INDEX. Cambridge University Press Ancient Egypt: Reconstructing the Past Pamela Bradley Index More information

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1 Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations or diagrams; numbers followed by m indicate maps. Abu Simbel, Temple of Ramesses at 482, 483 Abydos, tombs at 58 afterlife , 201, 421, astral 179 Fields of Reeds 16, 421, of kings 57 of nobles and peasants 180 Osirian , 634, solar 179, Ahhotep, Queen 260, 519 Ahmose, King Ahmose Nefertari, Queen 263, 517 Akhenaten, King , 450, 453 Akhetaten , art during reign of changes to funerary practices during reign of co-regency with Amenhotep III , 400 courtiers of death of 438 economy during reign of family of 413, 423, 433(434 foreign policy during reign of marriage to Nefertiti 401 religious revolution of sources for period akh 634 Akhet 9, , see also seasons Akhetaten , personnel at see also Akhenaten workers village near 572, Akkadian language 29 Amarna interlude aftermath of art during events during religious revolution during tombs of period Amarna Letters 30, 428, 432, 567 Amenemhet I, King , 234, 235 Amenemhet III, King Amenhotep I, King Amenhotep II, King , 365 buildings of 363 military campaigns of , 515 Amenhotep III, King 40, 364, , 391 administration of Egypt under art during reign of 384, 386 building program of , 385 co-regency with Akhenaten , 400 death of 390 diplomatic marriages of foreign policy of marriage to Tiye military propaganda of , 515 mortuary temple of 383 Sed festivals of sources of evidence for period Amenhotep IV see Akhenaten Amosis see Ahmose amulets 184, , 656, 659 Amun see Amun-Re Amun-Re , 269, , 354, 386, , festivals dedicated to priesthood of , Temple of, Karnak , 334, , 525 Amurru 459, 469 ankh 184 Ankhesenamun, Queen , 447, 521 Anubis 178, 632, 633, 641 archaeological records 39 41, 67 68, , 571 Archaic Period 45, political struggles during 61 significant places during 46m sources of evidence for architects , see also Senenmut army , 547, 564 art 384, 385 during Amarna Interlude foreign influences on motifs used in 13, 14 artists , ,

2 712 Artatama, Mitannian King 364, 371 Asia, western 338m, see also Hittites, Mitanni, Naharin, Syria Atbara River 3, 6 Aten , , Ay 441, , 447, 450 ba 181, 421, 634 Babylonia 338m Baketaten, Princess 373, 427, 440 ben-ben stone 92 93, 114 bennu bird 114, 646 Bent Pyramid 82, 84, 85 Black Land 6 8 Book of the Dead 36, 631, , 657, 674 Book of the Two Ways 239 bureaucracy see nobles, officials burial practices , see also afterlife, mumification, pyramids, religious beliefs, tombs canopic jars and chests 185, 240, cartouches 26 cattle census of 33 Cephren see Khafre Champollion 25, see also Rosetta Stone Cheops see Khufu clothing of official class , 548, 593 of royalty coffins 185, 186, , Coffin Texts 36, corvee craftsmen , , , 620 on estates of officials 164 in royal and temple workshops of royal tombs creation myths 14, 15, 114 Crete, trade with 217, 218, 536 cuneiform 29 Dedeptah, King 106 Deir el-bahri Deir el-medina 30, 41, 572 workers at , delta 5 demotic script 25 desert 8, 13 Deshret (Red Land) 8 djed pillar 645 Djedefre, King 99, 100 Djer, King 53, 58 Djeser-djeseru 280, Djet, King 53 Djoser, King domestic animals 33, 165, domestic records 30, 608 Double Crown 56 dynasties 34 Edjo 8, 48 Egypt 4m, 267m, 278m administration of 10 11, 59 60, 126 communication within 11 empire 352m, , 501m, 562 historical chronologies of 35 historical sources lifestyle in 9 10 physical divisions of 4m physical environment of 18 reunification of The Two Lands 7 8 transportation within 11 unification of 45, Eleventh Dynasty , 211, 247 embalming , , , Euphrates River 268, 338m Faiyum 4 5 irrigation and reclamation in , 222m farmers see peasants Fields of Reeds 16, 421, Fifth Dynasty , 133 First Cataract 3 First Dynasty see Archaic Period First Intermediate Period 66 flood of Nile 5 6, 15, 93 94, 611, see also Akhet food , , 616 foreigners in Egypt Fourth Dynasty , 109 funerary complexes see pyramids, tombs funerary practices during Middle Kingdom during New Kingdom 270, during Old Kingdom see also Opening of the Mouth ceremony, priesthood funerary texts , see also Book of the Dead, Coffin Texts, Pyramid Texts god-kings see kings gods 15, , , see also entries under individual gods Great Pyramid buildings associated with 98 99

3 713 internal structure of 96 main features of 97 see also Khufu Hapi 15, 16, 20 21, see also Nile River harems 152, 359, 364, , , 582 harvest 10, , see also seasons Hatshepsut, Queen , 326, 519 achievements of 325 and Amun-Re assumption of power by building program of , 297m co-regency with Thutmose III , 317, , coronation of death of divine conception and birth of gender issue and military campaigns during reign of mortuary temple of 280, propaganda and tomb of 308 trade during reign of Hatti 338m Heb-sed 9, 53, 56, , 175, , , 571, 576 Heliopolis 113, priesthood of see also Re-Horakhte, solar cult, sun god, sun temples Herodotus 3, 19, 23, 37 38, 52, 89 90, 105, 228 Hetepeskhemy, King 61 Hetepheres, Queen 82 mummy of 88 tomb of hieratic script 25 hieroglyphic script 25, 26 historical sources 23 42, see also archaeological records, written records Hittites 338m, 427, , 456, , , 475 marriage links with , 521 treaty with Horemheb, King , 442, 443, , 450, 456 Horus, 632 eye of (Udjet) 184, 238, 645, 647 Horus name 55 king as incarnation of sons of 648, 649 Huni, King Hyksos 16 17, , 298 territory controlled by 256m war of liberation from , 507 hypostyle hall, Karnak Imhotep 65, 69, 70 inscriptions, monumental 27, 32 33, instruction texts 30, 230 Instructions Addressed to King Merikare 210 Instructions of Ptahhotep 158, , 174 Satire of Trades 230, 626 inundation of Nile 5 6, 15, 93 94, 611, see also Akhet Isis 632, 633, 648 jubilees see Sed festival ka 67, 181, , 634, 656 Kadesh 337, 459 Battle of 456, , 471m, 497 military campaigns against , , 362, 444, Kamose, King Kemet (Black Land) 6 8 Khafre, King 66, pyramid of 101, 102 and Sphinx Khartoum 3 Khasekhemwy, King 61 Khent-kawes, Queen Khepri (or Kheper) 177, 178, 638 Khufu, King 66, 86, 89 91, see also Great Pyramid King Lists 34, 52 kings afterlife of 57 coronation of 9, 56, , 231, , divine role of 56 57, 92, 108, , image of 213, , , meaning of kingship public appearances of regalia of 56, 575 Sed festivals of 9, 53, 56, , 175, , , 571, 576 see also royalty titulary of 55, 142, 148, 149 tombs of as warrior Kush see Nubia, viceroy of Kush Land of the Dead 16, 93, 177 leisure activities of official class , of royalty 581 of workers 609 Libya 8, 459 life after death see afterlife, rebirth, religious beliefs

4 714 literature , 573 of Middle Kingdom 229 pessimistic see also instruction texts, written records Lower Egypt 4m, 7 8 symbol of 8, 48 Luxor, Temple of , 481 Maat-ka-re see Hatshepsut ma at 56, 142, 149, 421 Malkata palace 384 Manetho 34 mastabas 41, 57, 58, medicine 625 Ebers Papyrus 592, 625 Edwin Smith Papyrus 624 Kahun Papyrus 232 Medjay 258, 507, 547 Megiddo 338m, 432 Thutmose III s campaign against , 534 Meidum Pyramid 80, 82, 83, 85 Memphis Menes, King 45, 52, see also Narmer, Narmer Palette Menkaure, King 66, 105 Mentuhotep II, King 210, 213 tomb of Merenptah, King 455, 493 Merenre, King Meritaten, Princess 434 Meryt-Neith, Queen 53 tombs of 58, 59 Middle Kingdom art of funerary beliefs during literature of religious developments during sources of evidence for Min mining Mitanni 268, 337, 364, Thutmose III s campaign against 345, see also Naharin Montu 234, 333, 513, 515 morality mud-brick 12, 168, 610 mummification , , , music 548, 594 Mutemweya, Queen 364 Mutnodjmet, Queen 446, 449 muu dancers 186 Muwatallis, Hittite King 470, 472, 473, 475 Mycerinus see Menkaure myths and legends 36 37, see also entries under individual gods, religious beliefs Naharin 268, 338m, see also Mitanni names, importance of 181 Narmer, King 45, 50, 52, 54 Narmer Palette 47, 50 52, 51 necropolises of Giza 112m of Old Kingdom 68m workers in , , Nefertiti, Queen 401, 413, , , 453, 518, Neferure, Princess 288 Neith 53, 648 Neith-hotep, Queen 53 Nekhbet 8, 48 Nephthys 632, 633, 648 Netjerykhet see Djoser New Kingdom beginning of , 273 burial practices during expansion of empire during everyday life during funerary beliefs during Nile River 3 6 Blue Nile 3, 6 importance of 17 inundation of 5 6, 15, 93 94, 611 nilometres 10, 11 source of 3 spirit of see Hapi transportation on 11 Valley of 6 White Nile 3 Niuserre, King nobles afterlife of 180 women of Sixth Dynasty see also officials nomarchs 155, Northern Pyramid (Dahshur) 82, 85 Nubia 8, , 267m, 352m Egyptian territory in fortresses against , 503m military campaigns against 268, 271, , , 444, 460

5 715 trade with , 502, 536 tribute from 534 Nut 180, 185, 239 officials , behaviour expected of estates of , family life of 159, female 158 foreign 547 hierarchy of (in Old Kingdom) 154 lifestyle of , , 620 see also nobles tomb biographies of 29, , , 335 Old Kingdom , 140 archaeological evidence for collapse of , 139 funerary practices during necropolises of 68m structure of society during , 142, 172 On see Heliopolis Opening of the Mouth ceremony , 239, 631, Opet festival 381, Osiris 15, 36 37, 178, 180, 235, , 242, 421, corn Osiris 658, 659 De Iside et Osiride 37, 633 judgment before see also afterlife, Fields of Reeds Temple of, Abydos ostraca 30, 605, 608 palaces Palermo Stone 34, 113 Palestine 338m, , military campaigns against 337, , 475, 534 trade with tribute from 535 papyrus 12, 13, peasants 166 afterlife of 180 life of , 621 Peribsen, King 61 Perit (Season of Coming Forth) 9, Per-Ramesse see Pi-Ramesse pessimistic literature Eloquent Peasant 231 Prophecies of Neferti 230 pharaohs 142, see also kings Phoenicia 459 Pi-Ramesse 455 Plutarch 37 Pi-Ramesse 468, , 486m, see also Ramesses II Pramesse see Ramesses I Predynastic Period developments during 47 burial practices during 182 significant places during 46m sources of evidence for priesthood 150, of Amun , of sun god at Heliopolis political influence of 114 see also temples specialist priests 559, 641 primeval mound Punt, 216m, 310m trade with , , 536 Pyramid Age see Old Kingdom pyramids building of development of 190, 191 of Fifth Dynasty pyramid towns 170 see also Bent Pyramid, Great Pyramid, Meidum Pyramid, Northern Pyramid, tombs significance of shape of Twelfth Dynasty Pyramid Texts 36, 73, , 137, 179, 237 Ramesses I, King 455, , 494, 512 Ramesses II, King 455, , 494, 563 building program of , 479m death of 493 early years of evaluation of 489, family of , 490 military campaigns of mortuary temple of 482, 483 Pi-Ramesse 468, , 486m Re 15, 54, 66, 234, 632, 633 Re-Horakhte 55, 178, rebirth 16, 177, 633, see also afterlife, Osiris, religious beliefs Red Crown 48 Red Land 8 religious beliefs 14 16, , 676 foreign 548 see also afterlife, akh, ba, entries under individual gods, ka of workers 609

6 718 Retjenu see Palestine reunification of Egypt Rosetta Stone 24 25, 24, 26 royalty children of female 151, 152, 489, 490, lifestyle of , , 620 palaces of see also kings saff tombs 243 Sahure, King 117 Sakkara pyramids at 125 tombs at 58 sarcophagi 185, 186, 238, 650 scarabs 370, 645, see also Khepri Scorpion Mace-head 47, 49, 50 Scorpion, King 49, 50 scribes 29, , 162, , 628 Sea People 455, 459, 507 Season of Coming Forth 9, seasons 9, , 621 Second Dynasty see Archaic Period Sed festival 9, 53, 56, , 175, , , 571, 576 Sekhemkhet, King 80 Selket 648 Senenmut 279, , 297, 318, 330, 544 Senwosret III, King 213 Sequenere Tao II, King serdabs 67, 75, 188 serekhs 55, 60 Seth 15, 632, 633 Seti I (Sethos), King 455, , 494, 640 building program of death of 466 military campaigns of mortuary temple of 465 shabtis , , , 681 shadouf 9 Shemau see Upper Egypt Shemu (harvest) 10, , see also seasons Shepseskaf, King 106 Shu 180 Sinuhe, Story of 231 Sitamun 373 Sixth Dynasty , 134 kings of 123 nobles of political instability during Smenkhkare 423, , , 440 Sneferu, King 80, Sobek solar cult , , , see also sun god, sun temples soldiers , 508, 547, 564 soul houses 240 Sphinx , 104 Step Pyramid (Sakkara) 65, 69, construction of 74 design features of mortuary temple and serdab 75 other parts of complex plan of 71, 75 see also Djoser, Imhotep Strabo 11 sun-disk see Aten sun god 54 55, 66, 113, , 386, 633 afterlife with 179, and Great Pyramid see also Aten, Re, Re-Horakhte sun temples of Akhenaten 396, of Fifth Dynasty Temple of the Sun, Heliopolis 60 Syria 338m, , 443, military campaigns against 268, 271, 337, 362, 475, 534 trade with , 536 tribute from 535 taxes 617 temples cult mortuary 660 see also priesthood, sun temples Tewosret, Queen 493 Third Dynasty 69 81, 108 Thoth 632, 633 Thutmose I, King , 281, 356 Thutmose II, King 271, 281 Thutmose III, King, , 365 and Amun-Re 354 Asiatic campaigns of , 339 building program of co-regency with Hatshepsut 282, 317, , 323, as military leader , 515 mortuary temple and tomb of 359

7 719 Nubian campaigns of sole rule of Thutmose IV, King , 365, 371 Tiye, Queen 370, , 377, , 433, 519 To-mehu see Lower Egypt tombs at Amarna decoration of , 241, , , , 674, 675 mastabas 41, 57, of Middle Kingdom of New Kingdom , of nobles , , , , 673 of Old Kingdom robbery of , 662, 680 rock-cut 197 of royalty 57 59, , , 242, 606, , 672 saff 243 see also necropilises, pyramids of Theban necropolis in Valley of the Kings of workers 199, tomb biographies 29, , , 335 Tomb , tomb workers , , trade during Middle Kingdom during New Kingdom transport, means of 11, 168, Turin Canon of Kings 34, 52 Tushratta, Mitannian King 429 Tutankhamun 373, , 450, 446, 453 death of foreign policy of parentage of and restoration of Amun tomb of 631, 643, , , 655, 656, Twelfth Dynasty , 247 kings of Two Lands, The 7 8 symbols of 48 unification of 45, Udjet eye 184, 238, 645, 647 Unas, King Underworld see afterlife, Osiris unification of Egypt 45, Upper Egypt, 4m, 7 symbol of 8, 48 ushabtis , , , 681 Valley festival Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens 662 viceroy of Kush 504, viziers 29, 60, 126, , 355, , 569 Wadjet 8, 48 water, importance of 17 Wawat see Nubia White Crown 48 White Walls (Memphis) women noble royal 151, 152, 489, 490, village written records 23 38, 207, 571 administrative records funerary texts 28 monumental inscriptions 27, 32 33, myths and legends official documents ostraca 30, 605, 608 problems with scarabs 370, 645 see also instruction texts, literature stelae 370 studying written records 38