CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY AND ITS APPROACH CHAPTER TWO RELIGION A CRITICAL SURVEY

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1 CONTENTS DECLARATION CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY AND ITS APPROACH 1. The Crucial Question 2. Background of the Study 3. Relevance of the Study 4. Objectives of the Study 5. Hypothesis 6. Universe of the Study 7. Methodolagy and Sources of the Study 8. Review of Literature 9. Plan of Work CHAPTER TWO RELIGION A CRITICAL SURVEY Article I: Origin and Development of Religion : Various Theories an the Origin of Religions : 23 Anthropo1~'cal Theories of Religions. 24 i) Animism : 24 ii) Animatism : 26

2 (bj Sociological Theories of Religion i) Emile Durkheim ii) Karl Marx iii) Max Weber Psycholt~gical Theories of Religion i) William James ii) Sigmund Freud iii) iv) Alfred Adler Carl Gustav Jung v) Gordon Allport vi) vii) viii) Alxaham Maslow E~ik H. Erikson E~ich Fromm 3. Essential Elements of Creed Cult (Rituals) Code of Conduct 4. Supplementary Elements of Religion Myth Mytho% Mystery 5. Definition of Religion 6. Conclusion Article Ik Goal of Religion 2. Establishment of :Relationships (d) Man and God Man and Himself Man and Man Man artd Nahtre 3. Religion and Morality 4. Religion: A Way of Life

3 5. Religion and Salvation 6. Conclusion 7. Evaluation CHAPTER THREE GANDHIAN APPROACH TO RELIGION Article I: Early Sources of' Influence 2. Multireligious Context and its Influence Hinduism Islam Christiunity (d) Buddhism and Jainisrn (e) Theosophy 3. The Situation of Religious Conflicts 4. Conclusion Article II. Gandhiji's Concept of Religion and God : Necessity and Universality of Religion : Characteristics of Religion : Essence of Religjon : Concept of God : Search after Tnitti through Non-violence : Conclusion : 90 Article 111: Integration of Secular and Sacred 2. Religion and Service 3. Religion and Politics 4. Sarvodaya

4 5. The Ideal of Riniarajya 6. Conclusion 7. Evaluation CHAPTER FOUR SPIRITUALITIES OF MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS Article I: Hindu Spirituality 2. Fundamentals of Hindu Spirituality Basic Faith. Unity of God (Brahman) Relationship of Brahman and Atman Vq~mmadhanna 3. The Main Goals of Life (bl Dhanna Artha Kllma (4 Mka 4. Ways to attain Mi3kqa 5. Conclusion Article 11: Islamic Spirituality Kam Yoga (The Path of Action) BhaM Yoga (The Path of Devotion) JiiaEc1 Yoga (The Path of Knowledge) :L. Introduction : Fundamentals of' Islamic Spirituality : 121 Faith :in One God: Allah. 121 IbJ The Message of Holy Qur&. 123 (cj Univeisal Brotherhood of Man : Heaven: The Cmal of Life : Ways Leading to FuKient : 126

5 Declaration of Faith (ShahTida) The Prayer (Salat) Fastin7 (,Sawm) (d) Sharing of Wealth (ZakatJ (e) The Pillgrimage (Hajj) 5. Conclusion Article 111: Christian Spirituality : Fundamentals o:f Christian Spirituality : 133 The Trinitarian Foundation : 133 The Person and Message of Jesus Christ as the model of Christian living : 136 The Biblical Message. 138 (d) The Redemption of Whole Creation Heaven: The Goa.1 of Christian Spirituality : Different Ways to Redemption : 142 Doing Wil of God as shown by Christ. 142 (bl Ascetical Mysticism out of hue. 143 Self-sacnficle in the Service of Others Conclusion : 144 Article IV: Concept of Spirituality 2. Religiosity and Spiirit uality 3. Spirituality: A CaU to Wholeness 4. Defmition of SpirituaEty 5. Conclusion 6. Evaluation

6 CHAPTERFIVE TOWARD A TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY Article I: Emergence of Transreligious Spirituality 2. Factors Influence its Emergence (d) Religious Pluralism Concept of Secularism Fanaticism Need of an Integrated and Holistic Spirituality 3. Approaches Towards Religious Pluralism 4. Conclusion Article 11: Transraligious Dimension of Hindu Spirituality : Transrehgious Approach in Hinduism : 167 The Uniiy of Bmhman. 168 (d) The Unique Relationship of Bmhman, Atmm! and Nature. 171 satya (Truth) as Goal and Ahimsa (Nonviolen~?e) e~ Means. 172 Nigkzimukanna (Action of Detachment) as the Duty of Man Conclusion : 174 Article 111: Transreligious Dimension of Islamic Spirituality : Transreligious,4pproach in the Qur-Zin : Basic Qur-gnic Values : 178 Belief in one God of the Universe: Allah : 178 Universal Brotherhood : 179 Tolemce : 180

7 (d) Peace and Harmony as Basic Tenet Conclusion : 182 Article LV: Transreligious Dimension of Christian Spirituality 2. Transreligious Approach in the Bible The Old 'Testament The Ncw Testament 3. Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God 4. Values of the Kingdom of God 5. Conclusion The Conc~pt of the Fatherhood of God Love oj Cmd and Man Selfless Sem'ce Article V: Trmsraligioru Dimension in Other World Religions 2. Buddhism 3. Jainism 4. Sikhism 5. Zoroastrianism 6. Conclusion Article VI: The Basic Characteristics of Transreligious Spirituality : God as the Cosmic Centre of the Universe : 206 God as: the Ultimate and All-Pervading : 206 God's Pn)vidence sustains the Universe : Man as the Meeting Point of the Divine and the Worldly : 207 To the Ultimate mth) through Universal Love (A,hmsa). 207

8 (6/ Selfless Service and ~~~~sacrifice as Means of love (d) Uniqu!eness and Equality of Everyone (Universal Brotherhood) Primaq of Code of Conduct 4. World as the Temple of the Divine-Human Meeting 5. Conclusion 6. Evaluation Nature as the Divine Manifestation Nature as an Indispensablepart of Man CEIAPTER SIX GANDHIJI'S EXPERIMENTS WITH TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY Article I: Experiments in Ashram Life : Origin and Development of Ashrams : 218 The Phoenix Settlement : 220 Tolsloy Farm : 221 A hmedabad and Sabam' Ashmms : 223 (d) Sevagram Ashram : Conclusion : 225 Article 11: Ashram Vows: The Basis of Gandhian Transreligious Spirituality : Ashram Vows : 228 Sam pth) : 229 Ahimsa (Non-violence or Universal Love) : 230 Asteya (Non-stealing) : 232 (d) Aparigraha (Non- possession) : 232 (e) Bralmcarya (Celibacy) : 233

9 fl &rim &ma (Bread Labour) : 234 (g) AswUda (Control of Palate). 235 I (h,j Bhayauarjana (Fearlessness) : 236 (I) Sarva Dhanna SamabMva (Equality of all Religions) ) Swadeshi (Self-reliance). 238 (k) E$arsa Bhiiva (Removal of Untouchability) : Other 0bservanc:es : 240 (bj myer Simplicity of Life Humii'ity of Character 4. Conclusion : 244 Article HI: Characteristics of Transreligious Spirituality of Gandhiji I. Introduction : Truth as God: The All-Pervading Reality : 247 Truth as lhnscending all Historical and Particular Religions : 247 Religions as Partial Manifestdon of Truth Realization. 247 Divine Paternity and Human Fmternity : Man's Call to be,the Embodiment of Ahimsa : 249 Non-violence (Ahimsa) as the Supreme Means to Truth. 249 Self-realization through Selfless Service : 250 Supremacy of Morality : Nature as the Integral Part of Man : 252 (b/ The Mutual Dependency of the whole Creation. 252 The ISey-realization of Man in and through this World. 253 Work Pluce as the Temple of Worship. 254

10 5. Conclusion : Evaluation : 256 CHAPTER SEVEN TRANSRELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY: RELEVANCE AND CHALLENGES I. Introduction : Relevance of Gandhiji's Transreligious Spirituality : 264 (d) (e) Transreligious Spirituality takes us beyond inter-faith dialogue to an interfuith living. 266 Transreligious Spirituality is a great help to overcome religious fundamentalism and to resolve communal conflicts. 267 Transreligious Spirjtuality encourages us to feel at ease while worshipping with the members of all fa'ths. 269 Transreligious Spirituality expects that one must go deep into the central teachngs of one's religion. 270 Transreligious Spirituality helps us to see the entire cosmos as one family in Love : Challenges of 'l'ransreligious Spirituality : 272 Fear of Relativization of one's Faith : 272 Eclecillcillcisrn. 273 Lack of Commitment to any Religion Findings of the Study : Suggestions and Policy Recommendations : Conclusion : 283 Selected Bibliography

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