Contents Part I Fundamentals 1 Introduction to Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality 2 Science, Religion, and Psychology

Transcription

1 Contents Part I Fundamentals Introduction to Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality Introduction Basic Concepts What is Religion What Is Spirituality? Religion and Spirituality Today The Secularization Hypothesis The Religious Transformation Hypothesis The Cultural Divide Hypothesis Psychological Approaches to Religion and Spirituality What is Psychology? Early American Psychology of Religion European Developments Psychodynamic Approaches Humanistic and Transpersonal Approaches Social and Personality Approaches Integration and Dialogue Religious and Theological Responses to Psychology Paul Tillich Reinold Niebuhr Hermeneutic Writers: Don Browning and Paul Ricoeur Current Research Approaches Quantitative Methods Qualitative Approaches Conclusion and a Look Ahead Science, Religion, and Psychology Philosophical Concepts and Issues in Science and Religion Empricism...43 xi

2 xii Contents Reductionism Materialism Naturalism and Scientism Assessment Early Modern Views of Science and Religion Back ground to the Modern Period Francis Bacon and the Beginnings of Modern Science Kant and the Problem of Empiricism and Skepticism The Rise of Classical Positivism Basic Tenants of Classical Positivism Implications and Assessment Logical and Neo-Positivism Basic Tenants of Logical Positivism The Destruction of Positivism Positivism s Persistence in Psychology and its Effects Contemporary Issues in Science and Religion Developments in 20th Century Physics and Cosmology Understanding Divine Action Science and Values Critical Realism Models for Science and Religion Conclusion Religious Traditions Hinduism Hindu Devotion and Philosophy Inner Development: Asceticism and yoga Buddhism Early Buddhism and Basic Teachings Early Meditative Practices Mahayana Traditions and the Spread of Buddhism Chan/Zen Buddhism Christianity History and Beliefs Christian Spirituality Conclusion Part II Dialogue Past, Present, and Future Phenomenological Approaches to Religion and Spirituality Introduction Definitions and Concepts Challenges in Studying Religious and Spiritual Experience

3 Contents xiii 4.2 William James and Varieties of Religious Experience Basic Beliefs: Radical Empiricism, Pragmatism and Pure Experience The Varieties of Religious Experience Influence and Critique Perennial and Universal Views Plotinus von Hugel, Pathology, and Religious Experience Rudolf Otto W. T. Stace Constructivism and Responses Sunden and Role Theory The Basic Constructivist Position Objections to Constructivism Moderate Positions Conversion Classical Research: Edwin Starbuck Types and Motifs of Conversion Religious Perspectives Zen Enlightenment and Nontheistic Religious Exper ience Jonathan Edwards and the Religious Affections Conclusion Psychodynamic and Relational Approaches Sigmund Freud: Master of Suspicion Basic Concepts Views on Religion Impact and Evaluation Carl Jung and Archetypal Religion Basic Ideas Jung on Christianity Jung on Yoga Jung on Zen Jung s Ambivalence About the East Continuing Conversations Critique Erik Erikson Basic Concepts Application to Religion Assessment Object Relations Approaches to Psychology and Religion Basic Concepts Harry Guntrip...166

4 xiv Contents David Winnicott Assessment Conclusion Contemporary Approaches and Debates Neurobiological Approaches to Religion A Brief Introduction to the Brain Evidence for Biological Factors in Religion The Mystical Mind Evaluation and Critique Evolutionary Psychology and Religion Basics of Evolutionary Theory Evolutionary Theory in Psychology Evolutionary Psychology of Religion Positives, Problems, and Prospects Postmodern Perspectives, Psychology, and Religion Modernism and Postmodern Critique Hermeneutics and the Postmodern Approach to Knowledge Narrative Aspects of Knowledge and Self The Human Person as Actor Evaluation and Critique Conclusion Part III Human Development Fundamentals of Human Development, Religion, and Spirituality Basic Issues in Developmental Theory The Nature of the Change Process and Time The Nature and Goal of Development Religious Models of Spiritual Development Christian Perspectives Concepts of Development in Hinduism and Buddhism Early Genetic Theories of Religious Development G. Stanley Hall James Mark Baldwin Cognitive-Structuralist Theories of Development Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg James Fowler and Faith Development Fritz Oser and Religious Judgment Integrative Approaches to Religious Development Ken Wilber James Loder Conclusion...243

5 Contents xv 8 Religion and Development in Childhood and Adolescence Religion and Religious Socialization in Childhood Attachment and Religion in Children and Adults Attachment Styles Attachment and Religion Critique God Image and Representation Early Psychoanalytic Work Gender of God Images Development of the God Image Dimensions of the God Image Impact of the God Image Limitations Adolescent Description Identity Development, Gender, and Religion Old and New Conceptions of Identity Development Religion and Identity Development Prosocial Effects of Religion in Adolescence Gender, Identity, and Religion Conclusion Religion, Spirituality, and Development in Adulthood Issues in Adult Development Research Young Adult and Midlife Development Life Span Patterns Emerging Adulthood and Religious Switching Midlife and Turning Points Belief and Unbelief Mechanisms of Stability and Change Stability and Religious Motivation: Internal, External, and Quest Cognitive Perspectives on Change and Development Narrative Perspectives on Stability and Change Religion and Spirituality in Older Adulthood End of Life Issues Religious Perspectives on Older Adulthood and Aging Conclusion Part IV Applications Religion, Spirituality, and Physical Health Scientific Approaches to Religion and Health Definitions of Health Effects of Religion on Health and Illness Critique Religion, Health, and Coping...319

6 xvi Contents Psychological Views of Coping Pargament s Theory of Religion and Coping Critique Religious Perspectives on Health Christian Views Hinduism and Health: Ayurveda and Yoga Buddhism and Health Collaborative Approaches to Health Frontline Roles and Benefits of Collaboration Importance of Shared Values Education and Other Barriers to Collaboration Collaborative Roles Conclusion Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health Psychological Models of Mental Health The Medical Model Positive Models of Mental Health Mental Health as Spiritual Well-Being Spiritual and Religious Models of Mental Health Christian Views Islamic Perspectives Psychological and Spiritual Views on Specific Problems Addictions Depression Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment Forgiveness Mindfulness and Vipassana Meditation Conclusion Practices and Religious Communities Religious and Spiritual Practices in Community Religious Self-Understandings of Community Buddhism and the Sangha Religious Communities in Zen Buddhism Christian Communities Psychological Perspectives on Religious Communities The Modern Backdrop to Community Life Christian Churches and Congregations Specific Religious Communities and Movements Religious Practices in Community Ritual Pilgrimage Service Problems of Religious Communities Prejudice...422

7 Contents xvii Authoritarianism (The Sin of the Pharisees) Leadership and Its Abuses Violence Conclusion Individual Religious and Spiritual Practices Religious and Spiritual Practices: Prayer and Meditation Early Christian and Orthdox Prayer and Ascetic Practice Models of Development The Ascetic Life The Life of Prayer Mysticism and the Guarding of the Heart Icons Prayer and the Western Contemplative Tradition Contemplation Prayer and the Discovery of Our True Self Centering Prayer The Spiritual Exercises Christian Protestant and Modern Views of Prayer Martin Luther Modern Views of Prayer Empirical Studies of Prayer Meditation: Eastern Perspectives Classical Buddhist Meditation Zen Buddhist Meditation Transcendental Meditation Meditation: Psychophysiological Perspectives Relaxation or More? Modern Neuroimaging and Neurophysiology Studies Critique Conclusion Helping Relationships: Counselingand Spiritual Growth Religious Approaches to Guidance and Helping Spritual Direction Guru Relationships The Cure of Souls Pastoral Counseling Spiritual and Religious Issues in Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Spiritual Issues in Therapy New Religious Approaches to Psychotherapy Explicitly Theistic or Christian Models Buddhist Approaches Conclusion...506

8 xviii Contents 15 Looking Back Lessons from Dialogue Approaches to Dialogue Barriers to Dialogue Ideological Barriers Cultural Barriers Prospects and Directions for Dialogue Glossary Bibliography Author Index Subject Index...693

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