God, Guns and Israel:

Transcription

1 God, Guns and Israel: Britain, the First World War and the Jews in the Holy Land Jill Hamilton (2004) CONTENTS Preface v Prologue: The Bible and the Flag Part 1 The War Cabinet and the Balfour Declaration 1. War Cabinet 1 vii Part 2 How the Old Testament went Full Circle - from Jerusalem to England and back to Jerusalem 2. Why the Old Testament became part of the Christian Faith Empress Helena Goes to Jerusalem The Crusades The Wife of Bath Goes to Jerusalem The Bible Begins to Speak with Many Tongues In the Footsteps of the Old Testament Lord Shaftesbury Campaigns for a Jewish Homeland From Jerusalem to the Crimean War Gladstone. Lloyd George and the 'Eastern Question' With a Spade, a Rifle and Hope 92 Part 3 From the beginning of the First World War to the Granting of the mandate 12. From Peace to War, November March In the Realm of the Pharaohs A New Empire from Cairo to the Persian Gulf The Jewish Legion The Fateful Embrace in the 'Garden Suburb': the Balfour Declaration Judah's Broken Shell Sunrise in Jerusalem 'If I forget thee, 0 Jerusalem!' The Turks Must Go!' After the Armistice with Turkey The Peace Conference Arab Riots Begin Riots and a Royal Visit 202 Part 4 From Official Mandate to State The Fall of Lloyd George Orde Wingate and the Haganah The Second World War David and Goliath The Culmination of Years of Prayer and Longing The New Army 257 Epilogue 262 Appendices 1. The Religion of Britain's Prime Ministers Jewish Immigration to Palestine and Demographics Ben Gurion's Declaration, 14 May Outline for a Jewish Colonization Scheme, drawn up by Lloyd George, An Example of the Diminishing Support for Lloyd George by the Nonconformists Balfour's Plea for Zionism Summary of the Rise of Arab Nationalism in Palestine until the time of the Mandate 274 Notes 278 Outline Map of Palestine 292 Acknowledgements 293 Index 295

2 Flyleaf The roots of the present conflict in the Middle East can be traced back to the very foundation of the Jewish homeland in the First World War. God, Guns and Israel looks at the influences of Protestant Nonconformism and the Old Testament on the founding of the modern state of Israel. The decision to form a Jewish homeland in Palestine was not debated in the House of Commons, but behind the closed doors of the War Cabinet at 10 Downing Street. Seven of its ten members were Nonconformists. Untangling the complex mesh of motives behind the overt politics in the Middle East in 1917, Jill Hamilton looks back to Lord Shaftesbury and beyond, and explores David Lloyd George's long-held determination to build a Jewish homeland within the British Empire. God, Guns and Israel reveals why the British War Cabinet in 1917 completely miscalculated the reaction of the local Arabs in Palestine and Iraq and how they unwittingly laid the foundations for one of the bloodiest on-going conflicts of modern times. The origins of both Israel and Iraq can be firmly placed in London. Woven into the narrative is the story of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, and other soldiers in the Jewish Legion, the 38th battalion of the Royal Fusiliers which was formed within The British army. It follows them from the time of their first tottering steps on the moor of Devonshire, through their evolution into the secret underground army, the Haganah, until Ben-Gurion declared Independence in May To add to the coincidental symmetry of the history, within eleven minutes of Ben-Gurion's declaration President Harry Truman, another Baptist, recognized the new state of Israel and ensured its survival. In this timely and fascinating book, Jill Hamilton opens a new perspective on the ideals and realities of those who sought an answer to the age-old question of Jewish national identity.

3 God, Guns and Israel: Britain, the First World War and the Jews in the Holy Land Jill Hamilton (2004) Index Act of Settlement (1701), 58 Administration of Palestine by the British, 133, 155-7, 160, 162, 174, 176, 181, 183, 185, 187, 195, 197-9, 200, 204, 208, 211, 212, 217, 220, 230, 239, 247 Aelia Capitolina, 22, 30 Aircraft, First World War, 121, 126, 134, 143, 154 Aircraft, Second World War, 125, 236 Agriculture and farming, Palestine, 93-6, 98, 137-8, 160, 186, 195, 218, 228, 261 Allenby, General Sir Edmund, 124-5, 126, 132, 141-3, , 152-4, 157, 159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170-1, 175-6, 181, 183, 187, 188, 191, 197,204, 216, 248 Allon, Yegal 225 American Colony, Jerusalem, 94, 108, 151, 153, Amery, Leo, 12, 120, 123, 145, 162, 213, 225, ; Balfour and Declaration, 132, 135 visits Israel, Anglican Church, see Church of England Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry, 241 Anglo-American Convention, 216 Anglo-Israel Foundation, 280 Anglo-Jewish Association, 144 Anne, Queen, 58, 59 Arab Delegation, 211, 220 Arab General Strike, 225, 226 Arab league, 240, 248 Arab Legion, 244, 246-8: invasion of Israel, Arab Revolt, 115,123, 140-2, Arab rioting, Palestine, 194-7, 198-9, 202, 203, 204-6, 208, 217, 220, 227, 239; Arab terrorism, 205, 224-5, 229, 238 Archaeology: Jerusalem, 30-1, : Old Testament sites 74, 216 Arms smuggling, 195, 226, 243, 258, 259 Arnold, Matthew, 148, 202 Ashbee, Charles Robert, 173-5, 199, Ashbee, Janet 174, Asqulth, Herbert Henry, xv, 14, 105, 213; resignation, 2-3, 133 Atlee, Clement, 124, 240, 282ff, Augustine, Saint, 32 Austria, 65, 74, 85, 104, 107, 108, 137, 154, 159, 180, 189 Authorised Version, see Bible, King James Bible Baghdad, xvi, xv, 107, 121, 122, 123, 159, 184, 202-3, 262, 276 Baldwin, Stanley, xi, 149, 210, , 214, 215, 219, 220,, 2267, Balfour, Arthur James, lst Earl of Balfour, ix, xi, xiv, 3, 10-12,87, 88, 136, 187, 191, 201, 212, 220-1, 253: background, 10-12, 211, 252 Balfour Declaration, vi, ix, 87-88, 132, 143, 146, 150, 201: Prime Minister, 12, 84, 87, 265: visits Palestine, ; visits US, 137 and Weizmann 12, 89 Balfour Declaration, vi, ix, 87-88, 132-3, 150, 158, 187, 160, 197-8, 201, 208, 220, 221, 231, 232, 243, 261, 268, 276, 277, 2780", 285ff, 286ff, 287, 288, 289: Arab objections, 186; British Army opposition, 204 Balfour, Jean, 11 Baptist Church, xi, xvi, xviii, 4, 6, 49, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 240, 254, 261, 263 Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron, 212, 213 Bedouin, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 107, 108, 180, 198: attacking Jewish settlements, 99, 138, Begin, Menachem, 238 Ben-Gurion, David, 200, 230, 283: and the Bible 18-19, 250, 253, 263: calls for immigration, 231; declares slate of Israel, 244, 245, 246, , 266-8; enters Palestine, 97-8; expelled, : Haganah, 207, 228, 242, 258-9: Jewish Brigade, 235; Jewish legion recruitment New York, 164: Jewish Legion, 167, 171, 176, 183-4, 185-6; Peel Report, 207; Prime Minister and Defence Minister, 246, 260: refugee smuggling, 234: retirement, 262, 264; and Weizmann, 184, 254 Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer, 98 Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak, 98, 164, 230, 251, 264: expelled from Palestine, : Jewish Legion, 164, 167, 171, 176, 183-1: President of Israel, 251 Bevin, Ernest, 240-2, 251, 253 Bible: Gospels, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23,49, 58: King James Bible or 'the English Bible", 50-1, 52, 53, 54; translations, 43-4, 45, 46, 47-8, 50, 53, 139: influence and appreciation of, be, x, xi, xvi, xvii, xvill, xlx, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 26, 26, 49, 52, 53-4, 57, 67, 84, 94, 125, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 163, 192, 193, 216, 223, 245, 228, 250, 253, 254, 262, 263, 264, 231: see also New Testament: Old Testament Blake, William, vii, 224 Board of British Jews, 144 Boer War, xiv, 7, 84 Boleyn, Anne, 47, 49 Bonar, Andrew A,, 7, 64 Book of Common Prayer, 49, 56 Booth, William, 60 Britain: advocates Jewish homeland, vii, ix, xii, 64-9, 86-9, , 133, 191, 141-5: Arab- Jewish negotiations, 204, 211, 213, : arrival of Christianity 27, 32: assault on Jerusalem, 123, 125, : coronations, Old Testament links, 26-7; counter-terrorism tactics, 224-6, 229, 234, 238, 241, 242-3; First World War, xiv, xvii, 102-5, 112; invasion of

4 Palestine, 14-15, 123, 125, 132, 143-4, ; Jewish people admitted, 54, 55; Jewish people expelled, xii, 39; Mesopotamia xiv, 13, 108,112, 121, 123, 133-4, 136, 185, 194, 198, 212, 213; occupation of Egypt, 85-6, ; occupation of Jerusalem, 14, 152-7, , 171, 173, 175, 183, 186; occupation of Turkey, ; Second World War, xiv, 233-8; US war loans, 137; withdrawal from Palestine, 243-t, 247-8, 252, 258 British Zionist Federation, 120 Browne, Robert, 49 Bunyan, John, 56, 57, 84, 224 Calvin, John, 49 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, xv, 4, 7, 24, 27, Canterbury Tales, 40 Carson, Edward, 134-5, 136, 252 Catherine of Aragon, 47, 48 Cecil, Edgar Algernon Robert, lst Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, 136, 146 Chamberlain, Austen, 135, , 216, 252 Chamberlain, Joseph, xii 83-4, 86-7 Chamberlain, Neville, 227, 233, 265 Charles I, 53-4 Charles II, 31, 55-7 Christ Church, Jerusalem, 71-2, 153 Christianity: arrival in Britain, 27, 32: conversion of Jews, xvii, 7, 63-69, 71-2, 85, 127, 155; Crusades, xii, 14-15, 21, 25, 34, 35, 36-9, 45, 69, 77, 80, 100, 138, 142: Divisions and Dissenters, 45-50, 51-2, 56-62, 74, 75; early history 19-21, 22-4, 25, 30-3; importance of Jerusalem and Holy Land, 25-7, 36-13, 51-2, 77: Islam, 33, 35, 36-9: Judaism, comparisons 17-18, 20, 23-4; Reformation 45-9, 50-1, 52; Rome-centred 22, 24, 32 Church of England, 56, 57; church-building programme 61; Conservative Party links, 148, 265-6: Established, 6, 49: Evangelism, 59-60, 61, 68; presence in Jerusalem, 69, 71-2, 74, 153 Church of Scotland, 6, 10, 50, 64 Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer, xi, 7, 104, 119, 208, 211, 213, 231, 265: and Lawrence 202 4; opposes Bevin 241-2; Prime Minister 233, 237, 238, 240, 265; visits Palestine 22-1; War Cabinet, exclusion from 1 36 Circumcision, 20, 22, 85 Civil War, English, 50, 53-4 Clemenceau, Georges, 189, 190 Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 16, 38, 113, 124 Conder, Claude, 81 Congregationalist Church, xi, 4, 5, 49, 51, 56, 59, 62, 135, 215 Conservative Party, Church of England links 148, 265 Constantine, 28-30, 31 Coolidge, Calvin, 215, 216, 260 Council of Bishops, Nicaea, Coverdale, Myles, 47, 48 Cranmer, Thomas, 47, 48, 49 Crimean War, xiv, 75, Cromwell, Oliver, xiii, 53, 54, 55-6, 82, 135 Cross: Helena's search for, 30-32; significance of, 28, 29, 37 Crusades, xii, 14, 15, 20, 25, 36-9, 69, 100 Cunningham, Sir Alan Gordon, 247-8, 252 Curzon, George Nathaniel, 1st Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, x, 250; background, 6, 8-10; Jerusalem, 9, 25: opposes Jewish homeland 144-5, 190-2: Foreign Secretary, 210, 220: supports Jewish Homeland, 215; death of, 252 Dardanelles, 78, 134, 209; see also Gallipoli Dayan, Moshe, 143, 225, 236, 259; imprisoned, 233-6; and Wingate, 224, 227 Deedes, Wyndham, 105, 155, 156-7, 162, 197, 206, 260 Defoe, Daniel, 59 Diary of Anne Frank, The, Diaspora, 22, 80, 150, 246 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsficld, 3, 17, 73,85, 96, 108, 148, 200 Dissenters, 8, 15, 22, 50, 56, 59, 84, 147; tolerance of, 56-7; see also Nonconformism Dome of the Rock, al-aqsa, Jerusalem, 34-5, 36, 45, 153, 175, 196 Dugdale, Blanche, 3, 89, , 229 Edward I, xii, xiii, 26, 27, 39, 55 Edward VI, 48-9 Edward VII, 80 Egypt, 16, 20, 27, 124, 138; attack on Israel 246-7, British occupation of, 85-6, 90, 106, 107, 144; First World War, 14, 107, , , 127, 133, 154, 161-2, 165-6; occupation of Jerusalem, 38, 65, 136: Second World War, 223, 234: Egypt, ancient, vi, xx, 16, 20, 27 Elizabeth I, 48, England, see Britain Europe: persecution of Jews, xii, 23, 39, 46, 52, 114, 144, 225, 231; presence in Palestine, 69-70, 74-7 Evangelism, 59-60, 61, 68 Exodus (ship), 243, 255 Exodus (novel), 263 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 143 Feisal I: Arab Revolt, 123, 131, 138, 141, 175, 183, 188; given kingdom of Iraq, 202-4: king of Syria, 190, 193, 194, 196, 198; Paris Peace Conference, 188, 190, 191: Finch, Sir Henry, 53 Finn, James, 73, 74, 81, 92 First World War, , 107, 115, 118, 143, 159, 181; Armistices 181, 182, 183; Gallipoli , 127, 130, 139, 156; Germany 102-3, 108, 113, 126, 159; Jewish refugees ; Jewish troops , , 158, , ; Mesopotamia 121-1, 134; outbreak and beginning of war, 102-8; Palestine 13-15, , 123-5, 134, 136, 143, , : Turkey , , 121-5, , 157, 159, 161, : Western Front 1-2, 102, 124, , 162 Fox, George, 57 Foreign Office, 87, 88 France: in Syria, 196, 198, 208, 239; in Palestine,

5 65, 69, 74, 77, 133-4, 154-5, 191; First World War, vi, xv, 1, 14, 102-4, 115, 119, 136-7, 159; Second World War, 233-4, 236 Francis I, 77 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este, 108 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 38 Franciscans, 38, 162 Gallipoli, xiii, , 130, 139, 156, Garden Suburb, see War Cabinet Gas, first use of in ME warfare, 125 Gaster, Dr Moses, Geddes, Sir Eric, 135, 252 George V, 3, 102, 128, 142, 158, 206, 214 George VI, 227 George, William, (Lloyd George's brother) 87 George, William, (Lloyd George's nephew) 222 Germany: First World War, 102, 183-4, 107, 115, 118, 143, 159, 181; ghettos 39, 144, 171; Second World War, 231-2, 233, 236, 237 Gladstone, William Ewart, 83, 105, 145-9, 214 Glubb (Pasha), Sir John Bagot, 247 Glyn, Elinor, 9-10 Gordon, Charles George, 9, 81-2, 141 Gospels, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 49, 58: see also New Testament Gosse, Edmund, 223 Greek Orthodox Church, 23, 74; conflict with Roman Catholics 74, 75, 77-8, 161, Greenberg, Leopold, 87 Hadrian, Publius Aelius, 22, 31 Haganah, ix, 108, 195-6, 197, 207, 223-6, 228, 231-2, 233, 234, 236-7, 238, 239, 242, 245, 247, 251, 264; becomes regular army 258-9, 260-1: Moshe Dayan, 143, 225, 228, 234-5, 236, 259: Orde Wingate, 63-4, 223-5, 228-9, 232, 237, 259, 260, 261, 276 Halifax, Edward, 1st Earl of, 230, 231 Hankey, Sir Maurice, 12 Harington, Sir Charles, 209, 210 Hashomer 98, 99, 109, 110, 171, 196, 205 Hebrew language 9, 34, 39, 45, 51, 53, 54, 57, 67, 69, 70, 71, 84, 129, 145, 154, 167, He-Chalutz movement 164 Helena, Empress, 28-33,81 Henderson, Arthur, 3, 6, 8, 10, 135, 220, 222, 252 Henry IV, 28, 40,41 Henry VIII, 46, 48, 53 Herzl, Theodor, xii, 84-7, 88-90, 100, 249 Histadrut, 184, 195, Hitler, Adolf, 147, 225, 230, 231, 237 Holocaust 243, 248,263 Holy Land, ix, x, xii, xiv, 9, 13, 15, 25, 26, 4 32, 36, , 43, 51, 52, 64, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76 77, 80, 83, 93, 102, 108, 125, 128, 129, 136, 138, 142, 150, 154, 175, 200, 204, 213, 224, 225, 240, 248 Holy Sepulchre, 31-2, 35, 36-7, 38, 43, 73, 78, 75, 76, 82, 90, 152, 159, 161 Hunt, William Holman, 74 Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, 61 Hussein-MacMahon Correspondence, 171, 186, 188, 198 Hussein, Sherif, 106, 123, 176, 186, 188, 190, 203, 211, 219, Immigration to Palestine, 66, 71, 80, 85, 86, 89-90, 93-97, 110, 137, 164, 190, 192, 198, 218, 220, 222, 231, 234, , 262, 267; restricted 144, 206, 208, 226, 227, 230-1, 237, 238-9, 240-2, 258; see also population Iraq xiv, 139, 190, 202, 203, 209, 218, 229, 230, 236, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 262 Irgun Zvai Leumi, 238, 242 Islam: Christianity, conflicts, 35, 38-9, 75; founded 33-5; importance of Jerusalem 34-5, 37-8, 43: Judaism, comparisons 33, 136; see also Muslims Israel: Arab invasion, ; Arab threat, 245-4, 247-9; army formed, ; independence declared , 268-9: international recognition, 252-4, 268; see also Jerusalem; Jewish homeland; Palestine Israel Defense Force 251, 259, 260, 261, 264 Jabotinsky, Vladimir: imprisoned, 197, 200; Jerusalem , 197; Jewish Legion 120, 126-8, 163, 166-8, , 185; journalist 116, 219; Zion Mule Corps James I, 50, 53 James H, 56-8 Japan, 118, 197, 237 Jerusalem: Arab attacks, ; archaeological investigations 30-1, 80-2; British assault, 125, ; British occupation, 14, 152-7, 161-3, 173-5: cause of Crimean War 75, 76-7; Churchill's visit, 202-4; Crusades, 36-38; Egyptian occupation, 65; expansion, 79-80; importance to Christianity, 25-7, 38-9, 42-3 importance to Islam, 33-35, 37-9, 42-3; Muslim occupation 34-5, 37, 38; pilgrims, 32, 38,, 40-3, 80: restoration of, 173-4; Roman destruction, 21-2, 27; Russian influence, 76-8, 79-80: Turkish occupation, 45-46, 70, 97-8, 151 Jesus Christ, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 48, 51, 52, 54, 60, 75, 81, 100, 156, 170 Jewish Agency, 198, 231, 235, 239, 241,242 Jewish Brigade, 234, 237 Jewish Colonial Trust, xii, Jewish homeland: advocated by the British government during the First World War, vi, vii, ix, ix, xii, xiii 64-9, 86-9, , 133, 191, 141-5; Jewish opposition to 130, 144-5, 162; Palestinian opposition, 190-1, 197-8; Shaftesbury and other nineteenth-century politicians, 63-67: Uganda scheme, 86-8; US support, 190, 192-3, 215-6, 216, 242; see also Israel; Jerusalem; Palestine Jewish Legion, v, ix, 120, , 137, 158, 160, 162, , 176, 180, 183, 185, 194-6, 230,251-2, 260-1,264, Jewish Naturalization Act, (1753), 59 Jewish people: admitted to England 54, 55; Christian persecution of 36, 39, 46, 52; conversion to Christianity, xix, 7, 17, 53, 54, 61, 63-4, 69, 71-2, 85, 127; expulsion from England, xii-xiil, 39; expulsion from Palestine, 22; First World War

6 105, , ; First World War combat , , 158, , ; Muslim tolerance of 137-8; Nazi persecution, 225-6, 231, 232, 234, 237, 240-1: Refugees, , , 231, 234, 242-3; Russian persecution, 90, 114, 144; Second World War combat 236-8, 239; Turkish persecution and restrictions, 70, 73, 74, 89, 96-7, Jewish Settlement Police, 225, 226 Jewish Welfare Fund, 166 Jihad, Turkey declares, 104-5, 106-7, Josephus Flavius 20, 21 Judaism: Christianity, comparisons, 17-18, 20, 23-4: Christianity, divisions in early church, 20, 22-3, 39; Islam, comparisons 33, 138 Keraal, Mustapha (Ataturk), 118, 209, 210, 211 Kempe, Margery 40-1 King David Hotel, Jerusalem, 239, 242 Kitchener, (Horatio) Herbert, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, 2, 81, 90, 165, 175 Knox, John, 49, 50 Koestler, Arthur 199, 218, 226, 253, 257, 260 Kurds 114, 198, 203 Law, (Andrew) Bonar, x, 3, 6, 7, 64, 134, 136, 187, 252; Prime Minister, 3, 210, 211, 212, 213 Lawrence, Arnold 233 Lawrence, Thomas Edward, 100, 151-2; Arab Revolt, 123, 131, 140-1; and Churchill 202-1, defeat of Turks 175, 176; Paris Peace Conference 188, 190; popular hero 175 League of Nations, 124, 197, 208, 268 Lehi (Stern Group), 238 Liberal Party, vi, xi, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, 3, 4, 6, 62, 147-8, 209, 261, Lloyd George, David, vi, iix, ix, x, xl, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xx, 2, 3, 4, 45, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 83, 86-7, 103, 105, 106, 120, 121-2, 123, 124-5, 126, 129, 133, 134-6, 142, 146, 152, 155, 163, 181-2, 187, , 197, 201, , 220, 222, 230, 240, 252, 254, 261, Lloyd, Richard 'Uncle Lloyd', 4 London Missionary Society, 61 London Society for the Conversion of Jews London Jews Society (LSJ), 61 69, 71 Luther, Martin, 23, 46, 52 Lutheran Church, 47, 69, 71, 74, 79, 94, 107 Lyttelton, Mary MacDonald (James) Ramsay, 4, 7, 8, 35, 262, 264; Prime Minister, 214-5, 219, 220, 222, 226 MacDonald, Malcolm, 227, 231 MacMahon, Sir Henry, 132, 188, 205 Macmillan, Maurice Harold, xi, Marx, Karl, 8, 76, 79,85 Mary I, Mary II, 58 Masada, 21, 22 Maude, Stanley, xlv, 121, 122, 262 Maxwell, Sir John, Mayflower, 52, 53, 150 Meir, Golda, 206, 262 Mesopotamia, xiv, 13, 108, 112, 121, 123, 133-4, 136, 185, 194, 198, 212, 213; division of 202-3, 208: see also Iraq Methodists, xi, xvii, xix, 3, 6, 8, 60-2, 127, 214, 263 Milner, Sir Alfred, 7-8, 9-10, 145, 187, 188, 252 Milton, John, vii, 54, 55, 84, 194 Missionaries, 61, 63-4, 71, 137 Mohammed, 33-5 Money, General Sir Arthur, 187 Montagu, Edwin Samuel, 144, 145 Montefiore, Sir Moses, 73, 79 Montgomery, Major-General Bernard, 230 Morgenthau, Henry, 108-9, 115 Morgenthau, Henry jnr, 255 Moyne, Lord (Walter Guinness), 238 Murray, General Sir Archibald, 14, 124, 143 Muslims: in British colonies, 142; Crusades 36; occupation of Jerusalem, 34-5, 37, 38; tolerance of Jewish people, ; see also Islam Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 247 National Health Insurance Act, 5 Nazi persecution, 225-6, 231-2, 234, 240-1, 259, 267 New Testament, 17-19, 23; links to Old Testament 19-20, 23-5; origins 25, 30: see also Bible Newman, John Henry, 69 Nicene Creed, 30 Nightingale, Florence, 60, 78 Nonconformism, viii, xi, xv, xvi, xvii, 3, 4, 6, 15, 25, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61-2, 63, 83-4, 94, 147-8, , 189, 211, 214, 261, 265, Oil, and oil industry, xiv, 105, 121, 124, 134, 224, 225,230,236,252-3 Old Age Pensions Act, 5 Old Testament: adopted by Christians, 17-18; archaeological sites, 74, 216; Influencing New Testament, 17-18, 23-5; interest of Nonconformists, 15, 25, 57: Islam, 33: Protestantism, impact on, 48-9; Royal family links 26-7; spread of, 16, 27 Omar, Caliph, 34, 138 Omar, Mosque of, 37, 43, 239 Ormsby-Gore, William, 12, 127, 132, 137, 159, 213, 215, 226 Ottoman Empire: decline 101; dissolution, 187-8; see also Turkey Palestine, 13: agriculture, 95-96, 97-8, 137-8, 217-8, 228, 135-6, 232, 261: Arab nationalism 138-9, 192-3, 194, 200, 202; Arab rioting 194-6, 198-9, 204, 205-7, , 226: Arab-Jewish negotiations, 230-1; becomes Holy Land, 30-3; British invasion, 14-5, 124-5, 132-3, 140, 143, 157; British surveys, 81-2; British withdrawal 242-4, 247-8, 252, 257; civil defence 99, 185, 199, 206, 225: early Jewish settlements, 92, 97-9; European presence, 69-70, 71-3, 74; French influence, 77-8, , 153-4: Independence proposed, 227, 230-1; Jewish terrorism 238, 241, 243; Jewish rebellion and expulsion, 21-22; land disputes

7 and purchases, 934, 95, 97-8, 137-8, 201, 217, 232: Partition, 203, 241-2: population, 153, 218, 231, 258, 267; Royal visit 206-7; US settlements 93-4; War Cabinet's use of name, 13: see also Israel; Jerusalem; Jewish homeland Palestine Exploration Fund, 80, 81, 82, 125 Palmer, Major Sir Anthony, Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 64-5, 66-8, 70, 71, 78, 105 Paris Peace Conference, Patria, SS, 231, 232 Patterson, John 'Pat', 117, 127; Jewish legion, 163, 165, 165-7, 169, 177-9, 180; Zion Mule Corps Gallipoli, 117, 118, 120 Paul, Saint, 20, 28, 30, 52 Peel Commission, Penn, William, 57 Picot, Georges, 13, 133, 153, 154 Pilgrim Fathers, 52 Pilgrim's Progress, The, 57 Pilgrims, Christian, 30, 31, 32, 38, 40-3, 53, 57, 77, 80 Plumer, Field Marshal Sir Herbert, 217 Plymouth Brethren, 223 Pogroms 90, 114,144,197 Population: Jerusalem, 39, 70, 79, 153, 218: Palestine, increase of, 67, 138, 144, 145, 191, 218, 230, 231, 244, 260, 262, 265, 267: see also immigration to Palestine Presbyterian Church, xv, xvii, xix, 6, 10, 59, 63, 127, 135, 138, 149, 193, 265, 266 Protestantism, x, 9, 10, 25, 46-8, 49-50, 54, 58, 62, 65, 69, 71, 74, 78, 84, 127, 139, 153, 223, Puritans, 49-50, 52-4, 56, 57, 63, 67, 150, 223 Quakers, 51, 57, 58 Reformation, 45-8, 50-1, 52 Refugees, Jewish, , 231, 234, Richard I (the Lionheart), 26, 37-8, 150 Rioting, Palestine 194-7, 198-9, 202, 203, 204-6, 208,217,220, 227,239 Robertson, General Sir William, xv, 14, 122 Roman Catholic Church, 2 3, 25, 39, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 57, 59, 60, 69, 74, 75, 77, 78, 126, 161, 162, Rome, centre of Christianity, 32 Rommel, Erwin 236 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 237, 252 Royal family (British): Old Testament links, 26-7; Palestine visit, Russell, William Howard, 78 Russia: Jerusalem, First World War, 103-4, 114; influence in 74-5, 76-7, 79-80; persecution of Jews, 90-1, 114, 117, 144: Revolution, 123, 159, 251; Second World War, 237 Saladin, 37-8, 247 Salisbury, Robert Gascoigne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of, 10, 12, 265 Samuel, Herbert Louis, 1st Viscount Samuel, xii, 51, 105-6, 197, 200-1, 205-6, San Remo conference, 197 Sea Lion, 236 Second World War, 231-8; ends 238, 239; German invasions, 233, 234, 236-7; Jewish troops 235, 237; outbreak 229, 233 Seven Pillars of Wisdom, 123, 154 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of (earlier Lord Ashley), 59, 60, 64, 67, 71, 74, 81; advocates Jewish homeland xii, Sharett, Moshe, 110, 257, 262 Sinai Desert, xiv, 13, 14, 18, 86, 101, Ill, 113, 124, 181 Smuts, Jan Christiaan, x, xi, 124, 134, 135, 136, 162, 187, 192, 198, 215, 220, 232, 252, 253 Society of Friends (or Quakers), 51, 57 Spiritualism, 10, Stalin, Joseph, 237 Stephenson, Frances, 4 Stone of Scone, 26-7 Storrs, Ronald, 12, 150, 156, 157, 162, 173, 175, 206, 207, Suez Canal, xx, 85, 106-7, 111, 112,114, 115, 119, 124, 144, 166, 236 Sykes, Sir Mark, 12-13, 124, 144, 145, 187, 276 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 13, 132-3, 154, 186-7, 276 Syria, v, 13, 15, 20, 22, 36, 53, 64-5, 71, 77-8, 90, 107, 109, 124,131, 134, 136, 138, 141, 153, 157, 171, 183, 217, 233, 236, 240, 246, 275, 276; Arab claim to 187, 190, 191; Feisal claims as king, 188, 191, 194; French administration, 198, 208: independence 239 Tel Aviv, 100, 110, 166, 195, 205, 218, 234, 244, 248, 249, 250, 257, 258, 262, 263, 264, 268 Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 34-5, 81 Tennant, Margot, 4 Tennessee, USS, 110,112 Thackeray, William Makepeace 71-2 Thomas, Lowell, 175, Trans-Jordan (later Jordan), 202, 242 Truman, Harry S, xvii, 240, 252-6, 261, 268 Trumpeldor, Joseph, 116, 118, 120, 127, 195, 196 Turkey: armistice, 181, 183; attitudes to Jews in Holy Land, 70, 73, 89-91, 96-8, ; First World War, , , , , , 157, 175-6; occupation of Jerusalem, 45, 70, 97-8, 125, ; opposing British occupation, ; Republic, ; surrenderor Jerusalem, 151-3; see also Ottoman Empire Twain, Mark, 80 Tyndale, William, 46-8 Uganda scheme, xii, 86-9 Unitarians xi, 60, 84, 135, 265 United Nations, 239; Palestine agreement, 241-4; recognises Israel 248, 253, 260, 268 United States: consulate, 74: First World War and Peace Conference, xx, 109, 130,137, 159, 166-7, 171, 186, 192, 208: Jewish community and Jewish immigrants, 90, 144-5, 214, 242;

8 Palestinian settlements 92-3; recognises Israel, viii, xiv, 253-4, 268; religion xviii, xix; support for and attitudes to Jewish homeland, 12, 146, 214, , 244, 263; Second World War, 242 Versailles Treaty and Paris Peace Conference, , 209 Vespasian, Titus Flavius, 19,21, , 252 Zionist Commission, 159, 160, 183-4, 186 Wailing Wail, Jerusalem, 21-2, 35, 43, 169, : see also Western Wall War Cabinet, vi, ix, x, xiii, xiv, xvii, 1, 5-13, 64, 116, 123, 124, 125,126, 127, 132,127,132-7, 144-5, 150, 152-3, 155, 160, 162, 206, 207, 211, 212, 213, 215, 220-1, 252, 261, 277, 212, 213, 215, 220-1, 252, 261, 277 War Emergency Committee, 8 Wavell, Brigadier-General Archibald Percival, 125, 163, 187, 231, 233-4, 236 Webb, (Martha) Beatrice, 5, 214 Webb, Sidney James, Baron; Passfield 8, Weizmann, Chaim, xi, xii, xiii, xx, 2, 10, 89, 120, 122, 129, 135, 136, 139, 143, 144, 150, 160, 165, 169, 181, 184, 188, 190, 191, 195, 201, 220, 222, 228, 229, 230, 231, 254, 262, 274 Weizmann Institute, 231, 262 Wesley, John, 8, 15, 60-1 Western Wall, Jerusalem, 21, 35, 43, 169, 220: see also Wailing Wall Wey, William, 42 White Paper, Churchill, 208 White Paper, 1939, 230-1, 235, 242, 258 Whitefield, George, 60, 61 Wilberforce, William, 59, 60, 71 Wilhelm II 102, 189 William III (of Orange), 58, 59 Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow, vii, xvii, 164, 181, , 193 Wingate, Orde Charles, 63-4, 228, 237: Israeli arm; 232, 237, 259, 260-1; Jerusalem 224-5; pro- Jewish opinions 228-9; religious beliefs 223-4, 228, 224, 225; removed from Palestine 227-8, 234, 237: and Weizmann, 229 Wingate, Reginald, 154, 183, 224 Wingate, William, 63-4 Wolf, Lucien, 129 Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 46, 47 World Zionist Organization, 84, 85, 88, 98, 129, 217, 235, Wycliffe, John, 45, 46 Yiddish, 71, 98, 127, 129, 162 Zaharoff, Sir Basil, 105, 133 Zion Mule Corps, 116, 118, 119, 127, 178, 194; Zionism, xii, xiii, xiv, 2, 11, 12, 13, 25, 85, 86-90, 97-8, 114, 116, 126/7, 135, 136, 145-6, 147, 158,, 190, 219, 225, 270,273, 86-90, 97-8, 114, 116, 126/7, 135, 136, 145-6, 147, 158,, 190, 219, 225, 270, 273, 274; British opposition to, 129, 187, 191, 197, 204, 227, 240; Jewish opposition to, 129, 1 30, 144, -3, 162, 183; Protestant and Nonconformist sympathy for, x, xi, xviii, 71, 84, 147; War Cabinet members, x, 5-6, 8-9, 13, 64,