12/13/2017. Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome. Three Periods of Roman History. The Etruscans. I. Kingdom: 753 BC 509BC. Tiber River Seven Hills

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1 Chapter Six A Look at Ancient Rome 1 Three Periods of Roman History I. Kingdom: 753 BC 509BC Tiber River Seven Hills II. Republic: 509 BC 31 BC III. Empire (Imperial) : 31 BC 476 AD (Western) 31 BC 1453 AD (Eastern = Byzantine) 2 The Etruscans Ruled Northern Italy: B.C. Little is known about them. Language still is not deciphered; alphabet from the Greeks. Some Greek influence Would influence the Romans. Wealthy society; social classes. Legacy left in burial chambers and artifacts. 3 1

2

3 7 8 Latin's Tiber River Drains into the Mediterranean Sea Marshy area disease prone Rome 8 th century B.C. Legend Fact Farming people Join into a single unit Seven Hills of Rome City develops unique character between these hills Early 7 th century B.C. falls under control of Etruscan s Tarquin Family Provides Etruscan kings over Rome and the Latin s Remain in power approximately 100 years. Tarquin the Proud B.C. 9 3

4 Latin s Cont. Brought first city-state civilization to Italy Taught Greek Alphabet and Arches Group of Nobles -- named Senate -- Called Patricians Common people called Plebeians 10 Rome under the Tarquins Roman Forum develops market place center of town Greek = Agora 509 B.C. Roman populace rise up overthrow the Tarquin monarchs Romans vow to never live under a king. Republic established 509 B.C. 11 Executive Branch Consuls Two each One Year terms Dictator sole leader in time of emergency Legislative Branch Senate 300 Patricians serve for life Plebeians Against Patricians Plebeians want equal rights Made up the bulk of the army Plebeian assembly -- Tribunes Veto = I Forbid Writing down of laws for all to see Plebeian assembly becomes popular assembly The Twelve Tables 451 B.C. Placed in the Forum 12 4

5 Expansion and Crisis Romans conquer the Southern Italian/Greeks Pyrrhus - Greek Beat Roman army twice Third battle indecisive with Romans, returned to Greece Pyrrhic Victory --- Won at great cost!! ( Perhaps not worth the effort ) Romans exercise wise leadership after conquests Roman citizenship given to conquered peoples Romans controlled administration of justice 13 Roman Legions Originally -- Citizen soldiers Roman Legion - 5/6,000 men Only Romans at first Used auxiliaries Built military roads Romans successful because of geography Central location of Rome Established military coloniae 14 The Roman Army was masters at Siege Warfare each soldier was also and engineer and builder 15 5

6 Rome s First Real Crisis --- Rome Against Carthage Roman rival in trade and control of the Mediterranean Sea Phoenicians B.C. Punic = Latin for Phoenicians Port of City of Carthage Rich Trade Competition from Rome 16 Rome Builds a Navy 17 The First Punic War (264 BC 241 BC) Fought over Sicily (Straits of Messina) Romans won Carthage Indemnity Paid to Rome Rome Controls Sicily Establishes Presence 18 6

7 19 The Second Punic War (218 BC 202 BC) Rome vs. Hannibal Sagunto, Spain Alps - Elephants Battle of Cannae (216 BC) - Defeated Rome Roman Scipio invaded N. Africa Hannibal returns to Carthage Hannibal defeated at Zama Hi! It s me again, Travel Bear 20 The Third Punic War ( BC) Roman ultimatum Cato Roman Senate Carthage Must Be Destroyed Destruction of Carthage Sowing of Salt in the Earth Gen. George S. Patton 1943 Mare Nostrum Our Sea -- the Mediterranean 21 7

8 The Republic in Crisis Political Changes -- Corruption in the Provinces *Power concentrated in Senate *Small land owners unhappy lose farms *Slave labor (Latifundia) Crowding the Cities Reformers and Generals Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Roman Civil War Marius vs. Sulla General Sulla brought temporary peace 22 Slave Revolt Spartacus (73 BC 71 BC) Began at the Gladiator School at Capua (Southern Italy) 2 nd Largest Amphitheater in Roman Empire! 23 Julius Caesar Popular military leader Had support of the army Became part of the 1 st triumvirate Pompey -- military hero Crassus -- wealthy Roman Caesar conquers Gaul and Northern tribes Roman Civil War Crossing the Rubicon (Popular term!) Defeats Pompey in Greece Becomes a dictator for life Extends Roman citizenship to conquered peoples Begins public works projects Murdered by Brutus -- Et Tu Brutae? 24 8

9 Rome at the Death of Caesar in 44 B.C. 25 End of the Republic Caesar Murdered 44 BC Ides of March Civil War BC (2 nd Triumvirate) Octavian Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus ( goes away ) Octavian grandnephew of Caesar (Adopted Heir) Marc Antony defeated by Octavian Cleopatra Battle of Actium 31 B.C. Egypt becomes a Roman province Octavian called Imperator (Victorious General) = Emperor Empire Begins under one ruler Octavian is now called Augustus Majestic One

10 Augustus the First Emperor of Rome (27 BC 14 AD) Significant Reforms Life better/less corruption/stable society Does not establish clear line of succession Pax Romana Begins (31 BC 180 AD) 28 Circus Maximus In the center of Rome 150,000 or more spectators!! Chariot Races ( Ben Hur ) 29 Ostia / The Port of Rome 30 10

11 Four Story Apartment Buildings of Ostia (2009) 31 Life In Ostia 32 All Roads Lead to Rome Major Highway -- Appian Way 50,000 miles paved roads 33 11

12 34 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 AD Southern Italy South of Naples Buries Pompeii and Herculaneum 35 Herculaneum Today

13 37 The Good Emperors Nerva Trajan ( AD) Hadrian (Final Revolt in Judea) Antoninous Pius Marcus Aurelius *Strengthened Rome s Frontiers *Continued economic prosperity *Greatest extent of the Roman Empire *Strong imperial Government

14 Various modern legal concepts can trace their origins to Roman law codes As a symbol of office; carried the fasces Axe and Rods Associated with Mussolini - Fascist Italy 1919 Lictors of Rome Bodyguard to the magistrates Power to arrest and punish 40 Various modern legal concepts can trace their origins to Roman law codes Praetors Administer the Law Case Law Develops Legal Precedents Civil Lawsuits Judge selected from Senate Lawyers / Legal Experts Emerge Hadrian Codify Laws 41 Science and Medicine: Ptolemy -- Egyptian Astronomy Galen Greek / Doctor / Medicine / Blood circulation Romans built the first hospitals Roman Education Followed Greek models Private at Home Slaves as tutors Caesar s Conquests -- Gallic wars 42 14

15 Language and Literature of Rome Latin language preserved through the Catholic Church. Remained in common use through 1500 s (France, Italy, Romance Languages) Virgil -- Aeneid Similar to Homer Epic Poem praise of Rome Livy History of Rome (excellent source) Tacitus: The Annals (14 68 AD) Histories (68 96 A.D.) 43 15

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