1. Tiberius Gracchus: Gaius Gracchus: Civil War: Spartacan Revolt: Cataline First Triumvirate:

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1 1. Tiberius Gracchus: Roman politician Trying to appeal to poor If they support him he will put limits on land, cattle, sheep (makes promises) Senators don't want him in power Can't get elected because Senate wouldn't do that If his followers kill some Senators, he might have a chance to become higher But, Senators and their followers go to Gracchus' house and kill him and some of his followers, in a riot (he is killed in 133 BCE) 2. Gaius Gracchus: ~20 years later (112), his brother makes same promises (about reforms) Same thing happens, and he is killed ~112 Shows that during this time the poor have a lot of influence and can have a lot of power. 3. Civil War: Late 90s/late 80s Gaius Marius goes against Sulla Sulla has support of the people (because he was one of the oldest people/family) Gaius Marius brings army into Rome, which is illegal (soldiers don't want to say no because they are poor and he says he wants to help them) Sulla kicks other army out and rules for a few years Soon, army leaves, Sulla dies Shows government is weak because there are so many rebellions 4. Spartacan Revolt: 73 BCE Spartacus- slave who leads revolt Rome sends army, but Spartacus' army crushes them 2nd time they send Crassus Crassus- richest man in Rome Eventually defeats Spartacus 5. Cataline : 62 Wants to take over Thinks it is unfair that new consul (Cicero) is there Tries to take over, but Cicero 6. First Triumvirate: 3 most powerful men in Rome decide to do something Will work with each other to run/stabilize Rome

2 Marcus Licinius Crassus- richest man in Rome > inherits money, conquers lots of places, firemen- (gives choice: either sell building to us and we will help you, or don't and we will let building burn down) Gnaeus Pompeius Magaus- best general in Rome Gaius Julius Caesar- from oldest family in Rome, and most liked/popular man in Rome > uses bread and circuses (buys grain and gives to poor, puts on entertainment- poor love him). Also, can get away with this All are tied together. Crassus lends Caesar money and Pompeius marries Caesar's daughter. For ~10 years they hold Rome together (57-47) OH NO: Things fall apart: Crassus wants to conquer more places, but army gets trapped > he gets killed Pompey's wife/caesar's daughter dies Crassus is gone and thing that held Pompey and Caesar together has died Start to hate each other - end up in a large conflict. Caesar is out with army, Pompey convinces government that Caesar is bad (too focused on poor). Tells Senate that Caesar is too powerful, so Caesar should be ordered back to Rome and he should leave behind his army. Wants to kill Caesar and Caesar knows this. Gets army to North Italy- decision- go further into Italy with army, declare war with Rome, or go to Rome by himself and die. Caesar crosses Rubicon River with his army to head back to Rome - means making a big and significant decision and you can't go back. making a big decision you can t go back on = crossing the Rubicon. Caesar says- "the die is cast" (singular of dice) > crosses the Rubicon 7. Another Civil War Both have armies and fight on all Roman territory/mediterranean Caesar gets together with Cleopatra (physically and politically). Finally, Caesar wins- Pompey is killed and Caesar returns to Rome. 8. Egypt Caesar doesn t want to declare himself king, but has the ability to appeal to lots of people (women, poor people) - he is very charismatic. Somewhat like Bill Clinton - CARES for the poor people. Senate didn t like this - what if he started stripping the Senate of their rights. During the Civil War, on the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar goes into the Senate for a meeting.

3 Cassius and Brutus (One of Caesar's good friends) lead the conspiracy. 21 stab Caesar 35 times, and he falls at the feet of Pompey s statue (in the Senate). He dies. Result of His Death! Some senators aren t involved: the two supporters of Caesar = Mark Antony and Octavian try to bring his two main murderers down (C+B). Antony = Caesar's main general. Octavian = Caesar's sister s grandson that he adopted to be his son. He will now be the heir of Rome! GO OCTAVIAN! Both are able to win the support of the poor and some senators. Shakespeare - monologue of Antony trying to do this. 43: A new civil war. Antony and Octavian finally win. Both go to the Senate and say that there needs to be a change. You re making it so that we are going to be in charge and can settle this down. 2nd Triumvirate (A+O) and Lepidus. There is another civil war between A and O. Each raise their own army. Antony gets together with Cleopatra (politically and physically) and fights against Octavian. Even though Antony is a good general, this time, Octavian wins. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Octavian wants to make a change! Changes his name from Octavian Octavius AUGUSTUS! Becomes imperator (commander of Roman armies) - not emperor. Takes the title Princeps - not a king because Romans don t like kings - overstepping your bounds. Become consul for life. Augustus - 1st Emperor Pax Romana (Roman Peace) - lasts for 200 years (peace) 30 BCE-180 BC Were small invasions, but weren t successful. Weren t large scale wars. But, in the middle of Rome was the Mediterranean Sea. Have to worry about pirates. stamp out the piracy (pirates). protect inside the empire - get rid of bandits. were conquering land, but some of army was focused on protecting the inside of the land.

4 Allows for better trade, more money, people can focus on specialized jobs. Allows them to enrich their society. have more art, copies of greek statues. Have money and people who are interested in making art. Roman art focuses on showing people the way they are. Infrastructure maybe if were wealthy = running water, plumbing. were toilets in houses as well as in public spaces. were jails build the Roman Aqueduct something that moves water from one place to another. provides water by bringing it from rivers and lakes. good for a city not on a river. don t have to build wells. Why was the Aqueduct so good? Post and lintel system Unstable, force goes straight down, things collapse. limit to how big of a building you can build. Built arches The structure of the arch draws the force around which creates a more stable system. Can now build higher buildings. Reduces weight, uses less material. Start making concrete. Easier to transport. What else can you build from this? Colosseum/Flavian Amphitheatre (69-79 CE) sports stadium in Rome. Gladiator battles. Fake naval battles. Also built the Circus Maximus. Lots of seats, ¼ million people.

5 Also get rid of waste in the water than in other cities would pile up. Have sewers and sanitation. Have roads - roadbed with sand, gravel and stones. Have so many of them. help the military help travel and trade Had medicine Had education

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