HISTORY 303: HANDOUT 2 Dr. Robert L. Cleve

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1 HISTORY 303: HANDOUT 2 Dr. Robert L. Cleve TERMS #4 EGYPT Herodotus: Greek historian; called Egypt the gift of the Nile. Zeitgeist: spirit of the times. Nile River: the dominant geographical feature of Egypt. Cataract: rapids that interrupted the navigation of the Nile in ancient times. Nile Delta = Lower Egypt: the northern area of Egypt; a separate kingdom during the pre-historic period. Nile Valley = Upper Egypt: the southern area of Egypt; a separate kingdom during the pre-historic period. Libya: the great desert area west of Egypt. Punt: the ancient Egyptian name for East African coast. Peoples of the Sea: a group of pre-civilized people who migrated into the eastern Mediterranean causing chaos and confusion at the beginning of the Iron Age, circa 1200 B.C. Philistines: a group of the Peoples of the Sea who settled on the coast of the Levant. Palestine originally the area of Philistine settlement. Sinai Peninsula: the desert area between Egypt and Palestine. Nubia = Sudan: southern Nile River area; Nubia is the ancient Egyptian name for the area. Hamitic: North African language group; ancient Egyptian is a Hamitic language. Fayum: a lake west of Nile just south of the delta; site of the earliest Egyptian settlement. Badarian; Amaratian; Gerzean: prehistoric Nile River cultures Nome = Principality: early political divisions of Egypt; there were originally 22 nomes in Upper Egypt and 20 in Lower Egypt. Pharaoh = King: the word pharaoh in Egyptian means great house. Narmer = Menes: first king of unified Egypt; founded the first dynasty Polytheism: belief in many gods, as opposed to monotheism, belief in one god. Horus: falcon god; closely associated with the early pharaohs. Re = Amon-Re: sun god; he was associated in mythology with the pharaoh s divine nature and immortality.

2 Archaic Period: B.C.; Dynasties I III Abydos: first capital of united Egypt. Old Kingdom: B.C.; Dynasties IV VI. Memphis: capital of the Old Kingdom. Gizah: site of the great pyramids. Khufu: pharaoh of the fourth dynasty; builder of the largest pyramid. First Intermediate Period: B.C.; Dynasties VII X. Mentuhotep: founder of the Middle Kingdom. Middle Kingdom: B.C.; Dynasties XI XII. Thebes:: capital of the Middle Kingdom. Hyksos: Asiatic invaders from the Levant area who occupied Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Second Intermediate Period: B.C.; Dynasties XIII XVII. Avaris = Tanis:: Hyksos capital. Ahmose: the pharaoh who defeated the Hyksos and established the New Kingdom. New Kingdom: B.C.; Dynasties XVIII XX Amenhotep II: B.C.; builder of the Egyptian Empire. Akhenaton = Aknaton: B.C., religious reformer. Tutankamun: B.C., young king who restored the old religion; his tomb has been discovered almost in tact by modern archaeologists. Queen Hatshepsut: B.C., female ruler of Egypt. Thutmose I: B.C., Egyptian empire builder. Ramses II: B.C., ruled Egypt for 67 years at the height of its empire. TERMS #5 EGYPTIAN RELIGION AND CULTURE Ptah: patron god of Memphis. Atum: creator god. Ennead: group of nine original gods (see below). Logos: (Greek) first principle. Osiris: king of the underworld. Geb: earth god. Nut: sky god. Isis: sister and wife of Osiris Seth = Set: evil brother of Osiris. Byblos: Phoenician city where Osiris body washed ashore. Horus: son of Osiris and Isis; the sky god, the falcon god. 2

3 Anubis: god of the dead; patron of embalmers. Thoth: moon god; scribe of the gods. Pyramid Texts: magic formulae inscribed in the pyramid burial chamber to aid the pharaoh on his journey to the next world; these texts were based on the sun god (Amon-Re) cult. Coffin Texts: magic formulae inscribed on coffins to aid the deceased on his trip into the next world; these texts were based on the Osiris myth. Book of the Dead: magic formulae written on papyrus to aid the person named therein on his journey into paradise; these texts were an expansion of the Coffin Texts. Papyrus of Ani: oldest copy of Book of the Dead in existence. Thuthu: wife of Ani. Amon-Re = Amun-Re, etc.: sun god. Ankh: Egyptian symbol of life in this world. Djed column: symbol of rejuvenation and life in the next world Maat = Ma at: justice, truth, natural order. Ammit: monster who devours unjust souls at the time of judgment. Nephthys: sister of Isis; also a protector goddess. Akhenton = Akhnaton: B.C., religious reformer. TERMS #6 THE LEVANT Levant: Syria-Palestine-Lebanon area. Hittites: Indo-European civilization of Asia Minor, c B.C. Anatolia = Asia Minor (modern Turkey). Hattusas: capital of the Hittite state. Halys River: river in Asia Minor; Hattusas was located on this river. Ebla: an ancient Syrian civilization discovered in l976, flourished c B.C. Mursilis: Hittite king who sacked Babylon in l595 B.C. Suppiluliumas: Hittite king, B.C.; he conquered most of the Levant from Egypt. Pantheon: all the gods worshipped by a people at a given time. Sea Peoples: group of pre-civilized peoples who migrated into the eastern Mediterranean c. 1200, causing chaos and confusion. Israelites = Hebrews: ancient Semitic people who claim descent from Abraham; Israelite is the more proper term for the people, Hebrew is the more proper term for their language. Canaanites: ancient people of Palestine. 3

4 Phoenicians: ancient Semitic people of Syrian coast. Carthage: Phoenician colony in North Africa. Abraham: founder of the Israelite nation. Jacob: organized the Israelites into twelve tribes. Moses: led the Israelite exodus from Egypt. Sinai Peninsula: the area between Egypt and Palestine. Yahweh = Jehovah: the God of the Israelites. Saul (l020? 1010?); David (1010? 960?); Solomon (960? 920?): the three Biblical kings of Israel Harem: Judah: the wives, concubines, women servants, etc. of the palace. southern kingdom of Israelites after the division of Israel; the northern ten tribes formed a state which retained the name Israel. Assyria: Mesopotamian empire, B.C.; conquered Israel in 722 B.C. Neo-Babylonian = Caldean Empire: a successor state to the Assyrian Empire, B.C.; this is the Babylonian Empire of the Old Testament. Amos, Micah, Hosea, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah: Israelite prophets. Messiah: the promised and expected deliverer of the Jews; the Christians regard Jesus as their Messiah. Ezra: collected Pentateuch into its present form. Pentateuch: the first five books of the Bible. Ashur: patron deity of the Assyrians. Aramaic: the language of the Assyrians, it became the ancient international language of the Near East. Nineveh: capital of the Assyrian Empire. Asshurbanipal: last important king of the Assyrians, Naham: Israelite prophet who described the destruction of Nineveh. Nebuchadnezzor: King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Median Empire: one of the two successor states of the Assyrian Empire (the Neo-Babylonian Empire was the other). Cyrus: founder of the Persian Empire, Darius: king of Persia, B.C. Zoroastrianism: state religion of Persia. Zoroaster = Zarathustra: founder of Zoroastrianism. Persian Empire: largest of the ancient empires before the Greco-Roman age. 4

5 The Resurrection of Osiris This is a remarkable document, because it appears to anticipate, as early as 3000 B.C., the Biblical Logos doctrine and the First Principle concept of Greek classical philosophy. It has 5

6 survived because Pharaoh Shabaka ( ), of Twenty-fifth Dynasty, ordered the ancient text, which was written on some perishable material, probably papyrus, to be inscribed in stone. Menes, the founder of the First Dynasty, established his capital at Memphis. Consequently, the local god soon came to be regarded as the chief of the Egyptian pantheon. A similar process occurred later during the Eighteenth Dynasty, when Thebes became the capital of Egypt and the patron deity of Thebes, Atum, acquired the attributes of Re, to become Amun- Re. The purpose of the Theology of Memphis is too explain how and why Ptah occupies the position of supremacy among the gods. The most unusual feature of the Memphite theology, however, is that Ptah creates the universe through the power of his mind or thought, not in the usual physical way of the creator gods of antiquity. Thus, the things of this world are merely the objective forms of divine thought and Ptah is the source of that divine will. Live the Horus: 1 Who Prospers the Two Lands; 2 the Two Goddesses: Who prospers the Two Lands; the Horus of Gold: Who Prospers the Two Lands; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Nefer-ka-Re; the Son of Re: 3 Sha- [ba-ka], beloved of Ptah-South-of-His-Wall, living like Re forever. His majesty copied this text anew in the House of his father Ptah-South-of-His- Wall. Now his majesty had found (it) as (something) which the ancestors had made but which was worm-eaten. It was unknown from beginning to end. Then [his majesty] copied [it] anew, (so that) it is better than its state formerly, in order that his name might endure and his memorial be made to last in the House of his father Ptah-South-of-His-Wall in the course of eternity, through that which the Son of Re: [Sha-ba-ka] did for his father Ptah-tenen, 4 so that he might be given life forever... The Ennead 5 gathered themselves to him, 6 and he judged Horus and Seth. 7 He prevented them from quarreling (further), and he made Seth the King of Upper Egypt in the land of Upper Egypt, at the place where he was 1. The king of Egypt, here identified with the sky-god Horus. 2. Upper and Lower Egypt. 3. Egyptian kings were also believed to be the sons of the sun-god Re. It did not insult the Egyptian sense of logic to identify the king with more than one god at the same time. 4. The name of Ptah as the primordial creator god. 5. The original family of nine gods, in four generations (see chart above): (1) Atum, the creator god; (2) Shu, god of air, and Tefnut, goddess of moisture; (3) Geb, god of earth, and Nut, goddesses of the sky; (4) the gods Osiris and Seth, and the goddesses Isis and Nephthys. 6. The earth god, Geb. 7. Reference to the legendary contest between Horus (son of Osiris) and Seth, in which Geb decided which of them should rule Egypt. 6

7 (born), Su. Then Geb made Horus the King of Lower Egypt in the land of Lower Egypt, at the place where his father was drowned, Pezshet-Tawi. Thus Horus stood in (one) place, and Seth stood in (another) place, and they were reconciled about the Two Lands... Words spoken (by) Geb (to) Seth: Go to the place in which thou wert born. Seth Upper Egypt. 8 Words spoken (by) Geb (to) Horus: Go to the place which thy father was drowned. Horus Lower Egypt. Words spoken (by) Geb (to) Horus and Seth: I have judged you. Lower and Upper Egypt. (But it became) ill in the heart of Geb that the portion of Horus was (only) equal to the portion of Seth. So Geb gave his (entire) inheritance to Horus, that is, the son of his son, his first born... (Thus) Horus stood over the (entire) land. Thus this land was united, proclaimed with the great name: Ta-tenen, South-of-His-Wall, the Lord of Eternity. 9 The two other Great Sorceresses 10 grew up in this land. So it was that Horus appeared as King of Upper and Lower Egypt, who united the Two Lands in Wall Nome, 11 in the place in which the Two Lands are united. It happened that reed and papyrus were set at the great double door of the House of Ptah. 12 That means Horus and Seth, who were reconciled and united, so that they associated and their quarreling ceased in the place which they reached, being joined in the House of Ptah, the balance of the Two Lands, in which Upper and Lower Egypt have been weighed... The gods who came into being as Ptah: 13 Ptah who is upon the Great throne... Ptah-Nun, the father who [begot] Atum; Ptah-Naunet, the mother who bore Atum; Seth---Upper Egypt: apparently stage directions meaning that the actor who played Seth was to go off toward the south. This portion of the text is clearly intended for dramatic purposes. 9. Names of Ptah. 10. The crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt. 11. The province, or nome, in which Memphis was located was named White Wall. 12. The intertwining plants tutelary plants of Upper and Lower Egypt, symbolizing the union of the two parts of Egypt. 13. Who have their form in Ptah. 7

8 Ptah the Great, that is, the heart and tongue of the Ennead; [Ptah]... who gave birth to the gods There came into being as the heart 16 and there came into being as tongue 17 (something) in the form of Atum. The mighty Great One is Ptah, who transmitted [life to all gods], as well as (to) their ka s, 18 though this heart, by which Horus became Ptah, and through this tongue, by which Thoth became Ptah. 19 (Thus) it happened that the heart and tongue gained control over [every] (other) member of the body, by teaching that he is in every body and in every mouth of all gods, all men, [all] cattle, all creeping things, and (everything) that lives, by thinking and commanding everything that he wishes. 20 His Ennead is before him in (the form of) teeth and lips. That is (the equivalent of) the semen and hands of Atum. Whereas the Ennead (of Ptah), however, is the teeth and lips in this mouth, which pronounced the name of everything, from which Shu and Tefnut 21 came forth, and which was the fashioner of the Ennead. 22 The sight of the eyes, the hearing of the ears, and the smelling of the air by the nose, they report to the heart. It is this which causes every completed (concept) to come forth, and it is the tongue which announces what the heart thinks. 14. Ptah was conceived of as both Nun, the primordial water, and his consort Nannet. In these capacities he brought forth Atum, the creator god of the more ancient Heliopolitan theology. 15. The text is fragmented here, though it is clear that three other forms of Ptah are mentioned. 16. The heart was believed to be the seat of the mind or intelligence. 17. The spoken word or authoritative. The ancients always attempted to use a concrete word to express an abstract thought or idea. 18. Ka was the vital force, or personality. 19. The gods Horus and Thoth (the god of wisdom and the scribe of the gods) are equated with the organs of thought and speech. 20. Ptah, as the mind and speech of the universe, has transmitted his divine power into all living things. 21. Atum s children, See chart above. 22. A distinction is made here between the act of creation of Atum, accomplished in the ordinary physical way, and the creation of Ptah, through the agency of mind and speech. 8

9 Thus all the gods were formed and his Ennead was completed. Indeed, all the divine order 23 really came into being through what the heart thought and the tongue commanded. Thus the ka-spirits were made and the hemsutspirits were appointed, they who make all provisions and all nourishment, by this speech. (Thus justice was given to) him who does what is liked, (and injustice to) him who does what is disliked. Thus life was given to him who has peace and death was given to him who has sin. Thus were made all work and all crafts, the action of the arms, the movements of the legs, and the activity of every member, in conformance with (this) command which the heart thought, which came forth through the tongue, and which gives value to everything. (Thus) it happened that is was said of Ptah: He who made all and brought the gods into being. He is indeed Ta-tenen, 24 who brought forth the gods, for everything came forth from him, nourishment and provisions, the offerings of the gods, and every good thing. Thus it was discovered and understood that his strength is greater than (that of the other) gods. And so Ptah was satisfied, 25 after he made everything, as well as all the divine order. He had formed the gods, he had made cities, he had formed nomes, he had put the gods in their shrines, he had established their offerings, he had founded their shrines, he had made their bodies like that (with which) their hearts were satisfied. So the gods entered into their bodies of every (kind of) wood, of every (kind of) stone, of every (kind of) clay, 26 or everything which might grew upon him, 27 in which they had their form. So all the gods, as wells as their ka s gathered themselves to him, content and associated with the Lord of the Two Lands. The Great Seat, 28 which rejoices the heart of the gods, which is in the House of Ptah, the mistress of all life, is the Granary of the God, 29 through which the sustenance of the Two Lands is prepared, because of the fact that 23. Literally, every word of the god. 24. The name of Ptah in his capacity of creator-god. 25. Or, so Ptah rested. 26. It is important to understand (contrary to modern thinking) that these images of wood, stone and clay were not the gods themselves, but merely places where they might appear. 27. Upon Ptah in his form as the land rising out of the primordial waters. 28. Ptah s throne in his temple at Memphis. 29. The god is Ptah Ta-tenen, whose throne is the granary which keeps Egypt alive. 9

10 Osiris drowned in his water, 30 while Isis and Nephthys watched. They saw him and they were distressed at him. Horus commanded Isis and Nephthys repeatedly that they lay hold on Osiris and prevent his drowning. They turned their (heads) in time. So they brought him to land. 31 He entered the mysterious portals in the glory of the lords of eternity, in the steps of him who shines forth on the horizon, on the ways of Re in the Great Seat. He joined with the court and associated with the gods of Ta-tenen Ptah, the lord of years. Thus Osiris came to be in the land in the House of the Sovereign on the north side of this land, which he had reached. His son Horus appeared as King of Upper Egypt and appeared as King of Lower Egypt, in the embrace of his father Osiris, together with the gods who were in front of him and who were behind him. 30. Osiris was murdered by his brother Seth, who threw the corpse into the Nile river. After a long search, Isis, his sister and wife, found the body and restored it to life. Thereafter Osiris reigned over the realm of the dead. The son of Osiris and Isis was Horus, who later contended with Seth for the rule over Egypt (see chart above). 31. Osiris was originally a god of vegetation. The bringing ashore of his body at this place is given as the explanation for Memphis s position as granary (i.e., capital) of Egypt. 10