Jabir Ibn Hayyan : The Precursor of Modern Chemistry

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1 Since March 2002 Introduction : Number of Personality say this world goodbye and go into oblivion forever, but a few of them resurrect from their hibernation with the passage of time. There are people who never die even after their formal death; they remain in the sub-consciousness of the human minds and remind the glorious past. Jabir Ibn Hayyan, a great son of the Arab soil belongs to the latter category. Though, he is not with us but narrates a glittering past of the Arab in the field of so called chemistry. Whether or not the world accepts his contributions, the fact remains unchanged. That is, a perhaps, he was the one who paved the way for the smooth sail of chemistry in the domain of natural science. It is very difficult to determine exactly the share of the Muslims in the progress of chemical discoveries. According to a Western scholar Bon Carra De Vaux: The discoveries which Western tradition has described to Geber, those of aqua regales, of sulphuric acid, nitric acid and nitrate of silver, are not found in the Arabic works placed under these alchemist's name, but only in some Latin pamphlets at the end of the 13th century it seems, therefore, that the admiration affected by the Western peoples of Muslims alchemist is due to so much to their real worth, as to the general custom of looking to the East to the masters, Especially of the occult sciences. (2) *The word alchemy brings to mind images of Perso- Scientists huddling over bows of liquids, dabbling in the occult. However, the true goal of alchemy was nothing less than the transmutation of the base (i.e. more reactive metals A rabic Literature An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 149, Vol - XV (6), August , Page No. 6-8 ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Jabir Ibn Hayyan : The Precursor of Modern Chemistry The alchemy was infect being practiced about five or six thousand years ago in Egypt where the priests knew how to make pure copper, tin, lead, silver and gold from the earth and rocks. The first alchemical writing, at least in the western world, dated from the 3rd or 4th centuries A.D. but they already represented a flourishing science and it is though that the early alchemists were active during the first century. And no doubt that alchemy originated in the Hellenistic culture of Alexandria in Egypt. Geber, who was famous during the Middle Ages under the Arabic name Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan of 'Tus' or 'Tartus', credited with a vast knowledge of occult sciences. Very little is known about his life but many distinguished scholars claim that he lived at Kufa, presently in Iraq about 776 AD. Muslims made progress in chemistry as applied to medicine, in dying and in the art of cleaning. Al-Kindi, besides others, wrote about coloring Matters, glassmaking, the processes of removing stain from cloth, and other similar subjects. Tomas Martin, a popular thinker also said that I will be pleased to serve as Jabir's butler. (1) DR. MD. JAHANGIR ALAM Dept. of Arabic, Aliah University, Kolkata (West Bangal) into gold). Alchemy also sought a single cure for all apparent impossibility, has overshadowed the very real contributions of alchemy has made to modern science. (David W. Tchanz, Jabir Ibn Hayyan and Arab Alchemists: maker of modern chemistry, 02/08/2001, website, the name alchemy appears in Islamic culture, hence it passed to Latin. It evolved from the Greek chemei (art of melting metals) or chymos (juice) (Roudgelet's philosophy of Encyclopedia, vol. 1 p. 155). The definition given by II. J. Sheppard, Alchemy is the art of liberating part of the Cosmos from temporal existence and achieving perfection which, for metals, gold, and for man, longevity, than immortality and finally redemption. And no doubt that alchemy originated in the Hellenistic culture of Alexandria in Egypt. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 1, p. 535). Western alchemist arose about 100 A.D. in the meeting place of Greek and Oriental culture, Alexandria in Egypt (Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 1, p. 510). The area of Arabs contribution to chemistry perhaps he has rithtly been pointed out by the above scholars as observed: Muslims made progress in chemistry as applied to medicine, in dying and in the art of cleaning. Al-Kindi, besides others, wrote about coloring Matters, glass-making, the processes of removing stain from cloth, and other similar subjects. (3) Life sketch of Jabir : Geber, who was famous during the Middle Ages under the Arabic name Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan of 'Tus' or 'Tartus', credited with a vast knowledge of occult sciences. Very little is known about his life but many distinguished scholars claim that he lived at Kufa Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (6) August

2 (Presently in Iraq) about 776 AD. (4) Jabir was very intelligent in his childhood. Curiosity was his main quality of life. He was one of those who trouble the elders by questioning and sometimes it was so complex that a intellectual could dare to open his mouth but tactfully. When his father was assassinated due to anti-umayyad sentiments, Jabir became helpless. The family shifted from 'Tartus (Syria) to 'Tus' (Iran), where he found a suitable atmosphere of learning. To test his metal, his relatives sent him to the prominent teacher of 'Tartus, ' Harabi al-hamiri under whom he studied mathematics, astronomy, astrology, philosophy and religion within a short span, he acquire the mastery over these subjects. Then he inclined towards chemistry. During his stay at 'Tus', he went to the Imam Jafar al- Sadiq who was bosom friend of his father. He started learning from this great teacher and obtained the knowledge of science and jurisprudence. He took great interest in astronomy and chemistry. Imam Ja'far al-sadiq gave him the book Kitab al- Qaratis (Book of Papers), from which he benefitted much and came to know the secrets of chemistry. With the Abbasids coming to power, Jabir came to the city of Kufa, (the early capital of Abbasids) and settled there. He opened a shop of drugs as his father did in 'Tartus', and chemical laboratory. When the Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-mansur took rein of the government after Abul Abbas, he found the city of Baghdad, where a great number of scholars, physicians, and literatures migrated from different parts of the country. Jabir also migrated with his family and set up his laboratory, and visited throughout the Abbasid Caliphate and finally he came close to the Barmakites. (5) The Barmakites are considered to be among the successful viziers of the world. Perhaps without the success of Abbasids would have been a dream and did not find a practical expression. A Persian family, which produced the first Persian Ministers of the Caliphate Barkmak was a personal name but denoted the rank of hereditary chief Priest in the temple of Nawabahar in Balkh. This Temple belonged to the Buddhist community as it appears from the name Nawabahar means new monastery in Sanskrit. And the original word was Nav-Vihar. In their last days they were at loggerheads with the Abbasid Caliph Haroon al-rasheed, which let to their assassinations. (6) Jabir also developed and intimacy with the king Haroon al-rasheed. But with the assassinations of the Barkaites he took to his heel to 'Tus' apprehending the same date for himself. However, he was bestowed an amnesty by the king and took his last breach in 803 AD. (7) The firs eminent Arab author who shot to prominence in the domain of alchemy was Umayyad Prince, Khalid bin Yazid (d. 704 A.D.) he was the disciple of a Syrian monk Morienus and said to have dedicated a treatise to this master. Similarly, he was enlightened with the ideas of Imam Ja'far al- Sadiq on the subject. Several other alchemists also ventured the alchemical activities during 859 AD. They can be narrated as Dhul-Nun al-mishri (d.859 AD.), who's real name was Abul Fayd Thawhan bin Ibrahim, Dhul Nun. The people of Egypt, among who he lived, looked upon him as Zindiq (free thinker). According to Fihrist he was among those philosophers who discoursed on alchemy, and Ibnul Qifti considers medicine like Paracelsus, he combined alchemy in magic. Moslem Ibn al-wahshiya (c.870 AD.) wrote the book Nabatean Agriculture (Kitab al-falahat al-nabatiyya), in 904 A.D. It is known that he has translated it from the Chaldaean Language. (8) In the 10th century A.D. another renowed medical philosopher, Abu Bakr Muhammad Bin Zakaria al-razi, known in the West by Razez was an enthusiastic student of alchemy. He dedicated a famous book in medicine al-mansuri to his patron Abu Salin Mansur. He also presented him the book Kitebithab al-kimiya. His another book on this field as Kitab al-asrar ( the Book of Secret). He died in 320 A. H. Another important writer, Maslama al-majriti i.e. Madrid, (1004 AD.). He traveled extensively throughout the East and collected many famous works of the Brethern of Purity, the alchemical works during his journey and brought to this native country. He had great skill in the area of alchemy. His book of alchemy is known as Kanz al-fa'iil (Treasury of Accomplishment). Tughrai, who died about 515 A.H. was the vizier of Seleucid Sultan Masu'd at Mosul (In Syria). He is credited to have many alchemical works and become famous as an alchemist. He wrote on alchemy Jamil al-asrar (Compendium of Secrets), an article on the Philosopher's Stone', and a commentary of Geber's Book of Mercy. Ghazzali, the famous philosopher of 11th century believed in alchemy, He wrote a number of articles in the field of chemistry, one of them is Maqala al-fauz (The Lecture of Prevention). (9) Jabir's Works : Whoever of all contemporaries who expressed enough potentially in the domain of alchemy ultimately bowed down in front of the famous works of Jabir Ibn Hayyan, who produced more than hundred treatises concerning alchemy. Although most of them have vanished by the cruel hands of the time but a few of them have already existed in the Western libraries. They are the excellent witnesses of Jabir's production in the field of alchemy. A large number of books included in Jabir's corpus. Among them the book Kitab al- Kimya (The Book of Chemistry) and Kitab al-sabeen (the Book of Seventy) were translated in to Latin and various other European Languages. Form centuries these works of Jabir served as the ultimate authority and guideline to the European scientists, including Boger Bacon ( ), Arnold F. Villanova ( ) and Albbertus Megnuns ( )and these translatin of Jabir's work remained popular in Europe for several centures which have widened the alchemical thinking among the then scientists and paved the way tfor the evolution of modern chemistry. Among the books of Jabir how many of them are still existing in Arabic and how many of them are translated into Latin is to my mind yet to be ascertained. However, the available Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (6) August

3 works of Jabir in Arabic included Kitab al-sabeen (The Book of Seventy) and Kitab al-mizan (The Book of Balance). Also around the year 1300 AD. Another Jabir's book Summa Perfectionist Magesterii (Sum of Perfection) translated into Latin. This book is contained with four treatises, which are also translated from Arabic. They are as, De Investigation Perfectinis (The Investigation of Perfection) De Inventione Fornacum (Testament), De Inventione Veritatis (The Book of Vrity) and Liber Fornacum (The Book of Fornaces). (10) The historian Ibn Halun doubted the authenticity of the works of Kalid bin Yezid. To him, a Bedouin Arab cannot perform such an excellent work it has to be ascribed to somebody else. (11) Achievements : The achievement of Jabir include almost every branch of science. His works cover all subjects including philosophy, linguistics, astronomy, magic, cosmology, theology, metaphysics, liberal arts, medicine, agriculture, technology, but alchemy is the main stream of his acheivements. During his early age he started investigation, experimentation and intensive search in the field of chemistry and established many laboratories in Tartus, Kufa and Baghdad in his lifetime. Jabir was the first to introduce the fireproof dress and the Mizan al-hawa (The Balance of winds). Again he invented the skin purifier chemical by which skin could easily be purified and is used for the wearing dress. Introduction of tannery is the best example of his contribution in the of skin industry. According to Muhammad Fathi Sabri of Jabir Ibn Hayyan: Abu al-kimya, Jabir was the first to think about human cloning, which is now become the attractive and successful invention of the Western scientists. (12) He introduced number of scientific techniques and confirmed his position in the field.he concentrated on crystallization, distillation, calcinations, sublimations, evaporations, and updating pertaining to various instruments regarding alchemy. It goes without saying that the primary development of chemistry was the efforts of the Arabs only and none else. Discovery of mineral and other acids are the extraordinary practical achievement of Jabir. Besides, he has numerous other things for which he has to be credited. He tried to see different properties of deferent elements and their reactionary processes, and he came out with varied results. He developed a number of applied chemical processes. His achievements include preparation of various metals, development of steel, dying of cloths, preparation of rusting tattering in gold, identification of paints, greases etc. He devoted his whole life in experimental thinking and to achieve the new elements from the nature. During the course of these practical endeavors, he also developed Aqua Regina to dissolve gold. The alembic is the great invention, which paved the way for process of distillation. According to Jabir the elements are of these types. To him, the first is sprit i.e. those which vaporize on heating. Like camphor, arsenic and ammonium chloride; the second is metal, for example gold, silver, lead, copper, iron and the third is, compounds, which can be converted into power. Thus, he paved the way for later classification as metals, non-metals and volatile substances. Although Jabir is known as an alchemist, he did not care of the preparation of noble metals as an alchemist. Instead, he devoted his time an energy to the promotion of basic chemical methods and to study the major chemical reactions that way he introduced he introduced the method of evolution of chemistry as a science from the legends of alchemy. He emphasized that in chemical reaction the definite qualities of various substances are involved. The development of alchemy in the Middle Age had a strong bearing with the Aristotelian theory of the composition of metal. According to Aristotle, all matters from woods, rocks, to plants and the human beings were composed of four irreducible elements; water, earth, fire and air. Jabir though of sulfur mercury and various metal compositions and he spent much times to explain the metallic properties. He had a great faith in alchemy and though to use elixir in transmulating base metals into gold. Jabir played a great role in modicication of Aristotelian concept of four elements. He also adopted the Chinese alchemical concepts of a Philosopher's Stone and the Egyptians Elixir of life. He is also the first to analyze the preparation of cinnabar, resinous oxide, alum, alkalis, antimony, saltpeter, mercury oxide and lead. He prepared for the first time, the acids like nitric, hydrochloric, citric, and tartaric acids and he took great interest in their systematic experimentations,, and these can justly be regarded as the precursor of modern chemistry. (13) Conclusion : Looking at his works and the achievements of a great Arab scientist like Jabir, one can hardly doubt the authenticity of this works and his immortal contributions to the chemistry. Almost tit has become a traditions of the world that the man is recognize after his demise and it remembered for irrefutable achievements. Keeping in view, this tradition as a world phenomenon. One can hardly wonder at the controversies and defense of opinions revolving around Jabir. References : (1) Martin Thomas, the distinguished chemist of Bristol. (2) Bon Carra De Vaux (3) Bon Carra De Vaux (4) See website ibn hayyan (5) See Fathhi Sabri Mohammad, Jabir Ibn Hayan: Abul Kimya, Dar al-fikr, Cairo, 1994,p.p. 4-8, (6) Brill E.J. Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 2, p.p (7) Nicholson R.A., Literary History of the Arabis, Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 1994, p.xxv. (8) See Kapoor Subodh, the Muslim Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1, p (9) Al-Hassan Ahmad Y., The Arabic Origin of Jabir's Latin works, A New Light of the Geber Question, website, (10) See Kapoor Subodh, The Muslim Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1., P (11) See Fathi Sabri Mohammad, Jabir Ibn Hayyan: Abul Kimya, Dar al-fikr, Cairo, 1994, p.p. 14,17,22,35. (12) Tchanz David W., Jabir Ibn Hayyan and Arab Alchemist: Makerof Modern Chemistry, and article, 02/08/2001, website (13) Also See Ahmed Naseem, Science in Islam, Reference Press, New Delhi-2, 2003, p.315. Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (6) August

4 Since March 2002 H indi Literature An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 149, Vol - XV (6), August , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor ßeerueeue Megkeäue keâer keâneefveùeew cew JÙebiÙe keâer DeefYeJÙeefòeâ Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, efnvoer meeefnlùe kesâ Øeefmeæ keâleekeâej ßeerueeue Megkeäue keâer keâneefveùeew cew JÙebiÙe keâer DeefYeJÙeefòeâ kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefoele nw~ efnvoer meeefnlùe kesâ keâleekeâejew cew ßeerueeue Megkeäue ves efpelevee OÙeeve KeueveeÙekeâeW kesâ efûe$ece Deewj me=peve hej efoùee nw, Glevee efkeâmeer ves Yeer vener efoùee~ Fme lekeâveerkeâ kesâ jnmùe keâes Keesuekeâj jkevee Deewj mecepevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ mebyejele: ÙeLeeLe& kesâ DeJeebefÚle heew, efjeke=âefleùeew Deewj ceveg<ùe kesâ Deebleefjkeâ mlej hej DeeS vekeâejelcekeâ heefjjele&veew keâes Øemlegle keâj ner ßeerueeue Megkeäue Yeejle kesâ mecekeâeueerve peerjeve keâer efomee keâer lemjeerj KeeRÛevee Ûeenles nq~ Jele&ceeve Yeejle cew meòeeoeejer Éeje DeheveeF& 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Meg keâj mekeâlee nw~ meheesuee keâneveer cew hegjeveer heerì{er Deewj vef& heerì{er kesâ mebmkeâejew hej JÙebiÙe efkeâùee nw~ peesieer yeeyet keâer helveer hebef[lepeer keâes yegueekeâj iepewõ cees#e keâer ØeeLe&vee keâe hee" heì{eves keâes keânleer nw, lees Gvekeâer yesšer yeieue kesâ keâcejs cew hee@he mebieerle megveleer jnleer nw~ Fme lejn DeeOegefvekeâ heerì{er Deewj hegjeveer heerì{er cew efmehe&â meesûe Deewj efjeûeejew cew ner Deblej vener nw, yeefukeâ mebmkeâejew cew Yeer Deblej nw~ ogjeûeej keâneveer cew eføebefmeheue kesâ Éeje efme#ee heæefle hej JÙebiÙe efkeâùee ieùee nw~ keâe@uespe kesâ eføebefmeheue keâes keâesf& veslee efceueves Deelee nw, lees Gmes Jes keâesf& Fppele vener osles, keäùeewefkeâ mjeùeb eføebefmeheue Yeer jepeveereflekeâ vesleedeew mes pegì[s ngs nq~ Jen Yeer efjejesoeer ouejeeueew kesâ meele~ FmeefueS Jes efme#ee ØeMeemeve cew Yeer jepeveerefle ueevee Ûeenles nq~ ÚgefóÙeeB keâneveer cew pùeeoelej JÙebiÙe efokeef& oslee nw~ Fme keâneveer cew ÙegJee heerì{er lecebûes Deewj efjjeeujej mes efme#ekeâew keâes [jekeâj OeceefkeâÙeeB oskeâj yuewkeâcesue keâjles nq~ Ùener ueesie Deeies Ûeuekeâj veslee yeveles nq, FmeefueS keâne peelee nw efkeâ keâe@uespe kesâ efoveew cew efve"uues Deewj yeskeâej Úe$e nesles nq, Jener Deeies Ûeuekeâj veslee yeveles nq, FmeefueS efme#ekeâ Ssmes ueesieew mes škeäkeâj uesvee vener Ûeenles~ Fme keâneveer cew DeOÙeeefhekeâe megveerlee Mecee& keâes vebyej yeì{eves kesâ efues Oecekeâeles nq~ hejer#ee cew vebyej yeì{eves kesâ efues DeOÙeeefhekeâe kesâ JÙeefòeâiele peerjeve keâe Yeeb[e heâesì[ves kesâ efues lewùeej nes peeles nq~ ßeerueeue Megkeäuepeer ves Fme keâneveer cew Skeâ heefjjeej kesâ meomùeew keâe JÙebiÙe Øemlegle efkeâùee nw~ keâneveer cew JÙebiÙekeâej keâe efjeveeso nw~ Fme Deevebo cew megveerlee Mecee& nw, ieerlee osjeer efcemespepeer nw, veewkeâjeveer DevegmetÙeeyeeF&, ues[er cewkeâyewle nw Deewj [eefkeâùes keâer meb%ee nw efcemšj ietve~ Fve meye hee$eew kesâ Éeje ueskekeâ ves JÙebiÙe keâes GYeejves keâer keâesefmeme keâer nw~ Ùen Iej cesje vener keâneveer cew DeeOegefvekeâ ueì[efkeâùeew hej keâjeje JÙebiÙe efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Deepekeâue keâer ueì[efkeâùeeb Ûegmle keâheì[s henvekeâj Deheves ceve lelee leve keâer hùeeme yegpeeves kesâ efues kegâú Yeer njkeâlew keâjves kesâ efues lewùeej jnleer nq~ ueskekeâ ner MeyoeW cew keânw lees, ueì[efkeâùeeb Fme lejn yew"er jner, pewmes Jes cebieue «en mes Glejkeâj DeeF& new, pewmes Fleves Ûegmle keâheì[s GvneWves efyevee efkeâmeer GösMÙe kesâ ner henve efues new, pewmes Jes ueì[keâew keâer Yee<ee vener mecepeleer, Gvekeâe DeefmlelJe vener henûeeveleer, ceve Deewj leve keâer YetKe efceševes kesâ efues pewmes GvnW Fvekesâ heeme vener, cebieue «en hej ner peevee neslee nes~ Skeâ uegì{keâlee ngdee hellej ceoùejeie& keâes uegì{keâlee hellej keâes Øeleerkeâ ceevekeâj JÙebiÙe efkeâùee ieùee nw~ hellej FmeefueS uegì{keâlee nw efkeâ Jen DeeOeejnerve nw~ Jen Lecelee nw, lees Gmekesâ Deeme-heeme yeì[s hellej nq, pees Leece uesles nq~ LeecevesJeeueer Jener meòee nw, pees Meefòeâ keâe kewâõ nw~ peye lekeâ Fve yeì[s hellejew keâe mebyeboe nw, meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ, mejkeâejer keâuee Deewj efje%eeve ceneefjeåeeueùe, keâejjeej (keâvee&škeâ) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (6) August

5 leye lekeâ JÙeefòeâ megjef#ele nw~ ÙeneB hej ueskekeâ ceoùejeie& kesâ JÙeefòeâÙeeW keâer efpeboieer keâe meneje GÛÛeJeie& keâes ceevee nw~ mej keâe oo& keâneveer cew ßeerueeue Megkeäuepeer ves keâefje hej JÙebiÙe efkeâùee nw~ Fme keâneveer cew meblees<e kegâceej šbkeâcekeâej nw, pees šbkeâce keâjles meceùe ieueleer keâj yew"lee nw~ Gmekeâe efce$e kesâ heeme Gmekeâer Deesj mes efmeheâeefjme ueskeâj peelee nw, lees Gme meceùe keânlee nw efkeâ Jen mewšercewšue Deeoceer nw, efpeccesoejer keâe keâece efyeukegâue vener keâjlee Deewj Jen keâefje Yeer nw~ Ssmee Deeoceer Fme ogefveùee cew nj lejheâ mes yeskeâej ceevee peelee nw~ efove {ueles keâneveer cew ceesnyyele hej efkeâùee ieùee JÙebiÙe yengle ner DeLe&hetCe& nw~ Fme keâneveer cew keâceue kesâ efhelee efkeâmeer ueì[keâer mes Meeoer keâjves keâes keânles nq, lees Jen Gòej cew keânlee nw efkeâ efkeâmeer ueì[keâer mes ceesnyyele keâjlee nw~ Fme yeele keâes megvekeâj keâceue kesâ efhelee keânles nq efkeâ GvnW mee" nesves hej efkeâmeer mes ceesnyyele vener ngf&, hej Gvekeâe yesše efkeâmeer Deewj mes ceesnyyele keâjlee nw~ Jes hetúles nq efkeâ ceesnyyele efkeâme efûeefì[ùee keâe veece nw? keâneb nesleer nw? DeYeer-DeYeer pevce nesves hej Yeer ueì[keâe keânves ueielee nw efkeâ Gmes ceesnyyele nw~ Fme lejn ceesnyyele hej keâjeje JÙebiÙe efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Fme Gceü cew keâneveer cew ßeerueeue Megkeäuepeer ves ceveg<ùe keâer MeJeÙee$ee hej JÙebiÙe efkeâùee nw~ nceejs meceepe cew TBÛes vesleedeew, JÙeeJemeeefÙeÙeeW, GÅeesieheefleÙeeW, DeheâmejeW kesâ cejves mes Gvekeâer MeJeÙee$ee kesâ heerús YeerÌ[ keâer keâesf& keâceer vener jnleer nw~ JeneR keâesf& ceecetueer ueesie efpevecew ueskekeâ, keâueekeâej, ieeùekeâ Deeefo nq, Fve ueesieew keâer MeJeÙee$ee kesâ heerús pùeeoelej YeerÌ[ vener nesleer nw~ FmeefueS ueskekeâ Fve ueesieew keâes keânles nq efkeâcejves mes henues nj lejheâ Iees<eCee keâjkesâ cejs keâer MeJeÙee$ee kesâ heerús YeerÌ[ pecee jns~ Deiej Ssmee vener keâjwies lees Gvekesâ heì[esmeer Yeer Deheâmeesme kesâ meele keânves ueiewies efkeâ GvnW helee ner vener Ûeuee~ Ûebo DeKeyeejer IešveeSB keâneveer cew jepeveereflekeâ Deewj vesleedeew hej JÙebiÙe efceuelee nw, pees Deheves JeesšeW keâes neefmeue keâjves kesâ efues efkeâmeer ieebje cew peeles nq~ Fme meceùe Ùeeveer Yee<eCe osles meceùe hew[ue štškeâj efiej peelee nw~ Gme meceùe cegkùeceb$eer Fve MeyoeW keâes oesnjeles nq efkeâ Ùen ve keâefns efkeâ Deepe keâer cenemeyee cew hew[ue štškeâj efieje nw~ Deeves Jeeues ÛegveeJe cew YeieJeeve pevelee kesâ meejs Jeesš ncew Úhhej heâeì[keâj osves pee jner nw, Ùen Gmeer keâe FMeeje nw~ šer.sce.efmebn keâer keâlee keâneveer cew ßeerueeue Megkeäue ves keâf& yeeleew hej Skeâ meele JÙebiÙe efkeâùee nw~ Fme keâneveer cew MeceMesjefmebn [eketâ nw~ Gmeves ueesieew keâes Oecekeâekeâj Deewj uetškeâj Ketye Oeve-oewuele keâceef& nw~ Gmekeâer Gceü {ue peeves mes Deheves yesšs yebotkeâefmebn Deewj leesheefmebn oesveew keâes Yeer efjejemele kesâ he cew [ekeâe [eueves keâe keâece meeqheves keâer meesûelee nw~ yebotkeâefmebn DeveheÌ{ nesves mes Fme keâece keâes mjeerkeâej keâj ueslee nw, ceiej leesheefmebn yeer.s. lekeâ heì{e-efuekee nw~ efheâj Yeer [ekeâe [eueves kesâ keâece keâes keâjves kesâ efues lewùeej nes peelee nw~ Skeâ efove DeÛeevekeâ efouueer mes Gmekesâ ceecee keâueskeäšj efmebn Jeneb Dee peeles nq, Jes Deekeâj mecejefmebn keâes mecepeeles nq efkeâ Deepekeâue uetšves kesâ nefleùeej yeoue ies nq~ Jele&ceeve cew pùeeoelej ueesie ueskeveer kesâ Éeje uetš jns nq, FmeefueS leesheefmebn keâes keâueskeäšj yeveekeâj [ekegâdeew mes Yeer pùeeoe Oeve uetšvee Ûeenles nq~ ßeerueeue Megkeäue keâueskeäšj kesâ ceeoùece mes Fme lejn keâjeje JÙebiÙe keâjles nq~ venj FbpeerefveÙej venj meheâef& kesâ veece hej efceóer keâer KegjÛeve kesâ nefleùeej mes [ekeâe [euelee nw~ YeJeve efvecee&lee, meele cebefpeueer Fceejle cew veece cee$e keâer veerje mes [ekeâe [euelee nw Deewj cebef$eùeew Deewj Deeuee DeheâmejeW keâe keâesf&-vekeâesf& mvesnyeboeg efûešhebâ[ Keesuekeâj [ekeâe [euelee nw~ Fme lejn Megkeäuepeer ves Skeâ meele FbpeerefveÙej, YeJeve efvecee&lee, cebef$eùeew Deewj Deeuee DeheâmejeW keâs Yeü JÙeJenej SJeb [ekesâyeepeer hej keâjeje JÙebiÙe efkeâùee nw~ GcejeJe veiej cew kegâú efove keâneveer meb«en cew kegâue efceueekeâj leerve keâneefveùeeb nq, GcejeJe veiej cew kegâú efove, kegbâleer osjeer keâe Peesuee Deewj cecceerpeer keâe ieoee, Fve leerveew keâneefveùeew cew Meg mes Deble lekeâ JÙebiÙe efokeef& oslee nw~ Fve keâneefveùeew kesâ DeefOekeâebMe Meer<e&keâ Øeleerkeâelcekeâ Ùee meboye&ùegòeâ nw~ yekeâjer, cegiee&, heâšer keâceerpew, Kewveer-lebyeeketâ Deewj keâchùetšj š^sefvebie Deeefo nw~ Fve keâneefveùeew cew meeceblejeeo, hetbpeerjeeo, meeceüepùejeeo SJeb je ^erkeâjce mes GoejerkeâjCe lekeâ JÙebiÙe efkeâùee ieùee nw~ Deepeeoer kesâ yeeo efnbogmleeve keâe keâesf& Yeer cenljehetce& cegöe Ssmee vener nw, efpemekeâer meebmke=âeflekeâ JÙebpevee Fve keâneefveùeew cew ve nes~ GcejeJe veiej Skeâ ieebje nw, efpemes Deepeeoer kesâ yeeo efjekeâeme keâeùe& kesâ efues Ûegvee ieùee nw~ efjekeâeme keâeceew kesâ veece hej uetš nw, heâjsye nw, cekeäkeâejer Deewj Oetle&lee kesâ meele-meele Oece& keâe heekeb[ OebOes kesâ he cew Ketye hewâue jne nw~ Oeeefce&keâ Deveg eve nes Ùee jepeveereflekeâ ef eâùeekeâueehe nj peien uetš efokeef& osleer nw~ Fve leerveew keâneefveùeew cew IešveeSB otjome&ve mes meeroee ØemeejCe DeLeJee DeeBKeeW oskeer neue pewmee DeeYeeme ßeerueeue Megkeäuepeer ves JÙebiÙe kesâ ceeoùece mes Øemlegle efkeâùee nw~ efve<keâ<e&le: Ùen keâne pees efkeâ efnvoer meeefnlùe kesâ keâleekeâejew cew ßeerueeue Megkeäue ves efpelevee OÙeeve KeueveeÙekeâeW kesâ efûe$ece Deewj me=peve hej efoùee nw, Glevee efkeâmeer ves Yeer vener efoùee~ Fme lekeâveerkeâ kesâ jnmùe keâes Keesuekeâj jkevee Deewj mecepevee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ mebyejele: ÙeLeeLe& kesâ DeJeebefÚle heew, efjeke=âefleùeew Deewj ceveg<ùe kesâ Deebleefjkeâ mlej hej DeeS vekeâejelcekeâ heefjjele&veew keâes Øemlegle keâj ner ßeerueeue Megkeäue Yeejle kesâ mecekeâeueerve peerjeve keâer efomee keâer lemjeerj KeeRÛevee Ûeenles nq~ Jele&ceeve Yeejle cew meòeeoeejer Éeje DeheveeF& ief& veerefle kesâ lenle efkeâme Øekeâej ØeefleYee, F&ceeve, heefjßece, meod-ûeefj$e, osmeøesce Deeefo keâes neefmes kesâ yeenj Oekesâue efoùee ieùee nw Deewj efkeâme Øekeâej meòee Yeü, ØeYeglee mebheve ueesieew keâer yeve ief& nw, Fme heefjøes#ùe keâes GvneWves yengle ØeYeeJeMeeueer {bie mes GYeeje nw~ meboye& : (1) Megkeäue, ßeerueeue : megj#ee Deewj DevÙe keâneefveùeeb, he=.meb.23. (2) Megkeäue, ßeerueeue : cesjs mee#eelkeâej, he=.meb.68. (3) Megkeäue, ßeerueeue : Ùen Iej cesje vener, he=.meb (4) Megkeäue, ßeerueeue : Fme Gceü cew, he=.meb.30, 121. (5) Megkeäue, ßeerueeue : peerjeve ner peerjeve-deefyevebove «eble~ Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XV (6) August