Redlands High School. Advanced Placement Latin

Transcription

1 Redlands High School Advanced Placement Latin Summer Assignments PLEASE return the top sheet of this packet to Mrs. De La Cruz (R 31) or to my mailbox on North campus by Thursday, June 7, PLEASE read and follow all directions for the summer assignments, as they are the basis for discussion at the start of the school year and will be part of your first semester grade. Once again, this work is graded! Read through this packet in its entirety; if you have any questions, call/see/ (909) , ext Room R 31 Maggie_delacruz@redlands.k12.ca.us Student Acknowledgement: I have read through the summer work packet and understand the rigor involved with taking this course. I understand that I will be enrolled in a college level course that requires consistent dedication and participation. I understand that I complete the entire summer reading list and the attached reading questions and that all of the work is due on the first day of school. I am aware that failure to complete all or part of the assignment will have a negative impact on my first semester grade. Student Signature and Date Printed Name of Student Parent/Guardian Acknowledgement: I have read this packet with my son/daughter and understand the requirements for the AP Latin course. I understand the summer reading and assignments for the course. Parent/Guardian Signature and Date Printed Name of Parent/Guardian

2 Advanced Placement Latin Summer Assignments, Please pick up a copy of Vergil s Aeneid in English translation from the textbook room no later than Thursday, June 7 th. You will need this novel to complete the summer work packet. 2. For the Caesar readings in English, you can pick up a printed reading packet from Mrs. De La Cruz in R-31, or you can download/print the text yourself at the following link: Caesar s Gallic Wars in English Translation: tinyurl.com/rhsaplatin 3. Complete all required readings in English for Vergil and Caesar as listed below: Vergil s Aeneid, Books 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 Caesar s Gallic Wars, Books 1, 6, 7 4. For each work, complete all reading questions in the attached packet. 5. Review Steadman Lessons 1-17 of Caesar s Gallic Wars in Latin, which we covered in the AP-Prep study group this year during Latin III. It is expected that you can read, translate, and explain the content and grammatical features of these assignments. There will be a quiz within the first two weeks of school covering these assignments. If you did not participate in the AP-Prep assignments and tutoring that I offered during Latin III, it is unlikely that you will be successful in this class. Rationale for Summer Assignment: California public high schools begin the second week of August and our first semester ends before Winter Break. We have two weeks less first semester and one week off for Thanksgiving. Winter break is three weeks and Spring break two weeks. These breaks reduce school days before the College Board tests that begin in May. Students need an introduction to the type of reading covered on the AP syllabus in order to better align themselves with college level critical-thinking and rigor. There are required readings in English, which students are expected to know the content of in order to do well on the AP exam. Students need to know the plot, characters, and themes of each work. As the majority of class time will be dedicated to studying these works in the original Latin, we will not have much time in class for reading an English translation.

3 Questions for the English Reading of Julius Caesar s Gallic Wars Answer questions in complete sentences. Book I 1. Outline each of the following territories in the colors indicated: Belgae (blue); Celts/ Gauls (yellow), Aquitani (red): Figure 1: The Roman Provinces in Gaul around 58 BC; note that the coastline shown here is the modern one, different from the ancient coastline in some parts of the English Channel 2. Who was Orgetorix and what were his ambitions? 3. Why did Orgetotix commit suicide?

4 4. What actions or preparations did the Helvetii make before leaving their homeland? 5. Caesar is first introduced in Chapter 7, in the third person. What effect does the third person narrative have on the reader? What is your first impression of Julius Caesar? Why? 6. How does Caesar use speed and engineering to accomplish his goals? 7. What motivates the Gallic leader Dumnorix? 8. Who induced Caesar to get involved with the Helvetii. Do you think this invitation was anticipated by Caesar? Why? 9. What problem did Caesar have with his food supply, and how did he deal with it?

5 10. How did Caesar get information about Dumnorix s motivations? 11. How does Caesar show sensitivity to Gallic sensibilities in his dealings with Diviciacus and Dumnorix? 12. What physical actions does Diviciacus take to show his inferiority to the Romans? Figure 2: A reproduction of an aide-de-camp of Helvetti cavalry commander Dumnorix at the Musée de la civlisation celtique, Bibracte, France 13. Which of the Helvetii surrendered to Caesar after the battle described in Chapter 26; which did not? What was Caesar s reaction to both groups? 14. What kinds of documents were left behind in the Helvetii s camp, and what kind of insight does it give to Helvetian society? 15. How do the events in Chapters 31 and 32 mirror those: in Chapter 9?

6 in Chapter 11? in Chapter 20? 16a. What threat does Ariovistus pose and how does Caesar learn about it? 16b. How does Caesar express his motivations for taking up arms against Ariovistus? Figure 3: Drawing of Ariovistus by Fritz Krischen, engraving Ludwig Frank, edition Hahneman (Ochel). 17. Summarize the main points of Ariovistus argument in Chapter How does Caesar describe a well-fortified Gallic town, like the town of Vesontio? Figure 4: The Sequani build their capital, named Vesontio in the loop of the Doubs, which serves as natural protection.

7 Figure 5: This is an oppidum surrounded by high walls. The houses are made of wood and mud. 19. What fear did the Romans have of the Germans and what impact did it have on the army? 20. Evaluate Caesar s effectiveness as an orator. 21. Why does Caesar s 10 th Legion become known as the mounted legion?

8 22. How did the Germans demonstrate bad faith during the discussions between Caesar and Ariovistus? 23. What was Ariovistus reaction upon seeing Gaius Valerius Procillus and Marcus Mettius? was this reaction justified? 24. How did Caesar acquire special knowledge of German religious customs relating to battle? What were these customs, and how did Caesar capitalize on this knowledge? 25. How important was it that Caesar s soldiers be watched by their superior s in battle? Book II The Belgae, fearing the expansion of Roman military power in Gaul, begin to form a huge army to fight the Romans. The Remi, one of the Belgic tribes, breaks away from the Belgic conspiracy and offers its help to the Romans. This help from the Remi proves useful, as well as help from the Aedui (allies of Rome) in the form of cavalrymen. The military conflict that follows culminates in a huge battle with the toughest of all the Belgae, the Nervii. After bloody fighting, the Romans are victorious. Book III Some Roman troops under Servius Galba are wintering peacefully in the Alps between Italy and Gaul. Suddenly, the occupied tribes strike at the vulnerable Romans, posing a grave threat. But the Romans fight back, defeating the tribesmen. Later, the Veneti, a seafaring tribe on the western coast of Gaul, begin a rebellion against Rome. Breaking

9 an important tradition, the Veneti capture and imprison the Roman envoys sent to them. This infuriates Caesar. The Veneti, because of their great experience as sailors, exercise great advantage over the Romans in naval battle. But the Romans eventually adapt and defeat the Veneti. Caesar, wishing to make an example of the Veneti for violating the customs of diplomacy by imprisoning the envoys, executes their chief nobles and sells the rest of them into slavery. Book IV The Suebi, an enormous German tribe, have a reputation for physical toughness and military prowess. Two other smaller German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri, are tired of being oppressed by the Suebi so they decide to go west, crossing the Rhine and moving into the territory of the Belgae (more specifically the Menapii). Caesar quickly arrives with Roman troops. The Germans try repeatedly to bargain with Caesar but to no avail. After settling on a temporary truce, the Germans unexpectedly attack the Romans, causing casualties. Caesar considers this to be an act of treachery, and decides to break off any further negotiations with the Germans. The next day, the Germans send a large number of their leaders and elders to negotiate with Caesar. Caesar, expecting further treachery, takes these Germans prisoner. He attacks and defeats the remaining Germans who are disadvantaged by the absence of their leadership. As a show of force, Caesar constructs a sturdy wooden bridge across the Rhine and crosses into German territory, alarming the Germans. Later, Caesar makes arrangements for an assault on Britain. Although the Roman infantry successfully cross the English channel, the cavalry fail to cross, putting the Romans at a disadvantage. After being routed by the Romans, the Britons agree to submit to Caesar and disperse back into the countryside. But after a storm damages the Romans' ships and leaves them stranded in Britain without adequate supplies, the Britons decide to attack the Romans in their vulnerable state. The Britons initially catch the Romans off guard, but the Romans regroup and rout the Britons. When the Roman troops begin to cross back over to the continent, they are attacked by the Morini, who are then defeated by the Romans. Book V Caesar commands that as many boats as possible be prepared during the winter for a campaign against Britain in the Spring. He orders all boats to assemble at Portus Itius (near modern day Boulogne-sur-Mer). Caesar s attention is momentarily diverted to Gallia Belgica - Indutiomarus and Cingetorix struggle for power over the Treveri. Back at Port Itius, Caesar prepares to take many Gallic hostages with him to his British campaign so as to prevent revolts while he is gone. Among them is Dumnorix, a rebellious noble of the Aedui. Dumnorix violently opposes being taken over to Britain,

10 and flees back to his homeland. Caesar stops all preparations while Dumnorix is hunted down and slain. The Romans sail to Britain to begin their campaign. There are some skirmishes between the Romans and the Britons, and a storm destroys many of the Roman boats. The British tribes, although previously at war with one another, band together to face the Roman threat with Cassivellaunus as their commander in chief. Caesar discovers the stronghold of Cassivellaunus near the Thames river and routs the Britons there. The Trinovantes, a powerful tribe, offer to become Rome's allies, and several other British tribes follow suit. From these tribes Caesar learns the location of Cassivellaunus and successfully attacks him there. Cassivellaunus orders the tribes in Kent to attack the British ships, but they are defeated. Cassivellaunus surrenders to Caesar, enabling Caesar to quickly return to the continent before Winter arrives. Because a drought has affected the grain supply, Caesar's troops must winter among the rebellious Belgic tribes. Roman troops, led by Q. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta are wintering among the Eburones when they are attacked by the Eburones, led by Ambiorix and Cativolcus. Ambiorix deceives the Romans by saying that the attack was made without his consent, and furthermore advises them to flee because a huge German army is coming from across the Rhine. After much discussion and disagreement, the Romans decide to trust Ambiorix and leave the next morning. As the Romans are marching away the next morning, the Eburones ambush them, killing most of the Romans. A few Roman survivors make it back to their winter quarters where they commit suicide that night. Other Roman troops are wintering among the Nervii under Quintus Tullius Cicero (brother of the famous orator). Ambiorix convinces the other Belgic tribes to immediately attack Cicero's camp. Cicero's troops are trapped, outnumbered, and blocked from help as their messengers are intercepted. The situation gets progressively more desperate for the Romans, but finally they are able to get a message to Caesar. Caesar summons the other Roman legions and rushes to Cicero's aid. When Caesar approaches Cicero s camp, the Belgae abandon their siege of Cicero's camp and head toward Caesar s troops. Caesar, vastly outnumbered, creates a ruse, ordering his troops to appear confused and frightened. The ruse works and entices the Belgae to attack on ground favorable to the Romans. Caesar's troops counterattack and put the Belgae to flight. That same day Caesar s troops reach Cicero's camp finding most of the men wounded. Meanwhile, Indutiomarus, a leader of the Treveri, begins to harass the camp of Labienus daily, until Labienus sends out cavalry for the express purpose of killing Indutiomarus. After killing Indutiomarus, the Roman cavalry routs the rest of Indutiomarus' army. Caesar personally stays in Gaul all winter due to the risk of unrest among the Gallic tribes.

11 Book VI 26. In what ways does Caesar replenish his troop numbers and why does Caesar believe that a quick replenishment is vital to his war effort? 27. What group/ tribe does Caesar attack first? Why does he attack them? 28. Where does Caesar go next? What does he do there? 29. What was important for Caesar to do before he attacked Ambiorix directly? 30. How did Labienus trick the Gauls? What did Labienus say to encourage his soldiers?

12 31. Why did Caesar cross the Rhine? Was this the first time that he has done this? 32. What two tribes held the most power in Gaul before Caesar's arrival? Who had been the most powerful of these two groups and how had they become so? How did Caesar's arrival change the status quo? 33. What two groups of men are held in worth and distinction amongst the Gauls? Why are the ordinary people not considered amongst these two groups? 34. Why would a young man want to become a Druid? What do they have to do to become a Druid? Figure 6: The Druids according to Caesar

13 35. According to Caesar, what language do the Druids use for their daily written records? What things are unlawful to commit to writing? What reasons does Caesar give for this prohibition on writing? How does this prohibition on writing reflect oral traditions which are common in many primitive societies? 36. Was warfare more or less frequent before Caesar s arrival in Gaul? Explain. 37. Describe at least three different religious beliefs held amongst the Gauls. 38. Describe the arrangement or relationship that Gallic men have with their wives? With their sons? With the government? 39. How is German religion different than Gallic religion?

14 40. According to Caesar, how do Germans view their land? 41. How did the Gauls become weaker than the Germans? 42. Describe at least one animal that Caesar mentions and take a guess as to what that animal is known as today. Figure 7: European moose in lake, Elk, Bull moose, Alces alces, Summer, Germany 43. Why did Caesar break off his campaign in Germany? 44. Describe what happened when Caesar finally did move directly against Ambiorix.

15 45. How did Cativolcus commit suicide and what does Caesar give as his reasons? 46. What did Caesar do at the site of Cotta and Sabinus's old winter camp? 47. How did Caesar plan to take revenge on the Eburones? 48. What led a German tribe to attack Cicero s camp? 49. How did the fog of war play a role in the Romans reaction to the German attack on Cicero s camp? 50. What individual acts of bravery are described by Caesar during the attack on Cicero s camp?

16 51. What was Caesar s one criticism of Cicero? 52. What is the last thing we hear about Ambiorix? 53. Who is Acco? What happens to him? Why? Book VII 54. Research and describe your findings to the following question: Who was Clodius? Why would his death be important to Caesar? What is going on in Rome that would divert Caesar s attention from Gaul? 55. What reasons are given for the Gauls to have begun again a rebellion against the Romans?

17 56. What concern do the Carnutes have when they volunteer to initiate the rebellion against the Romans? How do they alleviate these concerns? 57. How do the Carnutes initiate the rebellion, and how is news of the rebellion spread? 58. Who is Vercingetorix and how does he acquire an army? 59. What circumstances allowed Caesar to depart from Rome to confront the rebellious Gauls? What dilemma faced him upon leaving Italy? 60. Describe Vercingetorix s plan for winning the war and depriving Caesar after Vercingetorix s series of losses at Vellaunodunum, Genabum, and Noviodunum. What name is commonly given to this type of war plan? 61. What kind of relationship does Caesar have with his soldiers? How is this relationship portrayed in the Commentaries?

18 62. Why was Vercingetorix accused of treason, and how did he dispel these accusations? 63. Why was it so difficult for the Romans to overtake the Gallic walls at Avaricum? How did they eventually overtake the walls? 64. How did Gallic matrons prevent their husbands from fleeing Avaricum on the eve of its collapse? 65. How did the Romans behave after they had overtaken Avaricum? What are some of the reasons given to explain their behavior? 66. How did Vercingetorix explain the Gallic defeat at Avaricum? Also, what favorable outcome did Vercingetorix mention would result from the events at Avaricum? Figure 8: Vercingétorix Memorial in Alesia

19 67. What was it about Vercingetorix that inspired confidence in the Gauls? 68. How did Vercingetorix make up for the troops that he lost at Avaricum? 69. Why did Caesar leave his army and travel to the Aedui? 70. How did Caesar resolve the dispute between the Aedui? 71. How did Litavicus incite the Aedui in revolt? What actions does his army take in revolt? 72. What was Caesar s reaction when he heard of the Aeduan insurrection? 73. In Chapter 50, what mistake was made between the Roman soldiers and the Aeduan troops Caesar sent?

20 74. What self-sacrifice was made by the centurion M. Petreius? What was the result? 75. What would the reaction have been of Caesar s soldiers after hearing the speech described in Chapters 52 and 53? 76. Why is it that the Aedui continue to rebel against the Romans? 77. What were the Aeduans able to acquire at Noviodunum, and what did Caesar lose? 78. How did Caesar make up for some of his losses at Noviodunum? 79. After Vercingetorix s cavalry attack on the Romans failed in Chapter 67, what loss impacted the Gauls most, and how did it impact them? 80. What natural barriers helped fortify Alesia?

21 81. How did the Gauls fortify Vercingetorix s camp? 82. Provide some specific details about Caesar s constructions at Alesia. Figure 9: A reconstructed section of the Alesia investment fortifications 83. Was Caesar s method of attack to be a siege or a blockade? Cite text to support your answer. Figure 10: 1899 painting of Caesar's Seige of Alesia by Lionel-Noël Royer

22 84. Why does Vercingetorix send away his cavalry before the completion of Caesar s fortifications? 85. What additional fortifications did Caesar build to defend against external attacks? 86. Who departed from Alesia with the Mandubii? Why did they depart? How did Caesar react to this group? 87. In the battle of Alesia, what final efforts were made by the Gauls after having been repulsed twice by the Romans? 88. How did Caesar respond to these efforts? 89. Why did a Roman general wear a red cloak in battle? 90. What effect did the defeat of the Gallic relief army have on the inhabitants of the besieged Alesia?

23 91. Why weren t all of the Gallic troops wiped out? 92. What motive does Vercingetorix say had led him to enter the war against the Romans? Give a brief recap for each of the following characters, tribes, or places: 10 th Legion Aedui Alesia Ambiorix Ariovistus Avaricum Cicero Commius Cotta

24 Crassus Diviciacus Dumnorix Eburones Gergovia Helvetii Labienus Nervii Orgetorix Sabinus Sequani Vercingetorix

25 Questions for the English Reading of Vergil s Aeneid Book I 1. Based on the first few lines of the text, what will be some of the main themes of the poem? 2. What is the question Vergil asks of the muse in your own words? 3. What are the reasons for Juno s hatred of the Trojans? 4. What elements of nature are being personified in Aeolia? 5. What quid pro quo exchange is arranged between Juno and Aeolus? Figure 11: Winter Juno And Aeolus - Eugene Delacroix, What is your first impression of Aeneas, when he is introduced in the midst of the storm? Provide details from the text to explain your answer? How is this ironic?

26 7. How does the description of Neptune contrast with the storm? How too does it contrast with the description given earlier of Juno? 8. What was Aeneas trying to convey in his speech to the surviving Trojans after the storm? How does Aeneas personally feel? 9. How is Venus portrayed? How is Jupiter betrayed? What gender bias might be evident in these and other portrayals? 10. Identify three historical allusions/ references to things that will happen made in Jupiter s prophesy to Venus. 11. What disguise does Venus take when she talks with Aeneas? How does Aeneas greet her? Figure 12: Venus Appearing to Aeneas as a Huntress by Pietro da Cortona, 1631

27 12. In what ways is Dido s past similar to Aeneas own experiences? (You can some back and answer this question in greater detail after reading Book II.) 13. What actions or accomplishments might Aeneas have looked on with envy upon first seeing the city of Carthage? 14. Draw and label a brief sketch of the painting Aeneas sees on the wall of the temple of Juno. 15. Why don t Aeneas and Achates go to meet their lost companions when they first see them in Carthage approaching Queen Dido? Why do they hesitate? Were their fears unfounded? Explain your answer.

28 16. What pieces of trickery does Venus have in store for Dido to ensure her receptiveness of Aeneas? Book II 17. Watch the YouTube clip entitled, Trojan Horse clip from "Troy". What parts of the clip are described in the first several pages of Book II? Figure 13: Trojan Horse from the film, "Troy" 18. What argument occurs between the Trojans with respect to the Trojan horse? What does Laocoon mean when he says, Even when the Greeks bring gifts I fear them,? 19. How does Sinon s story contribute to the debate about the horse? What makes Sinon s story believable to the Trojans? 20. What horrific event finally convinces the Trojans that the horse should be brought into the city? How did the Trojans interpret this event?

29 21. What phrases and elements does Vergil/ Aeneas use to foreshadow Troy s impending doom? 22. How does Hector appear when Aeneas sees him in his sleep? 23. What does Hector tell Aeneas he must do? 24. Does Aeneas immediately follow Hector s advice? What are his first several actions after waking from sleep? 25. What does Aeneas mean when he says, The conquered have one safety: hope for none.? 26. Why is Pyrrhus compared to a snake? 27. When Aeneas says, What was the fate of Priam, you may ask, who is the you? Why might the you be particularly interested in the fate of Priam?

30 28. Why are Hecuba and her daughters compared to white doves? What symbolism might be at play? 28. Why does Vergil/ Aeneas take the time to describe the death of Polites in detail, rather than lumping him in with all of the other people Pyrrhus killed? What special importance will Polites have in the events that immediately follow his death? Figure 14: The Death of Priam - Baron Pierre-Narcisse Guerin 29. What was the final fate of Priam? 30. How does Aeneas feel when he catches sight of Helen? What does Venus show to Aeneas at this point, and why does she show him what she shows him? 31. What reasons does Anchises give for not at first wanting to come with Aeneas?

31 32. What makes Anchises change his mind? 33. When does Aeneas realize that Creusa has been left behind? What is his reaction when he finds out? Figure 15: Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci 34. What are some of the final things Creusa says to Aeneas? Book IV 35. What does Dido reveal worries her the most when she is talking with her sister? 36. What is Anna s advice to Dido? What reasons does Anna give in support of her argument? 37. Why do Dido and Anna visit shrines and altars?

32 38. How does the doe simile help portray Dido s feelings and actions? 39. What parts of Juno s speech are sarcastic? What parts are sincere? What parts of Venus speech lack sincerity? 40. Identify some of the metaphors that are being used in the cave scene with Aeneas and Dido. 41. List some of the personified characteristics of Rumor and explain how they reflect true aspects of a rumor. Figure 16: Fama, by Sebastian Brant added, Argentina, Grieninger Who is king Iarbas? Why is he so upset? Figure 17: Mercury Appearing to Aeneas by artist Giambattista Tiepolo

33 43. How verbatim does Mercury relay Jupiter s commands? Cite some of the text to support your answer. 44. What is Aeneas reaction to the message he receives from Mercury? 45. Based on their confrontation, does Aeneas love Dido? Does Dido still live Aeneas at the end of their argument? Cite text to support your answers to both questions. 46. What does Dido ask of her sister; how does she trick Anna into helping her/ being her accomplice in her suicide? 47. What curse does Dido make upon Aeneas following his departure? 48. What does Dido describe as her accomplishments in her last words? Figure 18: Antoine Coypel "The Death of Dido"

34 49. What is Anna s reaction to Dido s death? 50. How does Dido kill herself? Does she die right away? Who assists in freeing Dido s spirit from her body? Book VI 51. Why might Vergil have included such a detailed ekphrasis of the doors of the Temple of Apollo? Why significance might the story of Daedalus have on the opening lines of Book VI? 52. Describe the home of the Sibyl. Why is this an appropriate place for the Sibyl to live? Figure 19: Entrance to the caves of the Cumaean Sibyl, Cumae, Italy, How is the Sibyl portrayed? How too does this add to the mystery and uncertainty of her character? 54. What quid pro quo request does Aeneas make of Apollo, and of the Sibyl?

35 55. Why does Aeneas request that the Sibyl commit no verses to the leaves? What might this tell us of the customs practiced by the Sibyl? 56. How does the Sibyl use allegory/ comparisons to help Aeneas understand his fortune? 57. What does the Sibyl mean when she says that the The way downward is easy Black Dis s door stands open night and day.? 58. What two tasks must Aeneas complete before he is allowed to journey into the Underworld? 59. How does Aeneas go about completing these two tasks? Does he receive any help; if so, from whom, and what is the symbolism behind his helpers? Figure 20: Aeneas finds the Golden Bough 60. Why must Aeneas draw his sword at the opening of the cavern?

36 61. How does the Sibyl convince Charon to allow them to cross the River Styx? 62. Did Aeneas know of Dido s suicide? Is he seeking forgiveness from Dido? What is Dido s reaction to Aeneas? 63. Whom does Aeneas meet in the Underworld that had been killed by Helen? Might Aeneas think differently about his own encounter with Helen during the final night of Troy after having heard this man s tale? 64. Select three different groups or persons that reside in Tartarus and give a brief description of each selection: a) b) c) 65. Select three different groups or persons that reside in Elysium and give a brief description of each selection: a) b) c) 66. When is the following phrase used in Book VI; where in Book II has a very similar phrase been used: weightless as wind and fugitive as dream?

37 67. What happen to souls after they drink from the River Lethe? 68. Identify and explain three historical allusions/ references that Anchises makes when cataloguing the future heroes of Rome. a) b) c) 69. What exactly is the message that Anchises is trying to make in his statement that begins Others thall cast more tenderly in bronze, and ends battle down the proud? 70. Why is Anchises overwhelmed by tears when talking about the younger Marcellus? 71. Out of which gate do Aeneas and the Sibyl depart? What might be the meaning of having departed from this specific gate?

38 Book VIII 72. What god appears, and speaks to Aeneas at the beginning of Book VIII? Are his words welcoming? What advice does this god give Aeneas? 73. What festival/ feast was king Evander celebrating when Aeneas introduced himself? Why did Evander observe this feast/ holiday each year?

39 74. When Evander finishes his ritual, what sites does he show to Aeneas? Identify some of the future sites that are referenced. 75. How are Venus and Vulcan related? What does Venus ask of Vulcan? How does she persuade him to help her? What is Vulcan s response? What does Vulcan produce? 76. What does Evander tell Aeneas about Mezentius? Now, read pages in Fitzgerald s translation of the Aeneid. How does the depiction of Mezentius in these lines compare to Evander s recollection of Mezentius? What is the significance of these differences or similarities? 77. Why does Evander send Pallas with Aeneas? 78. For what does Evander pray in his final exchange with his son? 79. Why might Aeneas felt joy in the pictures in the gift given to him by his mother? What images might he have taken the most pleasure in and why? Book XII 80. What regrets does Latinus have according to his speech to Turnus? Is there any evidence that Latinus regret is founded on a true conviction of wrongdoing, or is simply the result of his present circumstances (his ill fortunes in war)? What is Latinus advice for Turnus?

40 81. What is Turnus reaction to Latinus? What is Amata s? 82. What arrangement is made between Aeneas and Latinus/ Turnus? How does Juno and Juturna interfere with this arrangement? What auspice/ sign from the gods helped spur this interference? 83. When the fighting commenced, what happened to Aeneas? How does Turnus try to take advantage of Aeneas retreat from the battlefield? 84. What supernatural aid is brought to bear to help Aeneas? 85. How does Queen Amata react to the Trojans renewed offensive? What are her reasons for doing what she does? 86. What makes Aeneas turn away from his attack on the walls? 87. In what ways do the nymph Juturna and the woodland god Faunus aid Turnus in his duel with Aeneas? 88. Why does Jupiter reproach Juno? 89. What request does Juno make of Jupiter? 90. What is Jupiter s response to Juno s request?

41 91. Why does Turnus call Jove his enemy? 92. In what ways does Vergil emphasize the lack of strength of Turnus in contrast with the incredible strength of Aeneas? 93. What final request does Turnus make of Aeneas? To what extent does Aeneas consider Turnus final request? What finally causes Aeneas to kill Turnus? Figure 21: Aeneas defeats Turnus, Luca Giordano, , The genius of Aeneas is shown ascendant, looking into the light of the future, while that of Turnus is setting, shrouded in darkness.