Table of Contents. Introduction.

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1 Introduction. Chapter one: Claudius and the Christians 11 1 Chrestus, Jews and Christians Claudius' Relations with the Jews The Texts The Identity of Chrestus The Date in Orosius The Tradition in Cassius Dio 25 2 Conclusion 27 Chapter two: Nero and the Christians 29 1 Pagan Sources IG VII, 2713 and Nero as Zeus Liberator The Inscription The Gift offreedom: Nero and Greece Zeus the Liberator Archaeological Questions: Statues, Altars, and Temples IG VII 2713, the Christians, and the New Testament Nero and the New Testament Tacitus' Text Tacitus' Sources The Date of the Fire The Persecuting Magistrate Human Help (Ann ) Arson and Faith (Ann ) Crimes (Ann ) Christ, Pilate, and Chrestians (Ann ) Repression (Ann ) Superstition (Ann ) Acceptable Roman Religion: A Digression Résurgence (Ann ) Shocking and Shameful Things in Rome (Ann ) Confession and Guilt(Ann ) 57 Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch

2 XII Table of Contents "Convicted" or "Added" (Ann ) Trial or Coercitive Process? Hatredofthe Human Race (Ann ) Misanthropy: Judaism and Christianity Public Enemies: Hatred of the Human Race? The Punishments: Textual Problems (Ann ) The Outrageous Spectacle of Death (Ann ) Torture Shirts? (Ann ) Animal Skins (Ann ) Nero's Gardens (Ann ) Public Utility and Compassion (Ann ) The Persécution in Suetonius and the Question of Law Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Cicero Dio and Celsus Apostasy and mos maiorum An Analogy: Heretics in the Codex Theodosianus 92 2 Christian Authors on the Persécution Tertullian and the Existence of an Institutum Neronianum Imperial Législation? 97 3 Peter and Paul and other Martyrs of Nero Clement's Epistle to the Corinthians The Date of the Deaths of Peter and Paul 99 4 Peter, Mark, and Tacitus Papias Irenaeus Mark and Tacitus Nero and Révélation Nero as an Interpretive Référence Point in the Apocalypse The Worship of Nero and the Worship of the Beast Conclusion 110 Chapter three: Domitian and the Christians Imperial Ideology Architecture Dominus et Deus Inscriptional Evidence Persécution of the Christians Bruttius Cassius Dio Suetonius Maiestas and Atheism Domitian and Anti-Judaism 127

3 XIII 2.6 Dio, Judaism, and Flavia Domitilla Political Grounds for the Trials Trials of Christians in Domitian's Principate? Clement's Epistle to the Corinthians Pliny's Trials of the Christians Conclusion 136 Chapter four: Trajan and the Christians Pliny and Trajan Pliny's Career Pliny in Bithynia Propraetor The Trials of the Christians The Text of the Letter to Trajan and Trajan's Response Roman Trials: The Question of Extraordinary Procédure The Context The Rhetorical Structure and Nature of the Letter Pliny's Trials of Christians and Earlier Trials ( ) The Judicial Investigation and Punishments ( ) Flagitia ( ) The Nomen Christianorum ( ) The Executions ( ) Obstinacy and Contumacy ( ) Madness, Charges, and Anonymous Pamphlets ( ) Prayers and Supplications ( ) Narratives of Supplication in Livy Supplications in Inscriptions and other Texts Incensé and Wine ( ) Inscriptional Evidence The Arval Brethren Martyrological Accounts and other Christian Literature Statues/Images of Trajan and the Gods ( ) Inscriptions Archaeological Evidence Statues of the Gods Tiridates Sacrificial Meáis Christian "Revenge" Reviling Christ ( ) A Jewish Background The Behavior of Pliny and other Magistrates Pagan and Christian Blasphemy of Statues and Gods

4 XIV Table of Contents 1.20 Informers and Apostates ( ) Patristic Evidence Peregrinus, Ammonius, and Julian The Former Guilt and Error of the Apostates ( ) Before Daylight on a Certain Day ( ) Singing to Christ ( ) Christus and maiestas? ( ) The Oath of the Christians ( ) Common and Harmless Food ( ) Associations ( ) The Torture of the ministrae ( ) The Corrupt and Immoderate Superstition ( ) Suspended Trials ( ) The Growth of Christianity and its Repression Temples and their Revenues ( ) Trajan's Response (10.97) Supplication of our Gods Imperial Language from the "Great Persécution" Celsus Porphyry Julian Ancestral Tradition and Religion in Greece and Rome Toleration of the Jews Persécution and 1 Peter Capital Sentences Arguments Against a Background in Trajan's Imperium Concluding Results The Setting in Life of the Apocalypse of John The Patristic Tradition Révélation and Persécution Conclusion 250 Chapter five: Hadrian and the Christians Hadrian's Rescript Q. Licinius Silvanus Granianus C. Minicius Fundanus Hadrian's Travels and Image Martyrdoms under Hadrian The Text of the Epistula in Justin and Rufinus The Interpretation of Hadrian's Epistula The Question of the Council of Asia Hadrian's Receipt of the Letter from Granianus 265

5 XV 1.9 Hadrian's Humanity Informers: Prosecution and Punishment The Correct Legal Procédure Petitions Accusatio and Inquisïtio The Accusations Pleading the Case Demands and Outcries Successful Accusations Fitting the Punishments to the Offense The Blackmailers The Authenticity of the Rescript and Conclusion 279 Conclusion: Christian Attitudes toward Pagans and Jews Pagans Jews Conclusion 290 Bibliography 294 Ancient Sources 294 Databases, CD Roms, Websites 299 Scholarship 299 Sources Greek and Latin Literature Coins Inscriptions and Papyri Juristic Sources Judaica New Testament New Testament Apocrypha and Apostolic Fathers Martyrological Texts Ancient Christian Writers 345 Ancient Individuáis 352 Modem Authors 356 Subjects 360

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