Our year so far in 30 seconds. Well, probably a little longer

Transcription

1 Our year so far in 30 seconds Well, probably a little longer

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3 A Soldier s Gear A fully-equipped Roman legionary was armed with a shield (scutum) several javelins (pila) a sword (gladius) often a dagger (pugio) and perhaps darts (plumbatae) Approximately 35+ kilos of armor!

4 Shield = Scutum The scutum was a curved oval shield It was made from two sheets of wood glued together and covered with canvas and leather. It was was extremely heavy (~10kg).

5 Catapulta

6 Catapulta vs. Ballista Both have a range of about 200 feet

7 Ballista

8 Ballista Ballistae were rather high-maintenance devices and were vulnerable to having their leather or sinew or hemp skeins get wet or even damp, which would cause them to slacken and lose tension, rendering the engine useless. Also, these machines required a skilled crew to tighten the skeins and keep the weapon adjusted and ready for deployment. Weakness: rocks moved slowly, and enemies could step away.

9 First & Second Punic Wars

10 Roman Ships The Romans had to find a way to use their advantage (strong army) at sea corvus

11 Review Quiz for 1 st Punic War 1. Rome and Carthage first fought over control of. 2. What is this? 3. What role did it play in the war? 4. Who won the 1 st Punic War Answers 1. Sicily 2. Corvus 3. Allowed the Romans to use land tactics at sea 4. The Romans

12 Second Punic Wars: The Story DON T COPY THIS The Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome was ignited by the dispute over the hegemony ofsaguntum, a Hellenized Iberian coastal city with diplomatic contacts with Rome. After great tension within the city government culminating in the assassination of the supporters of Carthage, Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum in 219 BC. The city called for Roman aid, but the pleas fell on deaf ears. Following a prolonged siege and a bloody struggle in which Hannibal himself was wounded and the army practically destroyed, the Carthaginians finally took control of the city. Many of the Saguntians chose to commit suicide rather than face the subjugation by the Carthaginians.

13 The Second Punic War: Overview The Second Punic War, also referred to as the Hannibalic War, lasted from 218 to 202 BC. Rome won Famous Generals Carthage Hannibal Rome--Scipio

14 Major Battles 218 BC (Aug.): Hannibal conquers Sanguntum (Spain) 218 BC (December): The Trebia 217 BC: Battle of Lake Trasimere 216 BC: Battle of Cannae 202: Battle of Zama

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16 Ancient Roman Entertainment

17 #2-3, By whom, when and how was it built? Building started in 72 AD and finished in 80 AD. How did they build it in less than 10 years?! Vespasian started construction, but it was finished and inaugurated by Titus. The key to the quick building was the material, travertine, columns and arches. The multiple levels have been described as layering their patented aqueduct design one on top of another.

18 Slaves In Rome and Italy, in the four centuries between 200 BC and 200 AD, perhaps a quarter or even a third of the population was made up of slaves. Those who fought against Rome knew that they could be sent to the slave-market if taken as a prisoner-ofwar. They are often said to have killed themselves rather than face the prospect of enslavement Romans generally saw the difference between the slave and the freeman as a difference in status, not as a matter of racial or cultural superiority and inferiority.

19 Slavery Their economic systems became heavily dependent on the widespread existence of slave labour. Slaves laboured in the mines and in the empire's many farms and potteries. The state's public works were largely completed and maintained by slaves. The abundance of slavery is also seen as having hampered technological advances in many industries, not least agriculture. For with the existence of so plentiful supply of labour at almost no cost, there was little reason to develop any forms of labour saving equipment. The Romans never tried to abolish slavery as even the poorest family might have had a slave or two to do some work for them.

20 Slave Rebellions In BC the gladiator Spartacus famously led an uprising of thousands of slaves in central Italy, formed an army that defeated several Roman legions, and at one point threatened Rome itself. Spartacus himself died in battle, and thousands of his captured followers were crucified. The Romans always feared another Spartacus. The philosopher Seneca tells of a proposal that was once made in the Roman senate requiring slaves to wear distinctive clothing so that they could be easily recognised. But once the senators realised that the slaves might then become conscious of their strength, and make common cause against their masters, they abandoned the idea.

21 Roman Republic Empire

22 Roman Republic Structure Executive = 2 consuls Legislative = Senate Judicial = Judges

23 Only Some of the Republic s Problems: #1 Unemployment too many slaves flooded the employment market, and Roman citizens couldn t find any jobs. #2 Taxation Corruption and tax farmers led to unfair taxation practices. #3 Civil Violence Private armies created havoc in the city, especially around elections.

24 Augustus Also known as Octavian. Octavian turned public opinion against Antony. Octavian illegally obtained Antony's will, and exposed it to the Roman public. It promised substantial legacies to Antony's children by Cleopatra. Rome was outraged, and the Senate declared war against Cleopatra. It was important that it was against Cleopatra and not another civil war. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra, chasing them to Egypt in 30 BC. Both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria, and Octavian personally took control of Egypt and Alexandria.

25 Augustus conducted a major census of the city and provinces, which had long been neglected during the civil wars. Flat tax rate Outlawed private armies and for any army to enter the city, created 28 legions loyal to the state. Border control Free Trade

26 Roman Empire: Julio-Claudians AD The four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius (reigned 14 37), Caligula (37 41), Claudius I (41 54), Nero (54 68). It was not a direct bloodline.