URBAN LIFE AND LOCAL POLITICS IN ROMAN BITHYNIA
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1 URBAN LIFE AND LOCAL POLITICS IN ROMAN BITHYNIA THE SMALL WORLD OF DION CHRYSOSTOMOS 70573_urban life_.indd :04:44
2 BLACK SEA STUDIES 7 THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES 70573_urban life_.indd :04:44
3 URBAN LIFE AND LOCAL POLITICS IN ROMAN BITHYNIA t h e s m a l l w o r l d o f d i o n c h r y s o s t o m o s by Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 70573_urban life_.indd :04:44
4 URBAN LIFE AND LOCAL POLITICS IN ROMAN BITHYNIA Aarhus University Press 2008 Language revision by Mary Waters Lund Cover design by Lotte Bruun Rasmussen Large photo: Fig. 5. Nikaia seen from the East (author s photo). Insert: Fig. 31. Inscription from Iznik Museum (author s photo). Printed in Denmark by Narayana Press, Gylling ISBN: AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N White Cross Mills Lancaster LA1 4XS England Box 511 Oakville, CT USA The publication of this volume has been made possible by a generous grant from The Danish National Research Foundation, the University of Southern Denmark and the Lerager Larsen Foundation. Danish National Research Foundation s Centre for Black Sea Studies Building 1451 University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus C _urban life_.indd :04:44
5 Preface My first meeting with Dion Chrysostomos took place on a rainy winter s evening in the Classics Library of the University of Bergen. While searching for another text, I came across one of Dion s municipal speeches. This chance encounter led to a deeper interest in this small-town politician. Some years later, the opportunity for a closer study of Dion and his urban environment presented itself as part of a research project on Greeks under the Roman Empire under the auspices of the Danish National Research Foundation s Centre for Black Sea Studies. Within the Centre for Black Sea Studies, I had the good fortune to work with Jesper Majbom Madsen as supervisor of his Ph.D. thesis, soon to be published as Eager to be Roman (Duckworth, 2008). Together, we organized a workshop on Rome and the Black Sea Region (the proceedings of which were published in 2006 as volume 5 of Black Sea Studies ) and another about Dion himself (published in Danish as Dion af Prusa: En græsk intellektuel mellem Rom og Sortehavet, 2007). I am also grateful for the chance to discuss different aspects of Bithynian life under the Roman Empire with other friends and colleagues, especially Pia Guldager Bilde, Jesper Carlsen, Thomas Corsten, George Hinge, Marit Jensen, Jørgen Christian Meyer, Eckart Olshausen, Rita Rattenborg, Helle Sejersen, Christian Winkle and Greg Woolf, and with students following courses on Roman Bithynia at the University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg (2004) and the University of Stuttgart (2007). Thanks are also due to the staff of Konuralp and greater Izmit municipalities, and of the National Archaeological Museum, Istanbul as well as the municipal archaeological museums of Bursa, Izmit, Iznik and Konuralp for their assistance. Kolding, January 2008 Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen 70573_urban life_.indd :04:44
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7 Contents Preface 5 List of Illustrations Introduction 13 Hybris and stasis 13 Urban rivalries 15 Formal and informal politics 16 A tale of three cities Before the Romans 21 Founding fathers 21 Kings and emperors Windows on the Past 31 Townscapes and landscapes 31 Literary sources 33 History 33 Letters 34 Speeches 37 Legal texts 39 Inscriptions 40 Coins The Urban Environment 45 Civic self-perceptions 45 Titles and status 47 City plan and architecture 49 Defenses Political Institutions 61 The nature of Roman Law 61 Roman annexation and the Lex Pompeia 62 Emperor and senate 64 Civic self-government _urban life_.indd :04:44
8 8 Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia Liturgies 69 Urban revenues and finances 70 City magistracies 73 The archons 73 The agonothete 74 The agoranomos 75 Advocates, delegates and ambassadors 77 Censors 77 The grammateus and minor officials 78 The gerousia 79 The gymnasion 80 The local level 80 Regional organisation: the koinon 82 Archiereus and Bithyniarch 83 Koinon and governor The Political Class 97 Ethnic composition 97 Roman citizenship 99 Social stratification 100 The local level 100 Some Bithynian careers at the local level 101 The urban level 101 Some Bithynian careers at the urban level 103 The regional level 104 Some Bithynian careers at the regional level 105 The Domitii of Prusias ad Hypium 107 The imperial level 108 Some Bithynian careers at the imperial level 108 The Cassii of Nikaia A Political Biography: Dion Chrysostomos 119 Family background 119 From imperial favour to exile 120 Return 122 Success abroad 124 Opposition at home 125 Homonoia with Apameia 127 Stasis and katharsis at Prusa 130 Reconciliation 131 Flavius Archippos 133 Resignation and utopianism _urban life_.indd :04:44
9 Contents 9 8. The Bithynian Cities under the Later Empire 147 Antonines and Severans 147 Nikomedia s imperial century 150 Change and crisis in third century Bithynia 155 Reorganisation, Christianity and a new imperial capital Conclusions: Urban Life and Local Politics 165 Honour 165 Giving and receiving 166 A caste society? 168 A compartmentalized agôn 169 Status 170 The koinon 171 Mutual recognition 172 Politics and the polis 173 Appendix: The Dates of Dion s Municipal Orations 177 Abbreviations 181 Bibliography 183 INDICES _urban life_.indd :04:44
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11 List of Illustrations 1. Map of Roman Bithynia (Inger Bjerg Poulsen) 18 2a. Nikaian bronze coin showing the city s founder, Dionysos, returning from India in an elephant quadriga (Tom Vossen) 23 2b. Prusan bronze coin showing Prusias, the founder of Prusa (American Numismatic Society) 23 3a. Nikomedian bronze coin of the reign of Commodus (Gorny & Mosch, Giessener Münzhandlung) 24 3b. Nikomedian bronze coin of Philip the Arab, showing a square-rigged ship (Alexandre de Barros collection) The southern wall of Prusa (author s photo) Nikaia seen from the east (author s photo) Detail of the Tabula Peutingeriana (Staatsbibliothek, Vienna) 33 7a. Bronze coin of the Bithynian koinon, struck under Hadrian (Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland) 42 7b. Nikomedian bronze coin of Valerian, Gallienus and Valerian II (Classical Numismatic Group) Map of Nikaia (Inger Bjerg Poulsen) Remains of the southern wall of Nikomedia s citadel in the Medrese Sokak (author s photo) The course of the late antique east wall (author s photo) Map of Nikomedia (Inger Bjerg Poulsen) Map of Prusa (Inger Bjerg Poulsen) Gate 6 may be a remnant of Nikaia s Hellenistic defense perimeter (author s photo) A negative impression of the Hadrianic walls of Nikaia (author s photo) North (Istanbul) gate of Nikaia seen from the inside (Jesper Majbom Madsen) Elevation of the North (Istanbul) gate of Nikaia (Dalman, Fick & Schneider 1938) The east (Lefke) gate of Nikaia, seen from the outside (author s photo) The sarcophagus of Aurelius Vernicianus and his wife Markiane. Izmit museum (author s photo) Inscription honouring the emperor Trajan, dedicated by the city secretary (grammateus) T. Flavius Silôn. Bursa Museum (author s photo) Unfinished inscription, now in the garden of Bursa Museum (author s photo) Inscription in honour of Marcus Domitius Paulianus Falco in the ancient theatre of Konuralp (author s photo) The obelisk-like monument of the Nikaian notable Cassius Philiskos (author s photo) _urban life_.indd :04:44
12 12 Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia 23. Detail of the monument, showing recesses in the side of the vertical stone face (author s photo) Inscription on the rear face of the monument giving the name, age and filiation of Cassius Philiskos (author s photo) The inscription over the east (Lefke) gate of Nikaia. At the end of the second line, the name of Cassius Chrestos in the genitive (author s photo) The sarcophagus of C. Cassius Chrestos in the garden of Iznik Museum (author s photo) Seated statue of a philosopher, Bursa museum (author s photo) Prusan notable of the Roman period. Bursa museum (author s photo) The theatre of Nikaia (Jesper Majbom Madsen) Sesterce from the mint of Rome. The reverse shows the tychê of the city kneeling before the emperor Hadrian, restitutor Nicomediae (Leu Numismatik AG) The biography of Flavius Severianus Asklepiodotos, a rich notable of Nikaia in the early third century. Iznik Museum (author s photo) Despite later reconstructions and repair work, the still standing third-century walls of Nikaia give a good impression of the defences of a late Roman city (author s photo) The south gate of Nikaia (author s photo) a. Nikaian coin of Gallienus (AD ) showing the new walls of Nikaia, with large towers flanking the gates (Numismatik Lanz, Munich) b. Nikaian coin from the brief reign of Macrianus (AD ) showing a similar bird s eye view of Nikaia (Classical Numismatic Group) Justinian s bridge west of Nikaia (Jesper Majbom Madsen) _urban life_.indd :04:44
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