehandled jar that contained liquids such as wine or oil.

31 Short Answer Type Questions 1. The gramabhojaka was the village headman whose post was hereditary. He was often the largest landowner. Generally, he had slaves and hired workers to cultivate the land. He was very powerful because the king often used him to collect taxes from the villages. He also functioned as a judge and sometimes as a policeman. 2. Around 2500 years ago, there is evidence for the growing use of iron tools. These included axes for clearing forests, and the iron ploughshare which was very useful for increasing agricultural production. 3. The three different kinds of people living in the villages in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent were (i) Vellalar They were large land owners. (ii) Uzhavar They were ordinary ploughmen. (iii) Kadaisiyar and adimai They were landless labourers, including slaves. 4. Shrenis were associations of craftspersons and merchants: (i) Shrenis of craftspersons provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished products. (ii) Shrenis of merchants organised the trade. (iii) Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. 5. A variety of people lived in the villages in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent (i) Gramabhojaka He was the village headman whose post was hereditary. He was often the largest landowner. He was very powerful. He collected taxes from the village. He also functioned as a judge and sometimes as a policeman. (ii) Grihapati He was independent farmer as well as smaller landowner. (iii) Dasa Karmakara The men and women belonging to this group did not own land. They had to earn a living working on the fields owned by others. 6. The imports into Barygaza were wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins. The exports from the town included plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, carnelian, cotton, silk and perfumes. 7. (i) Mathura was located at the cross-roads of two major routes of travel and trade from the northwest to the east and from north to south. (ii) There were fortifications around the city and several shrines. (iii) Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced. Teacher s Manual n 31

32 8. Archaeologists have found a variety of things at the site of Arikamedu. (i) A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at this site. (ii) Other finds include pottery from the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae and stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware. (iii) Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site. Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Jataka stories that were probably composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks provide us ample knowledge about the early cities. (ii) Sculptors carved scenes depicting peoples lives in towns and villages; as well as in the forest. (iii) In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots, or ceramic rings arranged one on top of the other. These are known as ring wells. These seem to have been used as toilets or drains. These ring wells are usually found in individual houses. (iv) The accounts of sailors and travellers who visited the early cities also provide us ample knowledge about them. 2. See Short Answer No.7. Some more points: (i) Around 2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas. (ii) Mathura was also a religious centre. There were Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines, and it was an important centre for the worship of Lord Krishna. 3. Spinning and weaving were done mostly by women folk. The rules established for this were (i) Women employed in these occupations should be paid according to the quality and quantity of work. (ii) Women who were not permitted to leave their homes could send maid servants to bring the raw material from the superintendent and take the finished work back to him. (iii) Women who could visit the workshop should go at dawn to give their work and receive their wages. There should be enough light to examine the work. (iv) If a woman did not complete her work, she would have to pay a fine, and her thumbs could be cut off. 4. Several inscriptions on surfaces such as stone slabs and statues have been found 32 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

33 in Mathura. Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men and women to monasteries and shrines. These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants and craftspersons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. 5. The archaeological evidence for crafts include extremely fine pottery, known as the Northern Black Polished Ware. It is usually black in colour, and has a fine sheen. Archaeological evidence for many crafts may not have survived. We know from the text that the manufacture of cloth was important. There were famous centres such as Varanasi in the north and Madurai in the south. There are also archaeological evidence for craftspersons and merchants who now formed associations known as Shrenis. These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished products. Then the Shrenis of merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks. 6. Rome was the capital of one of the largest empires one that spread across Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Augustus, one of the most important emperors, who ruled about 2000 years ago, said that he found Rome a city of brick, and made it into a city of marble. He and later rulers, built temples and palaces. They also built huge amphitheatres open arenas surrounded by tiers of seats where citizens could watch all kinds of shows, and public baths where people met and relaxed. Huge aqueducts were built to bring water to the city for the baths, fountains and toilets. Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 1. They travelled from one place to another and sold many different items. 2. Pepper 3. An important port on the east coast 4. Madurai 5. Sutavahanas 6. Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni 7. Gautami Balashri 8. the route leading to the south 9. A highly valued fabric 10. Mathura and Taxila. Fill in the Blanks 1. Bodhisattvas 2. Kanishka 3. Theravada 4. Buddhist 5. Buddhist Teacher s Manual n 33

34 True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F Rapid-Fire Questions 1. South India 2. Ashvaghosha 3. Sanskrit 4. Men and women who undertake journeys to holy places in order to offer worship. Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) Thailand 2. (a) pepper 3. (a) Madurai 4. (d) western India 5. (b) Kushana ruler Match the following (i) (e) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) (v) (d) Fill in the Blanks 1. Tamil 2. Bodhisattvas 3. Pilgrims 4. dangers 5. Nalanda 6. Bhakti True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. They were rulers who ruled over central Asia and northwest India around 2000 years ago. 2. Pilgrims are men and women who undertake journeys to holy places in order to offer worship. 3. Bhakti is a person s devotion to his/her chosen deity. 4. Theravada is the older form of Buddhism. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 34 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 5. Most famous Kushana ruler 6. A sacred book of the Hindus 7. Bethlehem Puzzle Time Across Down 1. Pilgrims 1. Monastery 2. Gold 2. Mahayana 3. Appar 3. Peepal 4. FaXian 4. Silk 5. Kushanas 5. Dynasty 5. China 6. The paths through which some people carried silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route. 7. Rulers and rich people in Rome wore silk about 2000 years ago. 8. Peshawar and Mathura were the two major centres of power of the Kushanas. 9. We know about Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni from an inscription composed by his mother, Gautami, Balashri. 10. The monsoon winds helped the sailors to cross the sea in less time. Short Answer Type Questions 1. The three ruling families that became powerful in south India around 2300 years ago were the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. Each of the three chiefs had two centres of power one inland, and other on the coast. Of these six cities, two were very important Puhar or Kaveripattinam It was the port of the Cholas.

35 Madurai It was the capital of the Pandyas. 2. Kings wanted to control the Silk Route because they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they often protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attacks by robbers. 3. The Chinese pilgrims like Fa Xian, Xuan Zang and I-Qing came to India to visit places associated with the life of the Buddha as well as famous monasteries. Xuan Zang carried back with him statues of the Buddha made of gold, silver and sandalwood. 4. Techniques of making silk were first invented in China around 7000 years ago. The methods remained a closely guarded secret for thousands of years. Meanwhile, some people from China went to distant lands on foot, horseback, and on camels. These people carried silk with them. Sometimes, Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia, and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. In this way, people came to know about silk. 5. Ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti due to the following reasons: (i) Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so called high or low castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti. (ii) Bhakti did not involve the performance of elaborate sacrifices. Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess. 6. The dynasty that became powerful in western India around 2100 years ago was the dynasty of the Satavahanas. The most important ruler of this dynasty was Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni. He and other Satavahana rulers were known as lords of the dakshinapatha which was used as a name for the entire southern region. He sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts. 7. Instead of collecting regular taxes, the chiefs demanded and received gifts from the people. They also went on military expeditions, and collected tribute from neighbouring areas. They kept some of the wealth and distributed the rest amongst their supporters. 8. Mahayana Buddhism was a new form of Buddhism. This had two distinct features (i) Earlier, the Buddha s presence was shown in sculpture by using certain signs. Now, statues of Teacher s Manual n 35

36 the Buddha were made. Many of these were made in Mathura, while others were made in Taxila. (ii) The second change was a belief in Bodhisattvas. These were persons who had attained enlightenment, they could live in complete isolation and meditate in peace. However, instead of doing that, they remained in the world to teach and help other people. 9. Nalanda (Bihar) was a unique centre of Buddhist learning in India. The teachers were men of the highest ability and talent. They followed the teachings of the Buddha in all sincerity. The rulers of the monastery were strict and everyone had to follow them. Discussions were held throughout the day, and the old and the young mutually helped one another. Learned men from different cities came there to settle their doubts. 10. See Short Answer No.8 Long Answer Type Questions 1. The beginning of Bhakti is an important phenomenon that took place in this period. Its main features are (i) Deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Durga began to be worshipped. These deities were worshipped through Bhakti. (ii) Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called high or low castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti. (iii) Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices. (iv) There was a belief that if a devotee worships the chosen deity with a pure heart, the deity will appear in the form in which he/she may desire. So, the deity could be thought of as a human being, lion tree or any other form. This belief paved the way for the artists who began to make beautiful images of these deities. (v) Bhakti inspired some of the best expressions in art which included sculpture and architecture. 2. See Short Answer No.8 for the first part of the Question. The answer of second part is given below The worship of Bodhisattvas became popular and spread throughout central Asia, China and later to Japan and Korea. Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in. 36 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

37 Buddhism also spread south eastwards, to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of South east Asia including Indonesia. 3. About 2000 years ago, Christianity emerged in West Asia. Jesus Christ s teachings included the following (i) He (Jesus Christ) was the Saviour of the world. (ii) He taught people to treat others with live and trust others, just as they themselves wanted to be treated. (iii) He called the merciful blessed for they would obtain mercy. (iv) He taught people to be peace-loving. Christ s teachings appealed to ordinary people and spread through West Asia, Africa and Europe. 4. (i) The fine pottery, especially bowls and plates were found from several archaeological sites throughout the subcontinent. Historians opine that traders may have carried them from the places where they were made, to sell them at other places. (ii) South India was famous for gold, spices and precious stones. The traders carried many of these goods to Rome in ships, across the sea and by land in caravans. There must have been quite a lot of trade as many Roman gold coins have been found in South India. (iii) Traders explored several sea routes. Some of these followed the coasts. There were others across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, where sailors took advantage of the monsoon winds to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they chose to sail with the south west monsoon. Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Oral Questions 1. In praise of 2. List of ancestors 3. Chandragupta 4. Kumara devi 5. Astronomer 6. Court poet of Harshavardhana FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 7. Sanskrit 8. Pulakeshin II 9. An organisation of merchants 10. Abhijnana Shakuntalam Fill in the Blanks 1. Lichchhavi four 4. Samudragupta Teacher s Manual n 37

38 5. Kalidasa 6. Prashastis True/False 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Patliputra 2. Ravikriti 3. Happiness 4. Arab merchants 5. Prophet Muhammad Puzzle Time 1. Poet 2. Samanta 3. Prayaga 4. Kanauj 5. Prashasti 6. Pallavas 7. Nagaram 8. Shakas SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Rashtrakutas 2. (b) astronomer 3. (a) Aihole 4. (b) western India 5. (c) biography Match the following (i) (d) (ii) (e) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. Chandragupta 2. Kanchipuram 3. uncle 4. brahmin 5. Harshavardhana True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Pallava king was attacked by Pulakeshin II. He took shelter behind the walls of Kanchipuram. 2. The Cholas defeated the Chalukyas. 3. The nagaram was an organisation of merchants. 4. This means that sons succeeded fathers to these posts. 5. Pulakeshin II checked the advance of Harshavardhana. 6. We know about the Gupta rulers from their inscriptions and coins. 7. Raja, maharaja, maharajadhiraja. 8. One of the prashastis mentions that his mother was Kamara devi and she belonged to the Lichchhavi gana. 9. Harsha s brother-in-law was killed by the ruler of Bengal. 10. When Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into the Deccan, he was stopped by Pulakeshin II, a ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Prashasti is a Sanskrit word, meaning in praise of. Samudragupta s prashastis were composed by his court poet Harishena. The poet praised the king in glowing terms as a warrior, as a king who won victories in battle, who was learned and the best of poets. He is also described as equal to the gods. Most prashastis of Samudragupta also mention his ancestors. His father Chandragupta was the first ruler of the Gupta dynasty to adopt the grand title of maharaj-adhiraja. One 38 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

39 of these prashastis makes it clear that king s mother was Kumara devi and she belonged to the Lichchhavi gana. 2. Harshacharita is the biography of Harshavardhana written by his court poet, Banabhatta. This gives us the genealogy of Harsha and ends with his becoming king. Xuan Zang, a Chinese pilgrim, also spent a lot of time at Harsha s court and left a detailed account of what he saw. As per his account, Harsha became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died. His brother-in-law was the ruler of Kanauj. When he was killed by the ruler of Bengal, Harsha took over the kingdom of Kanauj. 3. The village was the basic unit of administration. Kings adopted a number of steps to win the support of powerful men. For instance (i) Some important administrative posts were made hereditary. (ii) Sometimes, one person held many offices. (iii) Important men probably had a say in local administration. 4. Samudragupta s treatment with the rulers of Aryavarta was very harsh. These rulers were nine in number and all of them were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta s empire. On the other hand, he remained flexible with the rulers of Dakshinapatha who were twelve in number. He allowed these rulers to rule again even after being defeated by Samudragupta. 5. Pulakeshin II was the best known Chalukya ruler. We know about this great ruler from a prashasti, composed by his court poet, Ravikriti. This tells us about his ancestors, who are traced back through four generations from father to son. Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle. According to this prashasti, he led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts. He checked the advance of Harsha. He also attacked the Pallava king. 6. A new kind of army emerged at this time. (i) Like earlier rulers, some of the kings maintained a well-organised army, with elephants, chariots, cavalry, and foot-soldiers. (ii) There were military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. They were not paid regular salaries. (iii) These military leaders, known as samanatas, collected revenue from the land and used this to maintain soldiers and horses, and provide equipment for warfare. 7. Samantas were actually military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. They collected revenue from the land and used this to maintain soldiers Teacher s Manual n 39

40 and horses. They also made arrangements of equipment for warfare. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Plays and other accounts throw enough light on the lives of ordinary people of this time. Kalidasa is known for his plays depicting life in the king s court. An interesting feature about these plays is that the king and most brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit, while men and women other than the king and brahmin used Prakrit. His most famous play, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, is the story of the love between a king named Dushyanta and young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting description of the plight of a poor fisherman in this play. The account of Fa Xian, a Chinese pilgrim, describes the plight of the untouchables. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city. They were exploited by the high and mighty. 2. The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention that a number of local assemblies existed in the southern kingdoms. These assemblies included the sabha, the ur and the nagaram. (i) The Sabha was an assembly of brahmin landowners. This assembly functioned through sub-committees, which looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc. (ii) The ur was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not brahmins. (iii) The nagaram w a s an organisation of merchants. The above mentioned assemblies were controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants. Many of these local assemblies continued to function for centuries in south India. 3. The four different kinds of rulers were (i) The rulers of Aryavarta. They were nine in number. (ii) The rulers of Dakshinapatha. They were twelve in number. (iii) The inner circle of neighbouring states, including Assam, coastal Bengal, Nepal, and a number of gana sanghas in the north-west. (iv) The rulers of the outlying areas. Perhaps they were the descendants of the Kushanas and Shakas and the ruler of Sri Lanka. Samudragupta never adopted the same policy towards these rulers. He uprooted the rulers of Aryavarta and made their kingdom a part of his empire. On the other hand, he adopted submissive policy towards the rulers 40 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

41 of Dakshinapatha. When these rulers surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated, then they were allowed to rule again. The rulers of the inner circle of neighbouring states had to bring tribute, follow his order and attend his court. 4. The prashastis of the Pallavas and Chalukyas give a vivid description of the achievements of these rulers. The Pallavas and Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasites in south India during this period. The kingdom of the Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram, to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centred around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. As per these prashastis, Aihole was the capital of the Chalukyas. It was an important trading centre. It developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another s lands, especially attacking the capital cities, which were prosperous towns. The prashasti composed by Ravikriti, the court-poet of Pulakeshin II describes him the best-knwon Chalukya ruler. Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle. He checked the advance of Harsha and attacked the Pallava king. Ultimately, both Pallavas and Chalukyas got replaced by the Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties. 5. See Short Answer No (i) Prayaga (ii) Ujjain (iii) Pataliputra Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings and Books FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions years ago 1. Mound 10. Sanchi 2. The art of creating pictures by Fill in the Blanks applying colour to a surface 3. Long compositions about heroic men and women 4. Stories about god and goddesses 5. China 6. Meghaduta 7. Ilango 8. Sanskrit 1. garbhagriha 2. Shikhara 3. Mahabaliparam 4. brick 5. Jatakas True/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T Teacher s Manual n 41

42 Rapid-Fire Questions m 2. in Andhra Pradesh 3. Sattanar 4. old 5. Ramayana and Mahabharata 6. Vishnu Sharma 7. Valmiki 8. Sanskrit Puzzle Time A V C L R F Q D A O P G E P I C R P J J N A I D S M B T P H A F P K A E Q M C O R N L E N S A N S K R I T N R U S H I K H A R A P V Q U W Y P I L L A R A S T U P A S B Z X D E Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) garbhagriha 2. (b) Sanskrit 3. (c) priests 4. (d) Mahabharata 5. (a) Arabs Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (e) (iii) (d) (iv) (a) (v) (c) Fill in the Blanks 1. Aryabhata 2. Puranas 3. Valmiki 4. Silappadikaram and Manimekalai 5. Manimekalai True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. There are several kinds of stupas round and tall, big and small. 2. The small box placed at the heart of the stupa may contain bodily remains such as teeth, bone or ashes of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones, and coins. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 42 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 3. The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli, Delhi, is a remarkable example of the skill of Indian craftspersons. Two features (i) It is made of iron, 7.2 m high and weighs over 3 tonnes. (ii) It has not rusted in all these years. 4. Devotees walked around the stupa, in a clockwise direction, as a mark of devotion. 5. Amaravati was a place where a magnificent stupa once existed. 6. Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. 7. It was because the image of the chief deity was placed in the garbhagriha. 8. Mandapa was a hall in the temple where people could assemble. 9. The technique of making paper first reached Korea from China. 10. Pradakshina patha was a circular path around the stupa. Short Answer Type Questions 1. The different parts of the earliest Hindu temples were (i) Garbhagriha The

43 garbhagriha was the most important part of the temple, where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was here that priests performed religious rituals and devotees offered worship to the deity. (ii) Shikhara It was a tower built on the top of the garbhagriha, to mark this out as a sacred place. (iii) Mandapa Most temples had a space known as the mandapa. It was a hall where people could assemble. 2. The man who invented paper was Cai Lun, a Chinese national. He beat plant fibres, cloth, rope and the bark of trees. He then soaked them in water, and then pressed, drained and dried the pulp to create paper. Even today, hand made paper is made through a similar process. 3. (i) Aryabhata was a famous mathematician and astronomer. He wrote a book in Sanskrit known as the Aryabhatiyam. (ii) He stated that day and night were caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis, even though it seems as if the sun is rising and setting everyday. (iii) He developed a scientific explanation for eclipses. (iv) He also found a way of calculating the circumference of a circle, which is nearly as accurate as the formula we use today. 4. There were several stages in building a stupa or a temple (i) First, good quality stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chosen for the new building. (ii) Here, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and carved into pillars, and panels for walls, floors and ceilings. (iii) And then these had to be placed in precisely the right position. 5. Building stupas or temples was not only expensive but extensive too. It required several hundreds of people. Kings and queens probably spent money from their treasury to pay the craftspersons who worked to build these splendid structures. Besides, when devotees came to visit the temple or the stupa, they often brought gifts, which were used to decorate the buildings. Among the others who paid for decorations were merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women. The names of these people were inscribed on pillars, railings and walls. 6. The word Purana literally means old. The Puranas contain stories about gods and goddesses, such as Vishnu, Teacher s Manual n 43

44 Shiva, Durga or Parvati. They also contain details on how they were to be worshipped. We can also find accounts about the creations of the world and about kings. The Puranas were written in simple Sanskrit verse and were meant to be heard by everybody, including women and shudras, who were not allowed to study the Vedas. 7. Name of the two Tamil epics (i) The Silappadikaram (ii) The Manimekalai The Silappadikaram is a story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife Kannagi. The Manimekalai describes the story of the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. 8. Ajanta paintings of Maharashtra are world famous. This is a place where several caves were hollowed out of the hills over centuries. Most of these were monasteries for Buddhist monks and some of them were decorated with paintings. The colours of these paintings are vivid even after 1500 years, and were made of plants and minerals. As the caves are dark inside, most of these paintings were done in the light of torches. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Two Sanskrit epics that had been popular for a very long time are (i) The Mahabharata (ii) The Ramayana (i) The Mahabharata is about a war fought between the Kauravas and Pandavas, who were cousins. This was a war to gain control of the throne of the Kurus, and their capital, Hastinapur. The Bhagavad Gita was also included in the Mahabharata. In this, Krishna the god, asks Arjuna, his devotee and friend, to fight because this was the only way out. (ii) The Ramayana is about Rama, a prince of Kosala, who was sent into exile. His wife Sita was abducted by the king of Lanka, named Ravana, and Rama had to fight a battle to get her back. He won and returned to Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala, after his victory. 2. See Short Answer No The word stupa means a mound. There are several kinds of stupas round and tall, big and small. But all of them have certain common features (i) There is a small box placed at the heart of the stupa. This may contain bodily remains of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones, and coins. (ii) This box, known as a relic casket, was covered with earth. Later, a layer of mud brick or baked brick was added on top. 44 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

45 (iii) The dome like structure was sometimes covered with carved stone slabs. (iv) Often, a path was laid around the stupa. This was surrounded with railing. Entrance to the path was through gateways. (v) Both railings and gateways were often decorated with sculpture. 4. The Tamil epic, the Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango, around 1800 years ago. It is the story of A. Tick the correct option 1. (d) livelihood 2. (c) almanac 3. (a) north-east of India 4. (b) south of the Ganga 5. (a) Dog B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) (v) (e) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. sharing of ideas 2. hand 3. north-west 4. letters or signs 5. Greeks D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True E. Answers the following questions 1. See Long Ans. Type Q1. under Summative Assessment. 2. They lived along the banks of river Narmada. These people gathered roots, fruits and other forest produce for their food. WORKSHEET-1 a merchant named Kolavan, who lived in Puhar and fell in love with a courtesan named Madhavi, neglecting his wife Kannagi. Later, he and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai, where he was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi was full of grief and anger at this injustice, and destroyed the entire city of Madurai. 3. Some of the areas where ancient people first began to grow crops were the Sulaiman and Kirthar hills to the northwest. They also began rearing animals like sheep, goats and cattle. 4. See Short Answer Type Q3. under Summative Assessment. 5. Ordinary people did not keep records of what they did because they had no resources. Also they did not fight battles like kings. 6. The various ways of finding out about the past are manuscripts, inscriptions, and archaeology. 7. Historians study the past. They often use the word source to refer to the information found from manuscripts, inscriptions and archaeology. Once sources are found, learning about the past becomes an adventure as we reconstruct it bit by bit. So Teacher s Manual n 45

46 historians and archaeologists are like detectives, who use all these sources like clues to find out about our pasts. 8. In ancient times the area along the river Ganga and its tributaries called the Son to the south of the Ganga was known as Magadha. It was a powerful kingdom because its rulers were very powerful, and set up a large kingdom. 9. (i) Men and women moved in search of livelihood. (ii) Merchants travelled with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place. (iii) Religious teachers walked A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) gathering plant produce 2. (d) all of the above 3. (d) Vindhyas and the Deccan Plateau 4. (b) cook meat B. Match the Columns (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (c) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Vindyas; Deccan 2. Palaeolithic 3. sites 4. Hunter-gatherers D. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False E. Answers the following questions 1. Hunter-gatherers were people who lived in the subcontinent as early as two million years WORKSHEET-2 46 n Question Bank Social Science-VI from village to village, town to town, stopping to offer instruction and advice on the way. 10. Hills, mountains and seas form the natural frontiers of the subcontinent. While it was difficult to cross these frontiers, those who wanted could and did scale mountains and cross the seas. People from across the frontiers also came into the subcontinent and settled here. These movements of people have shared new ways of carving stone composing music and even cooking food over several hundreds of years. ago. They were called so because they hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Gathering plant produce was an important means of obtaining food for them. 2. Stone tools were found in the ancient time. They were of great importance. Early people used them to cut meat and bone, scrape bark from trees and hides, chop fruit and roots. Some of the stone tools were used for digging the ground to collect edible roots. 3. Name of two habitation sites where hunter-gatherers lived (i) Bhimbetka (ii) Hunsgi Hunter-gatherers chose to live there because those sites were located near sources of water,

47 such as rivers and lakes. Since those sites included caves and rock shelters, people chose those natural caves to get shelter from the rain, heat and wind. 4. Three reasons that made hunter-gatherers keep on moving from one place to another place are given below: (i) Staying at one place for a long period might have resulted in nonavailability of plant and animal resources. Therefore, it was beneficial for them to move to new places after some time in search of food. (ii) Animals move from place to place to fill their stomach. That is why those who hunted them had to follow their movements. (iii) Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. So, people might have moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants. 5. Obtaining food was really a tough task for the early people. There are several animals that run faster than us, many that are stronger. To hunt animals or catch fish and birds, people need to be alert, quick and have lots of presence of mind. If one wants to collect plant produce, one A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Burzahom 2. (a) stone 3. (a) sheep and goat WORKSHEET-3 needs to find out which plants or parts of plants are edible, because there are many plants which are poisonous. People also need to find out about the seasons when the fruits ripen. 6. Archaeologists have found several sites where huntergatherers lived. Some of these sites are known as habitationcum-factory sites because people lived there for longer spells of time and made tools in factories. 7. (i) Around 12,000 years ago, the world witnessed major climatic changes with a shift to relatively warm conditions. (ii) This led to the development of grasslands. (iii) This in turn led to an increase in the number of deer, antelope, goat, sheep and cattle. These are animals which live on grass. 8. This technique is known as stone to stone technique. As is shown in the illustration, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand and another stone which was used as hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strike off flakes form the rest, till the required shape was obtained. 4. (d) Gufkral B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) Teacher s Manual n 47

48 C. Fill in the Blanks 1. village 2. herds 3. store 4. seed D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True E. Answers the following questions 1. People who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time because crops require good maintenance like watering at certain intervals, and care for proper growth. Sometimes crops need to be protected from birds and animals so that they can grow and seeds can ripen. Once they are ripened, they need to be harvested. 2. People attracted and then tamed animals by leaving food for them near their shelters. Later, they encouraged animals that were relatively gentle to come near the camps where they lived. These animals such as sheep, goat, cattle and also the pig lived in herds, and most of them ate grass. Often, people protected these animals from attacks by other wild animals. In this way, they became herders. 3. Mehrgarh is the site located in fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. It is one of the most important routes into Iran. Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat, and rear sheep and goats for the first time in this area. Therefore, it is regarded as one of the earliest villages that we know about. 4. When the climate of the world changed, plants and animals that people used as food also changed. Men, women and children probably observed several things, such as, the places where edible plants were found, how seeds broke off stalks, fell on the ground, and new plants sprouted from them. In due course of time they began looking after plants by protecting them from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds could ripen. In this way people became farmers. 5. Domestication is a process in which people grow plants and look after animals. It is obvious that plants and animals that are tended by people become different from those plants and animals that grow on their own without human interference. For example, the teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals. 6. (i) Mehrgarh Wheat, barley, sheep, goats and cattle. (ii) Koldihwa Rice, fragmentary animal bones. (iii) Burzahom Wheat and lentil, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo. (iv) Paiyampalli Black gram, millet, cattle, sheep and pigs. 7. Tribal men usually led large herds of animals in search 48 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

49 of pasture. Some brave warriors or priests did the job of leading the members of their community. So far women were concerned, they did most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. But the cleaning of animals and milking was done by both men and women. Both men and women made pots, baskets, tools and huts. A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) Kalibangan 2. (d) They had beautiful gardens. 3. (a) copper and bronze 4. (a) stone B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Faience 2. terracotta 3. shell 4. Mehrgarh D. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False E. Answers the following questions 1. The Great Bath was a very special tank found in Mohenjodaro. It was lined with bricks, coated with plaster, and made watertight with a layer of natural tar. There were steps leading down to it from two sides, while there were rooms on all sides. Water was probably WORKSHEET-4 8. Daojali Hading is the site located on the hills near the Brahmaputra Valley, close to routes leading into China and Myanmar. Archaeologists have found here stone tools including mortars and pestles. Other finds include jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China. Tools made of fossil wood and pottery have also been found here. brought in from a well, and drained out after use. Important people probably took a dip in this tank on special occasions. 2. Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher and is described by archaeologists as the citadal. The part to the east was larger but lower and is called the lower town. The walls of each part were built of baked bricks. These bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern and that made the walls strong. 3. The Harappan farmers and herders grew crops and reared animals respectively. Farmers grew wheat, barely, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard. They used the plough to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. The region devoid of rain was irrigated. Teacher s Manual n 49

50 The Harappan herders reared cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo. Water and pastures were available around settlements. But in dry summer months the herders probably took the large herds of animals to greater distances in search of grass and water. They also collected fruits like ber, caught fish and hunted wild animals. 4. Faience is a material that is artificially produced. The Harappans used it to make beads, bangles, earrings and tiny vessels. 5. Carnelian is a beautiful red stone. The Harappans made beads out of it. Method: The stone was cut, shaped, polished and finally a hole was bored through the centre so that a string could be passed through it. 6. Some of the objects that were made and found in Harappan cities were made of stone. Shell and metal including copper, bronze, gold and silver. Copper and bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels. Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels. 7. Seeing this huge tank archaeologists infer that it may have been a dockyard, where boats and ships came in from the sea and through the river channel. Goods were probably loaded and unloaded here. 8. The city of Lothal is located beside a tributary of the river Sabarmati, in Gujarat which is close to the Gulf of Khambat. It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available. This was an important centre for making objects out of stone shell and metal. There was also a store house in this city. Archaeologists have found many seals and sealings in this store house. A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) the Rigveda 2. (a) sages 3. (d) all of the above 4. (b) north-west of the subcontinent B. Match the Columns (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Dravidian 2. dialogues 3. buried 4. water WORKSHEET-5 50 n Question Bank Social Science-VI D. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False E. Answers the following questions 1. These hymns called Sukta or well-said were composed by sages also known as rishis. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were composed by women. There are more than a thousand hymns in the Rigveda. Some

51 of them are in the form of dialogues. All the hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses, for example, Agni, Indra, etc. 2. Some of the wealth that was obtained from battles was kept by the leaders, some was given to the priest and the rest was distributed amongst the people. Some wealth was used for the performance of yajnas or sacrifices in which offerings were made into the fire. 3. This type of megalith is known as a Cist. Some Cists had portholes which could be used as an entrance. They were used for burying the other member of the same family at the same place. 4. The books that we read today are written and printed and therefore can be read. The Vedas were memorised by students with great care and then passed on to the later generations by reciting, listening and then memorising. 5. Slaves were men and women who were often captured in war. They were treated as the property of their owners, who could make them do whatever work they wanted. Thus, they were always at the disposal of their masters. 6. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) brahmin 2. (b) Patliputra 3. (a) Gupta rulres years ago. This practice was prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the north-east and Kashmir. 7. A burial site has been found at Inamgaon, located on the river Ghod, a tributary of the Bhima. It was occupied between 3600 and 2700 years ago. Here, adults were generally buried in the groud, laid out straight, with the heads towards the north. Sometimes burials were within the houses. Vessels that probably contained food and water were placed with the dead. This special burial is of a man. Archaeologists have found this man buried in a large, four-legged clay jar in the courtyard of five-roomed house in the centre of the settlement. This house also had a granary. The body was placed in a cross-legged position. 8. Battles in the vedic society were fought for various purposes: Battles were fought to capture cattle. Battles were also fought for land, which was important for pasture, and for growing hardy crops that ripened quickly. Some battles were fought for water, and to capture people. WORKSHEET-6 4. (c) farmers B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) Teacher s Manual n 51

52 C. Fill in the Blanks 1. fortify 2. huts 3. varnas 4. Magadha D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True E. Answers the following questions 1. Vassakara was Ajatasattu s minister. Ajatasattu wanted to attack the Vajjis. So he sent him to the Buddha to get his advice on the matter. 2. Women, dasas and kammakaras could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas. 3. The important rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara, Ajatasattu and Mahapadma Nanda. Bimbisara and Ajatasattu used all possible means to conquer other janapadas while Mahapadma Nanda extended his control up to the north-west part of the subcontinent. 4. The rajas of mahajanapadas probably built forts because people were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection. It is also likely that some rulers wanted to A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) traders 2. (a) Mahavira 3. (d) all of these 4. (b) brahmins 5. (c) monks B. Match the Columns (i) (e) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) (v) (d) WORKSHEET-7 C. Fill in the Blanks 1. viharas 2. Jina 3. wood 4. Good words 5. Samnyasa 52 n Question Bank Social Science-VI show how rich and powerful they were by building tall and impressive walls around their cities. Moreover, by fortifying the land and the people living inside the fortified area could be easily controlled. 5. Two major changes took place in agriculture around this time. One was the growing use of iron ploughshares. This meant that heavy, clayey soil could be turned over better than with a wooden ploughshare, so that more grain would be produced. Second was the beginning of paddy transplantation. This meant that instead of scattering seed on the ground, from which plants would sprout, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. This led to increased production. 6. See the above answer for two parts. Answer of third part Since this work was very tough, slave men, women and landless agricultural labourers were expected to do this work. D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True

53 E. Answers the following questions 1. The Vinaya Pitaka is the holy book of the Buddhists. The rules made for the Buddhist sangha were written down in this book. 2. Children had to take permission of their parents. Slaves had to take permission of their masters. Debtors could join the sangha only after taking permission of their creditors. Women had to take permission of their husbands. 3. Gargi was a woman thinker who was famous for her learning. She participated in debates held in royal courts. 4. Satyakama Jabala was poor Upanishadic thinker who could take part in debates held in royal courts. He had a deep desire to learn about reality. He was accepted as a student by a brahmin teacher named Gautama, and became one of the best-known thinkers of the time. A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) Chandragupta 2. (d) Pataliputra 3. (c) blankets 4. (a) Megasthenes 5. (b) Lion B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) (iv) (b) (v) (d) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. taxes 2. roads; rivers 3. Patna 4. Gangetic plains 5. pastoral people WORKSHEET-8 5. The Prakrit spoken in Magadha was known as Magadhi. 6. Farmers did not follow the rules of Jainism because they had to kill insects to protect their crops. 7. Both the Mahavira and the Buddha felt that only those who left their homes could gain true knowledge. 8. The Sangha was an association of people who had left their homes. 9. The only time they stayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficult for them to travel. 10. The life in the sangha was very tough. Those who joined it, had to meditate for most of the time. They had to go to cities and villages to beg for food during fixed hours. They taught others, and helped one another. They also held meetings to settle disputes that took place within the sangha. D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False E. Answers the following questions 1. Trading, gathering, forest produce, hunting animals, etc. 2. Ashoka s father was Bindusara. 3. Ujjain lay on the route from north to south India. 4. Forest people lived in central India. 5. Seleucus was a Greek ruler of West Asia. Teacher s Manual n 53

54 6. The king was afraid that someone might kill him out of enmity. So he had special servants to taste the food before he ate. 7. The most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire was Ashoka. 8. (i) He built roads, dug wells and built rest houses. (ii) He arranged for medical treatment for both human beings and animals. 9. Ashoka thought that it was both wrong to praise one s A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) Buddhist monks 2. (d) uzhavar 3. (c) topaz 4. (d) Mathura 5. (b) all of the above. B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (d) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. smaller 2. water 3. Rome 4. beads 5. black D. True/False 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True E. Answers the following questions 1. Some craftspersons are blacksmith, potter, carpenter, weavers, etc. 2. They were used to decorate railing, pillars and gateways of buildings that were visited by people. 3. They brought gifts for the king to please him and to carry WORKSHEET-9 54 n Question Bank Social Science-VI own religion or criticise another s. He instructed his subjects to respect other s religion. If one praised one s own religion while criticising another s one was actually doing greater harm to one s own religion. 10. There was no scope of idol worship or of sacrifice in Ashoka s dhamma. Ashoka treated his subjects as his children and took good care of them. on their trade without any hurdle. 4. The Northern Black Polished Ware gets its name from the fact that it is generally found in the northern part of the subcontinent. 5. Varanasi and Madurai were famous cloth manufacturing centres in ancient times. Both men and women worked in these centres. 6. Widows, young women who were differently abled, nuns, mothers of courtesans, retired women servants of the king and women who had retired from service in temples could be employed for spinning and weaving. 7. Arretine Ware was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould. 8. They built huge aqueduct to bring water to the city for the baths, fountains and toilets. 9. The Roman emperors built huge amphitheatres. These were open arenas surrounded by tiers of seats where citizens

55 could watch all kinds of shows. They also built public baths with separate timings for men and women. Here, people met and relaxed. 10. Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships loaded goods from distant lands. It existed between 2200 and 1900 years ago. A. Tick the correct option 1. (c) gold coins 2. (d) all of the above 3. (b) Kaveri 4. (a) poet 5. (d) Mathura and Taxila B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) (iv) (b) (v) (d) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Kanishka 2. Xuan Zang 3. sacrifices 4. Indus 5. ordinary D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False E. Answers the following questions 1. Silk was so expensive, as it had to be brought all the way from China, along dangerous roads, through mountains and deserts. People living along the route often demanded payments for allowing traders to pass through. 2. The rich, glossy colours of silk, as well as its smooth texture, make it a highly valued fabric. 3. Silk making is a complicated process. Raw silk has to be extracted from the cocoons of silk worms, spun into thread and then woven into cloth. 4. South India was famous for gold, spices, especially WORKSHEET-10 pepper, and precious stones. 5. During the rule of the Kushana rulers, a branch of the Silk Route extended from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire. 6. Both the images are of Buddha. The image on the left side is from Mathura and that on the right side is from Taxila. 7. Ashvaghosha was a poet who composed a biography of the Buddha, the Buddhacharita. 8. See Short Answer No The Bhagavad Gita is a holy book of the Hindus. It is included in the Mahabharata. In this Krishna the god, asks Arjuna, his devotee and friend, to abandon all dharmas and take refuge in him; as only He can set Arjuna free from all evils. This form of worship gradually spread to different parts of the country. 10. This magnificent statue is of a special form of Vishnu, the Varaha or boar. There is a story behind it. According to the Puranas, Vishnu took the shape of a boar in order to rescue the earth, which had sunk into water. Teacher s Manual n 55

56 A. Tick the correct option 1. (b) sandhi-vigrahika 2. (c) merchants 3. (a) Samantas 4. (a) Kalidasa 5. (b) Prakrit B. Match the Columns (i) (c) (ii) (e) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) (v) (a) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Allahabad 2. landowners; merchants 3. Dushyanta 4. Shakas 5. Bengal D. True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True E. Answers the following questions 1. Three authors who wrote about Harshavardhana were Banbhatta, Xuan Zang and Ravikriti. 2. Islam was first introduced around 1400 years ago in Arabia. The new religion laid stress on the equality and unity of all before Allah, the one supreme god. 3. Islam did not remain confined to Arabia only. Within a hundred years, it spread from there to north Africa, Spain, Iran and India. Arab sailors, who were already familiar with the coastal settlements of the subcontinent, now brought the new religion with them. WORKSHEET n Question Bank Social Science-VI 4. I don t think ordinary people would have read and understood the prashastis. The reason behind it is that the prashastis were composed in Sanskrit which was not spoken by the ordinary people. Since they were ordinary people they had to speak in Prakrit. So they were not familiar with the Sanskrit language. 5. These figures are of coins which show Samudragupta, a powerful Gupta ruler, playing the veena. 6. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one another s capital cities because they were prosperous towns. 7. One of the prashastis mentions Samudragupta s great grandfather, grandfather, father and mother. His father, Chandragupta, was the first ruler of the Gupta dynasty to adopt the grand title of maharaj-adhiraja, a title that Samudragupta also used. So far his great grandfather and grandfather were concerned, they are mentioned simply as maharajas. This makes it clear that Samudragupta s family gradually rose to importance. 8. Pulakeshin s military expeditions are mentioned by Ravikriti. According to him, Pulakeshin led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts. Besides, he checked the advance of Harshavardhana. He also defeated the Pallava king.

57 9. Harsha s brother-in-law was the ruler of Kanauj. Eventually, he was killed by the ruler of Bengal. Harsha took over the kingdom of Kanauj and then led an army against the ruler of Bengal. He remained successful in the east by conquering both Magadha and Bengal. But he A. Tick the correct option 1. (a) iron 2. (d) Chandra 3. (b) Amaravati 4. (a) ordinary people B. Match the Columns (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (c) C. Fill in the Blanks 1. Sanskrit 2. stupa 3. Mahabalipuram 4. Bhitargaon D. True/False 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False E. Answers the following questions 1. Usually, kings or queens built stupas or temples because it was an expensive affair. Common people could not afford it. 2. This is an early temple at Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh. This temple was built about 1500 years ago, and was made of baked brick and stone. WORKSHEET-12 did not get success elsewhere. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into the Deccan but was stopped by Pulakeshin II, a powerful Chalukya ruler. 10. Islam was a religion that laod stress on the equality and unity of all before Allah, the one supreme god. 3. The people who paid for the decorations of stupas and temples were merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women. 4. Paper was invented in China about 1900 years ago. The technique of making paper was a closely guarded secret for centuries. But ultimately it spread to other countries one by one. It reached Korea about 1400 years ago, and spread to Japan soon after. It was known in Baghdad about 1800 years ago. From Baghdad it spread to Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia including the subcontinent. 5. In Kalidasa s Meghaduta, a monsoon cloud is imagined to be a messenger between lovers who are separated from one another. 6. This is a Jaina monastery, located in Orissa. This two storey building was carved out of the rock surface. It has several rooms in which Jaina monks lived and meditated. Teacher s Manual n 57

58 Part-B: Geography (The Earth: Our Habitat) Chapter Oral Questions 1. Venus 2. A huge system of ballions of stars 3. INSAT 4. The first man to step on the surface of the moon days mullion km 7. Earth-like shape 8. Sun Fill in the Blanks 1. moon 2. scientists 3. seven 4. hot 5. sun True/False 1. F 2. T 3. F Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) Mercury 2. (d) Earth 3. (c) water 4. (c) elongated path 5. (b) north Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (f) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (d) (vi) (b) Fill in the Blanks 1. stars; constellation 2. galaxy 3. Sun 4. Earth 5. light; heat 1 The Earth In The Solar System FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4. T 5. F Rapid-Fire Questions SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Venue; Earth 2. Jupiter; Saturn 3. They are made up of gases and liquids. 4. Mercury 5. The earth is the only planet on which conditions favourable to support life are found. 6. Oxygen Puzzle Time 1. Venus 2. Edusat 3. Earth 4. Jupiter 5. Sun 6. Pluto 7. Moon 8. Mars True/False 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False Very Short Answer Type questions 1. The Universe means the whole space and everything in it including the earth and other planets, stars and galaxies. 2. Satellite is a celestial body that moves around the planets in the same way as the planets move around the sun. 3. The moon appears so big because it is nearer to our

59 planet than other celestial bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km away from us. 4. In order of their distance from the sun, all the eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 5. Those persons who study the celestial bodies and their movements are called astronomers. 6. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. 7. We can locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi. 8. Constellations are groups of stars that form various patterns in the sky. Example: Ursa Major or Big Bear. 9. The sun, the moon and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies. 10. We can t see the moon and all the bright tiny objects during day time because the very bright light of the sun does not allow us to see them. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Some celestial bodies are very big and hot. They are made up of gases. They have their own heat and light, which they emit in large amounts. These celestial bodies are called stars. Example The sun is a star. Some celestial bodies do not have their own heat and light. They are lit by the light of the stars. These celestial bodies are called planets. Example The earth is a planet. 2. The Solar System means the system of the sun. It is made up of eight planets and their satellites, some dwarf planets, some other celestial bodies like asteroids, meteoroids, shooting stars and comets. The name of all the eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 3. The Earth is the only planet which has conditions favourable to support life. It is neither too hot nor too cold. Its two-thirds surface is covered with water and its atmosphere contains high amount of oxygen which is essential to our life. The solid crust of the Earth consists of soil and minerals which are quite favourable for life to exist. These specialities make our Earth a unique planet in the solar system. 4. The sun keeps an important place in the solar system because of the following reasons (i) It is the ultimate source of heat and light for the solar family. (ii) The planets, their satellites and other celestial bodies remain within the solar system due to the sun s gravitational power. (iii) The sun is at the centre of a huge rotating system. Teacher s Manual n 59

60 5. See Short Answer No.3 6. Stars are different from planets in the following ways: (i) Stars have their own light. Planets are lit by the light of the stars. (ii) Stars twinkle but planets do not. (iii) Stars are made up of hot, burning gases. Planets are made up of solid materials. (iv) There are millions of stars whereas the number of planets is only eight. 7. Asteroids are numerous tiny bodies which also move around the sun like the stars, planets and satellites. They are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are small pieces of rocks which move around the sun. Sometimes these meteoroids come near the earth and tend to drop upon it. During this process due to friction with the air they get heated up and burn. It causes a flash of light. 8. Human-made satellites are artificial bodies. They are designed by scientists to gather information about the universe or for communication. They are carried by rockets and placed in the orbit around the earth. Some Indian satellites in space are INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT, etc. Long Answer Type Questions 1. The moon is the only satellite of the earth. Its diametre is only one-quarter that of the earth. It appears so big because it is nearer to our planet than other celestial bodies. It is about 3,84,400 km away from the Earth. The moon does not have conditions favourable for life. It has neither water nor air. The moon reflects the light of the sun and its phase differs each night. The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days. It takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. As a result, only one side of the moon is visible to us on the earth. 2. A diagram of the Solar System Name of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. They are far from the sun and are made up of gases and liquids. Name of the inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are very close to the sun and are made up of rocks. 60 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

61 Chapter Oral Questions 1. A true model of the earth. 2. An imaginary line running on the globe and divides it into two equal parts. 3. It means that it can be rotated. 4. Zero degree latitude. 5. All parallels north of the equator are called north latitudes and all parallels south of the equator are called south latitudes. 6. Northern Hemisphere 7. Torrid Zone 8. Figid Zone Fill in the Blanks 1. longitude 2. length 3. Greenwich west; east Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) the Frigid zone 2. (a) four 3. (c) Southern Hemisphere 4. (a) degrees 5. (d) 66½ N 6. (b) place 7. (c) 2:00 pm Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) (iv) (f) (v) (c) (vi) (d) Fill in the Blanks 1. 82½ E 2. Prime Meridian 3. poles 4. northern Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T Rapid-Fire Questions 1. True 2. In tilled manner 3. Tropic of capricorn 4. Three 5. GMT Greenwich Mean Time, IST Indian Standard Time Puzzle Time Across Down 1. Equator 2. Torrid 4. Noon 3. Axis 6. Globe 5. Local time 7. Poles 8. Grid SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The earth is not sphere. It is slightly flattened at the North and South Poles and bulged in the middle. Its shape is described as a geoid which means earth-like shape. 2. Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time on the Prime Meridian which is used as the standard for time calculation throughout the world. Teacher s Manual n 61

62 3. Axis is a straight imaginary line which joins the two poles of the earth and on which the earth rotates. 4. In India, the longitude of 82½ E (82 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country. It is known as the Indian Standard Time (IST). 5. The three heat zones of the earth are (i) The Torrid Zone (ii) The Temperate Zone (iii) The Frigid Zone 6. The latitudinal value of the Tropic of Capricorn is 23½ S. 7. The time difference between the Prime Meridian and the 180 W meridian is 12 hours. 8. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This zone receives vertical rays of the sun. Therefore, it receives maximum amount of heat. 9. Some countries have adopted more than one standard time because they have a great longitudinal extent. For example- in Russia, there are as many as eleven standard times. Short Answer Type Questions 1. A globe is a model of the earth. It shows the earth in its actual shape. It is a simple and accurate way to represent the earth. It is not fixed and can be rotated in the same way as a top spin. Features of the globe: (i) The globe is small in size and therefore very convenient to carry and use. (ii) It clearly depicts all the features of the earth. (iii) Globes show countries, continents and oceans in their correct shape. 2. The four important parallels of latitudes are (i) Tropic of Cancer (23½ N) in the Northern Hemisphere. (ii) Tropic of Capricorn (23½ S) in the Southern Hemisphere. (iii) Arctic Circle at 66½ north of the equator. (iv) Antarctic Circle at 66½ south of the equator. Below is given the diagram showing important parallels of latitudes Important Latitudes 3. The local time of places which are on different meridians 62 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

63 are bound to differ. We can understand it with the help of an example. It is very difficult to prepare a timetable for trains which cross several longitudes. In India, for instance, there will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. It is, necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. In India, the longitude of 82½ E (82 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country. 4. India and Britain are located at different longitudes. We know that each degree of longitudes corresponds to a difference for four minutes. This is because the earth rotates 360 in about 24 hours which means 15 an hour or 1 in four minutes. In India, the longitude of 82½ E (82 30' E) is treated as the standard meridian. But the standard meridian of London is 0. This means a difference of 4 minutes 82.5 = 330 minutes = 5.5 hours. Therefore, when it is 5:30 pm in India, it is 12:00 noon in London. 5. The earth rotates from west to east. Hence, the places which are east of Greenwich will be ahead of Greenwich time and those to the west will be behind it. We know that each degree of longitudes corresponds to a difference of four minutes. This is because the earth rotates 360 in about 24 hours, which means 15 an hour or 1 in four minutes. Thus, when it is 12 noon at Greenwich, the time at 15 east of Greenwich will be 15 4 = 60 minutes, i.e. one hour ahead of Greenwich time, which means 1:00 pm. But at 15 west of Greenwich, the time will be behind Greenwich time by one hour i.e., it will be 11:00 am. Similarly, at 180, it will be midnight when it is 12 noon at Greenwich. 6. A set of circles drawn parallel to the equator between the North Pole and the South Pole are called parallels of latitude. Its features are (i) The equator is the largest parallel and the length of other parallels decreases as one moves away from the equator towards the poles. (ii) All parallels are located at an equal distance from each other. (iii) Latitudes are measured in degrees. The equator represents the zero degree latitude. 7. (i) The local time of places which are on different meridians are bound to differ. For example, it will be difficult to prepare a time table for trains which cross several longitudes. Teacher s Manual n 63

64 In India, for instance, there will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. In order to overcome this difficulty, it is necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. (ii) In every country, central meridian has been selected as the standard meridian. The local time of the standard meridian is used as the standard time for the whole country. 8. (i) The length of all the meridians is the same. Hence, it is difficult to number the meridians. (ii) The maximum distance between any two meridians is at the equator. (iii) The distance between any two meridians decreases as we go away from the equator towards the poles. All the meridians meet at the poles. Long Answer Type Questions 1. There are different heat zones of the earth. In these zones the sun s rays fall differently causing different climatic patterns. These zones are the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones and the two Frigid Zones. Heat Zones (i) Torrid Zone: This zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This area receives the maximum heat because the sun shines overhead here. As a result, this zone is very hot. (ii) Temperate Zones: The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere have moderate temperatures because the sun never shines overhead here. (iii) Frigid Zones: Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere, are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. Therefore, its rays are always slanting and provides less heat. 64 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

65 2. Parallels of latitude: All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitude. These circles have varying centres and all these central points lie on the same line, i.e. the axis of the earth. These parallel circle are imaginary ones. Meridians of longitude: All of the imaginary circles lying perpendicular to the equator are called meridians of longitudes. These circles have the same centre, that is also the centre of our earth. Latitudes Chapter Oral Questions 1. Movement of the earth on its axis. 2. Movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path. 3. The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called Circle of Illumination days 5. Rotation 6. Because the sunrays are overhead during noon. 7. The plane formed by the orbit. 8. Due to the spherical shape of the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. Fill in the Blanks 1. west; east Motions of the Earth FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Longitudes 3. 23rd September 4. summer season 5. revolution True/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F Rapid-Fire Questions 1. False hours 3. Spring season days 5. 21st June 4 Puzzle Time 1. Spring 2. Leap year 3. Equinox 4. Revolution 5. Season 6. Rotation 7. Axis Teacher s Manual n 65

66 Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) 24 hours 2. (c) 365¼ days 3. (a) the sun s rays are slanting on the poles 4. (d) 21 st June 5. (c) rotation Match the following (i) (d) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (f) (vi) (c) Fill in the Blanks 1. axis 2. sun st March 4. autumn 5. winter True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. On 21 st March and 23 rd September, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. So, the whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called an equinox. 2. The areas near the poles receive less heat as the rays of sun are slanting. 3. The places near the equator enjoy equal day and night throughout the year. 4. The daily motion of the earth is known as rotation. 5. Seasons change due to the change in the position of the earth around the sun. 6. The whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. 7. The Northern Hemisphere SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 66 n Question Bank Social Science-VI experiences spring season from 21 st March. 8. The Southern Hemisphere experiences spring season from 23 rd September. Short Answer Type Questions 1. The earth has two types of motions (i) Rotation (ii) Revolution (i) Rotation: It is the movement of the earth on its axis. The earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation around its axis. The period of rotation is called the earth day. This is the daily motion of the earth. There are days and nights because of rotation. (ii) Revolution: It is the movement of the earth around the sun in its orbit. It takes 365¼ days to revolve around the sun. We experience changes in season due to this movement of the earth. 2. We know that the earth takes 365¼ days (one year) to revolve around the sun. We consider a year as consisting of 365 days only and ignore six hours for convenience. These six hours saved every year are added to make one day i.e. 24 hours over a span of four years. This surplus day is added to the month of February. Thus, every fourth year, February is of 29 days

67 instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year. 3. In such a situation the portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day. As a result, the region would get continuous warmth. The other half would remain in darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Both the conditions would be extreme and therefore not suitable for life. 4. Day and night occur on the earth due to the rotation. The earth receives light from the sun. Due to the spherical shape of the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. The portion facing the sun experiences day while the other half which is way from the sun experiences night. In this way, day and night occur on the earth. It may be understood through a diagram 5. The axis on which the earth rotates from west to east is not vertical. It is inclined at an angle of 66½ with the plane of the earth s orbit. This is known as the inclination of the earth s axis. The figure given below shows this 6. The effects of the earth s revolution are given below: (i) The phenomenon of seasons is caused. (ii) We observe variation in the length of day and night. (iii) We also observe variation in the distribution of heat over the surface of the earth. 7. If there is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, there will be summer in the Northern Hemisphere. That is why the position of the earth which is called the winter solstice in one Hemisphere is the Summer Solstice in the other Hemisphere. 8. The axis of the earth remains inclined permanently in the same position. Because of this reason the sun continuously either shines or cannot be visible for a long time near the poles. The earth rotates causing day and night at other places but remain either dark or lighted for much longer time due to the tilt. This is why, the areas near the poles Teacher s Manual n 67

68 experience six months day and six months night. Long Answer Type Questions 1. Summer Solstice: On 21 st June, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. As the rays of the sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer, these areas receive more heat. The areas near the poles receive less heat as the rays of the sun are slanting. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun and the places beyond the Arctic Circle experience continuous daylight for about six months. Since a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere is getting light from the sun, it is summer in the regions north to the equator. The longest day and the shortest night at these places occur on 21 st June. At this time, the Southern Hemisphere experiences winter season with longer nights and shorter days. This position of the earth is called the Summer Solstice. Winter Solstice: On 22 nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn receives direct rays of the sun as the South Pole tilts towards it. As the sun s rays fall vertically at the Tropic of Capricorn, a larger portion of the Southern Hemisphere gets light. Therefore, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere with longer days and shorter nights. At this time, the Northern Hemisphere experiences winter season with longer nights and shorter days. This position of the earth is called the Winter Solstice. Equinox: On 21 st March and 23 rd September, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. Hence, the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called an Equinox. 2. See the above answer. 68 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

69 Chapter 4 Maps Oral Questions 1. North, South, West, East. 2. An instrument used to find out main directions. 3. Scale 4. A person who creates maps. 5. north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW) 6. Distance, direction and symbol. Fill in the Blanks 1. language 2. scale 3. small 4. flat FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT True/False 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Blue 2. Four 3. True 4. When a small area to be shown 5. Thematic maps focus on specific information, such as road maps. Puzzle Time For example Symbol, Scale, Plate, Direction, etc. Multiple Choice Questions 1. (d) Plan 2. (b) 3. (b) mountains 4. (b) plateaus 5. (b) natural features of the earth Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (c) Fill in the Blanks 1. more 2. compass 3. thematic 4. sketch True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The four intermediate directions are north-east (NE), south-east (SE), northwest (NW) and south-west (SW). These are directions midway between the cardinal directions. 2. The scale of the map is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. 3. A grid reference helps to determine the exact location of a place. 4. A compass assures him that he is travelling in the right direction. 5. Maps showing cities, towns and villages, different countries and states of the world with their boundaries are called political maps. 6. A map is a representation or a drawing of the earth s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. Teacher s Manual n 69

70 7. Large scale maps are more informative than small scale maps. 8. A thematic map provides detailed information. Short Answer Type Questions 1. A globe can be useful when we want to study the earth as a whole. But, when we want to study only a part of the earth, such as about our country, states, districts, etc. it is of little help. In such a situation maps are used. Thus, maps are useful to us for various purposes. They provide more information than a globe. MAP (i) A map is a drawing of the earth s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. (ii) It shows only the important features of the area. (iii) We get a lot of information from this. 4. (i) Metalled road (ii) Bridge (iii) Church (iv) Graveyard (v) State boundary (vi) District boundary Long Answer Type Questions 1. There are three types of maps. These are : 2. (i) When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale map. For example, 5cm on the map shows 500 km on the ground. When we have to show a small area like a village or town on a paper, then we use a small scale map. For example, 5 cm on the map shows 500 metres only on the ground. (ii) Large scale maps are more informative than small scale maps. 3. Following differences are there between a map and a plan: PLAN (i) A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale. (ii) It shows even the length and breadth of a room. (iii) In this, we get details in the form of symbols. (i) Physical maps show natural features of the earth such as mountains, plains, plateaus, rivers, etc. (ii) Political maps show cities, towns villages, different countries and states of the world with their boundaries. (iii) Thematic maps lay emphasis on specific information; such as road maps, rainfall maps, maps showing distribution of forests, population, etc. 70 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

71 2. Features of the compass: (i) It helps us in finding out the direction of a place. (ii) It is an instrument used to find out main directions. (iii) Its magnetic needle always points towards north-south direction. Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth Oral Questions 1. Seven 2. Four 3. Asia 4. Australia 5. Sahara 6. Pacific 7. The deepest part of the earth 8. Troposphere Fill in the Blanks 1. Oceans 2. 1, height 4. Africa 5. biosphere True/False 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F Multiple Choice Questions 1. (c) the Urals 2. (a) an Isthmus 3. (a) nitrogen 4. (c) the Lithosphere 5. (b) Asia 6. (b) biosphere 7. (d) 97 Match the following (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (a) (iv) (e) (v) (b) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Europe 2. Indian Ocean 3. Nile 4. Pacific 5. Palk Strait 6. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. 7. Bachendri Pal Puzzle Time 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere Fill in the Blanks 1. indented 2. tides 3. Northern 4. Panama 5. Maitri True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The solid outer layer of the earth is called the lithosphere. Teacher s Manual n 71

72 It is made up of rocks and minerals. 2. The earth is called the blue planet because its two-third surface is covered by water. 3. The atmosphere provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of sun s rays. 4. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. 5. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole. 6. The Northern Hemisphere is called the Land Hemisphere because the greater part of the landmass lies in this hemisphere. 7. The four major domains of the earth are the lithosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. 8. The two divisions of the earth s surface are: (i) the large landmasses known as the continents. (ii) the huge waterbodies known as the ocean basins. 9. Australia is called an island continent because it is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas. 10. Africa is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Biosphere is the sphere of living organisms, where lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere meet and interact. Every living species on the earth is a part of the biosphere. The organisms in the biosphere are broadly divided into plants, animals, humans beings and microbes. These elements are interdependent on one another and there is continuous interaction between them. They provide food and raw materials. Thus, the survival of the living organisms on the earth depends upon the biosphere. Therefore, this sphere is so important. 2. Australia and Antarctica are the two continents that lie entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia: It is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas. It is also known as island continent. Antarctica: It is a huge continent. As it is located in the South Polar region, it is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. There are, therefore, no permanent human settlements. Many countries including India have research stations in this continent. 3. The different layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere the stratosphere the mesosphere the thermosphere the exosphere 72 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

73 The troposphere is the lowest layer and closest to the earth s surface. It extends from the mean sea level upto a height of about 8 km over the poles and about 18 km over the equator. The stratosphere, just above the troposphere, extends upto a height of about 50 km. Above it lies the mesosphere and it extends from about 50 km to about 80 km above the mean sea level. Above it lies the thermosphere and it extends from about 50 km to about 400 km above the mean sea level. The exosphere is the uppermost layer. 4. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which make up about 99 per cent of clean, dry air. Nitrogen 78 per cent, oxygen 21 per cent and other gases like carbon dioxide, argon and others comprise 1 per cent by volume. Oxygen is the breath of life while nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms. Carbon dioxide, though present in minute amount, is important as it absorbs heat radiated by the earth. It is also essential for the growth of plants. 5. The density of the atmosphere varies with height. It is maximum at the sea level and decreases rapidly as we go up. The climbers experience problems in breathing because of this decrease in the density of air. It is, therefore, they carry with them oxygen cylinders to be able to breathe at high altitudes. 6. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. The main features of this ocean are as follows: (i) It is S shaped. (ii) It is flanked by the North and South Americas on the western side, and Europe and Africa on the eastern side. (iii) The coastline of this ocean is highly indented. This irregular and indented coastline provides ideal location for natural harbours and ports. From the commercial point of view, it is the busiest ocean. 7. Carbon dioxide is an important constituent of air. But when its level in the atmosphere increases due to emission from industries, thermal power plants and vehicles, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming. As a result, the sea level rises, causing floods in the coastal areas. We can avert this situation by limiting the use of resources of the earth. It will maintain the balance of nature between the domain of the lithosphere, Teacher s Manual n 73

74 the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. 8. See Short Answer No.1 9. The name of the largest continent is Asia. This continent covers about onethird of the total land area of the earth. The continent lies in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer passes through this continent. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the west. 10. The watery part of the earth is called the hydrosphere. It is more than 71 per cent of the earth. Hydrosphere consists of water in all its forms. As running water in oceans and rivers and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere. Long Answer Type Questions 1. (i) Lithosphere: The solid portion of the earth on which we live is called the lithosphere. It comprises the rocks of the earth s crust and the thin layers of soil that contain nutrient elements which sustain organisms. (ii) Atmosphere: The gaseous layers that surround the earth in the atmosphere where oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases are found. (iii) Hydrosphere: This domain of the earth consists of water in all its form. As running water in oceans and rives and in lakes, ice in glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere, all comprise the hydrosphere. (iv) Biosphere: It is the narrow zone where we find land, water and air together, which contains all forms of life. 2. There are seven major continents Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica. North America: It is the third largest continent of the world. It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama. The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western Hemispheres. Three oceans, i.e. the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean surround this continent. South America: It is the fourth largest continent. This continent lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It has world s longest mountain range, the Andes and the largest river by volume, the Amazon. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific ocean in the west. 74 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

75 Australia: It is the smallest continent of the world. It is an island continent as it is surrounded by the oceans and seas. It lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. 3. Africa is the second largest continent after Asia. Four features of this continent are: (i) The equator passes through the middle of Africa, splitting it into Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. (ii) The Sahara Desert, the world s largest hot desert, is located in Africa. (iii) The continent is bound on all sides by oceans and seas. (iv) The Nile, the world s longest river flows through this continent. 4. The lithosphere is one of the three major domains of the earth. It is the solid outer layer which is made up of the earth s crust and the thin layers of soil that contain nutrient elements which sustain organisms. The lithosphere covers about 29 per cent of the total surface area of the earth. It includes all the landmasses. The large landmasses are called the continents. The rest 71 per cent is covered by water which includes the huge water bodies known as the ocean basins. All the oceans of the world are connected with one another while all the landmasses are separated by large water bodies. The level of seawater remains the same everywhere. Elevation of land is measured from the level of the sea, which is taken as zero. The highest mountain peak Mt. Everest is 8,848 metres above the sea level. The greatest depth of 11,022 metres is recorded at Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. 5. The world population is increasing rapidly and so are their needs. This has necessitated the development of several new techniques so as to meet their growing needs. They have cleared forests for agriculture and wood, they have built dams for generating electricity, and so on. These human activities have disturbed the natural balance between the elements of the biosphere and have led to the pollution of land, water and air. Emission from industries, thermal power plants and vehicles pollute the air. Increase in the amount of carbon dioxide leads to increase in global temperatures, termed as global warming. There is thus, needs to limit the use of resources of the earth to maintain the balance of nature between the three major domains of the earth. Teacher s Manual n 75

76 6. 76 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

77 Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth Oral Questions 1. Erosion 2. Frozen rivers of ice 3. A land surface that rises higher than the surrounding area. 4. climate becomes cooler 5. Himalayas 6. Alps 7. An undersea mountain 8. Tibet Fill in the Blanks 1. Plains 2. desert 3. mountainous 4. gold 5. volcanic True/False 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Coal 2. like a table 3. Mountain 4. Andes 5. To store water. Puzzle Time SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 1. (b) volcanic mountains 2. (b) Japan 3. (d) Tibet Plateau 4. (c) Karnataka 5. (a) harsh Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (e) (iv) (a) (v) (c) Fill in the Blanks 1. sea 2. shapes 3. plateaus 4. plains 5. garbage True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 1 G L A C I E 5 R S 3 P A Teacher s Manual n 77 L N 2 F L O R A G 7 S A I E K U N I 6 Y A N G T Z E I 4 P L A T E A U N Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. The major landforms are mountains, plateaus and plains. 2. Mountains arranged in a line are known as a range. 3. The Appalachians in North America and the Ural Mountains in Russia are examples of very old fold mountains. 4. The wearing away of the earth s surface is called erosion. The rebuilding of the earth s surface is called deposition. 5. These processes are internal process and external process. 6. A mountain is any natural elevation of the earth surface. In other words, massive uplifted areas of the earth which rise to great heights G

78 of over 600 m from its surrounding areas are called mountains. 7. The Himalayan mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains. 8. A mountain may have a small summit and a broad base. But a plateau is flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. Short Answer Type Questions 1. Mountains are useful to man in a variety of ways (i) The mountains are a storehouse of water. Many rivers have their source in the glaciers in the mountains. Reservoirs are made and water is harnessed for the use of people. (ii) Mountains have a rich variety of flora and fauna. The forests provide fuel, fodder, shelter and other products like gum, raisins, etc. (iii) Mountain provide an idyllic site for tourists. They visit the mountains for their (mountains ) scenic beauty. 2. Plains are large stretches of flat land. Some plains are extremely level while others may be slightly rolling and undulating. Most of the plains are formed by rivers and their tributaries. The rivers flow down the slopes of mountains and erode them. They carry forward the eroded material. Then they deposit their load consisting of stones, sand and silt along their courses and in their valleys. It is from these deposits that plains are formed. 3. Mountains are elevations of the earth s surface. Hence, the climate becomes colder as we go higher. Because of this harsh climate, less people live in the mountainous areas. Since the slopes are steep, less land is available for farming. What is more, it is difficult to grow crops in this land. Construction of transport network is also a tough task. Equally tough is house building. These conditions are not suitable for human habitation. Therefore, population is thin in mountainous areas. 4. (i) River plains are fertile regions where cultivation is done on a large scale. This is a major cause that attracts people to live here. (ii) Flat lands of plains are good for roads and railways. They enable fast transportation of goods. (iii) It is easy to set up industries in these areas because of facilities of movement. Since we find better living conditions in plains, they are, therefore thickly populated. In India, the Indo-Gangetic plains are the most densely populated regions of the country. 78 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

79 5. Block mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The uplifted blocks are called horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben. Examples The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountains in Europe 6. The various landforms on the earth are a result of two processes (i) Internal Process: The forces deep within the earth give rise to mountains, volcanoes, etc. (ii) External Process: It is the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface. The wearing away of the earth s surface is called erosion and the rebuilding of the earth s surface is called deposition. These two processes are carried out by running water, ice and wind. Long Answer Type Questions 1. There are three types of mountains (i) Fold mountains (ii) Block mountains (iii) Volcanic mountains (i) Fold mountains: The Himalayan mountains and the Alps are young fold mountains with rugged relief and high conical peaks. The Aravali range in India is one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world. The Appalachians in North America and the Ural mountains in Russia have rounded features and low elevation. They are very old fold mountains. (ii) Block mountains: These mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems. (iii) Volcanic mountains: These mountains are formed due to volcanic activity. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are examples of such mountains. 2. A plateau is an elevated flat land. In other words, a plateau is a low level stretch of land rising abruptly from its surrounding areas. It is useful to man in the following ways (i) They are rich in mineral deposits. As a result, many of the mining areas in the world are located in the plateau regions. For example, the African plateau is famous for gold and diamond mining. In India, the Chhotanagpur plateau is the storehouse of huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese. (ii) In the plateau areas, there may be several waterfalls as the river falls from a great height. For example, the Hundru Falls in Chhotanagpur plateau on the river Teacher s Manual n 79

80 Subarnarekha and the Jog Falls in Karnataka. People from far and wide visit these places to enjoy these waterfalls. (iii) The lava plateaus provide fertile land for cultivation. Here it is worth-mentioning, that these plateaus are rich in black soil which is very fertile. (iv) Many plateaus have scenic spots which attract tourists in a great number. 3. We find three major landforms on the earth mountains, plateaus and plains. (i) Mountains: They are natural elevations of the earth surface. They may have a small summit and a broad base. It is considerably higher than the surrounding areas. The climate of mountain areas is harsh. So less people live there. Besides, cultivation is difficult in mountains because the slopes are steep. But they are useful to mankind in various ways. They are storehouse of water. They have a rich variety of flora and fauna. (ii) Plateaus: A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits. (iii) Plains: These are large stretches of flat land. They are mostly formed by rivers and their tributaries. Plains are very fertile. So, people in large numbers live here. 4. People have been living on different kinds of landforms in different ways. Life in mountains is not as easy as in plains. It is because the slopes of mountains are too steep to do cultivation there. However, plains provide much better conditions. It is easy to grow crops, build houses and roads in plains. Natural calamities like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, etc. occur sometimes and cause widespread destruction. We can minimise the loss of life and property by creating awareness about such incidences. We use land and water for various purposes. Quite often, we use the land in a wasteful manner, for example, constructing houses on a fertile land. We pollute water by throwing garbage in rivers. We should check these activities in order to conserve our natural resources. We should believe in sustainable use of these resources. The available land is not only for our use. It is also for the use of our future generations. So, it is our duty to leave the earth a better place for them. 80 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

81 5. Teacher s Manual n 81

82 Chapter 7 Our Country India Oral Questions 1. Tiny marine animals are called polyps. 2. In the south. 3. China 4. About 3.28 million sq.km. 5. 1¼ hundred crore 6. Northern Hemisphere 7. Seven countries states 9. 7 union territories 10. Rajasthan Fill in the Blanks 1. Palk Strait 2. languages Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) Shiwaliks 2. (b) Western Ghats 3. (b) India and Sri Lanka 4. (b) Lakshadweep Islands 5. (a) Aravali Hills 6. (d) Tapi Match the following (i) (b) (ii) (e) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (d) Fill in the Blanks 1. India 2. minerals 3. Goa 4. Arunachal Pradesh 5. flat 6. Tropic of Cancer True/False 1. True 2. True 3. False FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 82 n Question Bank Social Science-VI 3. districts 4. Brahmaputra 5. Polyps True/False 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T Rapid-Fire Questions 1. A river 2. Coastal plains 3. Triangular 4. Yes 5. Sri Lanka and Maldives Puzzle Time 1. Shiwalik 2. Plains 3. Plateau 4. Mountain 5. Delta 6. Corals SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Alluvial deposits are very fine soils, brought by rivers and deposited in the river basins. 2. A tributary is a river or stream which contributes its water to a main river by discharging it into main river from either side. 3. China, Nepal and Bhutan. 4. Ganga and Brahmaputra. 5. The Peninsular plateau is located to the south of northern plains. 6. The rivers namely Narmada and Tapi fall into the Arabian Sea. 7. The Lakshadweep island groups have coral origin.

83 8. Punjab and Haryana have a common capital, i.e. Chandigarh. 9. Tsunami is a huge sea wave generated due to an earthquake on the sea floor. 10. The Himalayan mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges. From north to south they are the Great Himalaya or Himadri, Middle Himalaya or Himachal and the Shiwalik. 11. The point where rivers enter the sea is called the mouth of the river. 12. Western coastal plains are narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. Short Answer Type Questions 1. The Northern Plains are generally level and flat land, having alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. These river plains provide fertile land for cultivation. That is the reason for high concentration of population in these plains. 2. India lies in the Northern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer (23 30 N) passes almost halfway through the country. From south to north, mainland of India extends between 8 4 N and 37 6 N latitudes. From west to east, India extends between 68 7 E and E longitudes. If we divide the world into eastern and western hemispheres, India would belong to the Eastern Hemisphere. 3. India is a country of vast geographical expanse with an area of about 3.28 million sq.km. The northsouth extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km. And the east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. There are lofty Himalayas in the north of India. The Arabian Sea is located in the west, the Bay of Bengal lies in the east and the Indian Ocean lies in the south of India. 4. The Northern Indian Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. Their main features are: (i) They are generally level and flat. (ii) As these plains are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers like the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries, they are very fertile. Hence, cultivation is done on a large scale in these river plains. (iii) There is great concentration of people as more flat land is available here for building houses as well as for cultivation. 5. Corals are skeletons of tiny marine animals called polyps. When the living polyps die, their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on the top of the hard skeletons which Teacher s Manual n 83

84 grow higher and higher, thus forming the coral islands. 6. The coastal plains lie to the west of the Western Ghats and the east of the Eastern Ghats. The Western Coastal Plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. There are a number of east flowing rivers which include Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal. They have formed fertile deltas at their mouth. The Sundarbans Delta is the world s largest delta. It is formed where the Ganga and Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal. 7. The major physical divisions of India are (i) The Himalayan mountains (ii) The Northern Indian plains (iii) The Peninsular plateau (iv) The Coastal plains (v) The Great Indian desert (vi) The Islands Long Answer Type Questions 1. The Peninsular plateau lies to the south of northern plains. It is triangular in shape. The relief is highly uneven. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. Aravali hills, one of the oldest ranges of the world, border it on the north-west side. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are the important ranges. The rivers like the Narmada and the Tapi flow through these ranges. These are west flowing rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats border the plateau in the west and the Eastern Ghats provide the eastern boundary. While the Western Ghats are almost continuous, the Eastern Ghats are broken and uneven. The plateau is rich in minerals. It is black soil area which provides fertile land for cultivation. 2. India s major physical divisions are given below: (i) The Himalayan Mountains: These are standing as sentinels in the north of India and are divided into three main parallel ranges. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri. The middle Himalaya or Himachal lie to the south of Himadri. The Shiwalik is the southernmost range. (ii) The Northern Indian Plains: They lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers such as the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. These river plains are very fertile attracting more and more people to settle down. (iii) The Great Indian Desert: It lies in the western part 84 n Question Bank Social Science-VI

85 of India. It is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land with little vegetation. (iv) The Peninsular Plateau: It lies to the south of the northern plains. It is triangular in shape. The relief is highly uneven. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. (v) The Coastal Plains: These lie to the west of the Western Ghats and the east of the Eastern Ghats. The western coastal plains are very narrow while the eastern coastal plains are much broader. (vi) The Islands: Our country has two groups of islands. Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located off the coast of Kerala. The Andaman and the Nicobar Islands lie to the south-east of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal. 3. Teacher s Manual n 85