Brahmi, Southern. Southern. Southern. Southern. Southern. Southern Characters_ Sanskrit

Transcription

1 APPENDICES

2 Ek ; Nature. Type - Na of Plates, Lth, Btb, Th 1 Metal (CPI) Donative 03 /5.5 /1.75 APPENDIX I A Documentation of Shoji inscriptions Script laagaage Rater Provenance Period ' Itegaal year Brahmi, Southern Characters Sanskrit Devaraja Shiroda (Panda- Goa) 4th centa.d. 12 R.Y. Issigeia Peacock or swan Source E.I. XXIV 2 Metal (CPI) Donative 03/7/225/1/16 Southern Characters Sanskrit Asankita Hkegutti (Kumta) 5th centa.d. - Elephant E.I.XXVIII 3 Metal (CPI) Donative 03/ Southern Characters Sanskri Asankitavarman Kapoi (Belgaum) 5th-6th centa.d 5 R.Y. Elephant E.I.XXXI 4 Metal (CPI) Donative 021 8/ 2.4 Southern Characters Sanskrit Kapaivarman NW (Kamer) 6th centa.d E Metal (CPI) Donative 02/ 8.2/ 22 Southern Characters Sanskrit Prihvknallavannan Goa 6th-7th centa.d 1 R.Y. E.I.XXXIII 6 Metal (CPI) Donative /22 Southern Characters_ Sanskrit PrithvimalbvarmanGoa 6th-7th centa.d 25 R.Y. E.I.XXXIII

3 Appendix I A: Documentation and Contents of the Bhoja Inscriptions 1. Shiroda Copper Plate Inscription of Devaraja Bhoja Si RI MA PLATES OF DEVA RAJA. Contents in Brief: Copper plate records that king Devaraja from Chandrapur sanctioned the gift of tolls made by Prabhu Naga Bhogika Amatya to two Brahmans, Govindasvamin and Indrasvamin of the Bharadvaja gotra in order to attain salvation. These Brahmans were given the right to collect tolls in the village Thanniyarka-Kottihkayya in the division of Jiyaya from the income of the village and also the income earned from the merchandise 4 coming into this village. Besides this, they were provided with a house site, pasture lands for the cows, proper supply of grass and fuel to cater to their needs of settlement. The grant was executed by Sarvatantradhikrita (superintendent of all departments), ii. Amaresvara and Rahasyadhikrita (private secretary) Prabhakara, the writer of the charter during the 12 th regnal year of the king's reign on the twelfth day of the dark fortnight of the month of Magha. 6 Significance: The inscription throws light on the nature of kingship, system of administration, sources S of revenue, nature of land grants, religion, social stratification and place names Dating In the course of interpretation of the inscriptions there were problems with regard to the identification of the Bhoja dynasty. According to C.R. Krishnamacharlu Devaraja belonged to Gominam family and claimed that he discovered an unknown dynasty on the 10 west coast of India. By comparing them to the Pandarangapalli Plates of Aridhaya, Undikavatika Grant of Abhhimanyu they are identified with the Rashtrakuta kings. 12 In the year 1948, N. Lakshiminarayan Rao read Gominam as Bhojanam and based on the Inscription of Bedsa, Kanheri and Kuda, Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga King Kharavela and Dasakumara Charita of Dandin placed the Bhojas in Vidharba Source: C.R. Krishnamacharlu. "Shiroda Plates of Devaraja" El XXIV N. Lakshiminarayan Rao."A Note on Shiroda Plates of Devaraja". E.1. XXVI,

4 HIREGUTTI PLATES OF BHOJA ASANXITA 2. 1iregutti Plates of Bhoja Asankita Contents in Brief: The Copper Plate records the grant for a monastery for enjoyment of the Arya Sangha in the Sundarika village included in the Dipaka Vishaya given by the king at the request of Kotti-peggilin born in the lineage of the Kaikey of Nandipalli which is situated on the eastern side by Kurrva, southern side by Marittikattu stream, towards the west waterfall flowing from the mountain and north till the mango tree near the stone Significance: The inscription throws light on the political and religious history of Goa, spread of Buddhism which received patronage during this time, references to monasteries and its location and Arya Sanghas, Discussion: The present inscription is dated on the basis of Paleography of Sangoli Plates of Harivarman belonging to the 6 th century A.D Source: P.B. Desai. "Hiregutti Plate of Bhoja Asankita" E.I XXVIII, 1949 SEAL

5 3. Kapoli Plate of Bhoja Asankitavarman Contents in Brief: Copper Plate records the king's sanction of a grant made by Elakella of the Kaikeya family to Nagasarman of the Harita Gotra for religious merit of himself and of the king of the village Vamsavataka included in Sollunduraka Seventy in Palasika Vishaya made over with water and free from all taxes. The charter was written by Govinda Bbogika son.of Madhava on a full moon day of Jyestha during the fifth regnal year of the king. Significance: The inscription throws light on the political history, nature of kingship, land grants, place names and introduces a new family of the Kaikeya which are 8 mentioned in the inscription of the early Kadarribas and also in the later inscription such as Haklipur plates of Gopaladeva and the Kekkar inscription of Anneyarasa of the eight century Discussion: The present record is dated to the 6 th or 7'h century on the basis of the Bannahalli plates of Kadamba Krislmavarman Source: A.M. Annigeri. "Kapoli plates of Asankitavarman" E.I MT, SEAL

6 4. Arga Plates of Kapalivarman Contents in Brief: Copper Plate records that Dharmamaharaja Kapalivarman from his residence Pamasa-Khetaka sanctions a grant made at the request of Svamikaraja the land called Pukolli-Khajjana belonging to Aditya-Sresthi in the upper region within the boundary of the village Sivapura for religious purpose. Svamikaraja in turn gifted it to a Brahman Bhavarrya of the Kaundiya Gotra. The charter was executed by Nandaka Talavara and written by Krishna-Bhoyaka. l.- ARGA PLATES OF KAPALIVARMMAN Significance: The inscription throws light on the political history and introduces Svamikaraja who may be the chief mentioned in the Chalukya Plates. He was made the chief of the Iridge Vishaya by Kirtivarma.n and was later killed by Mangalesa thus Kirtivarman and Svamikaraja were regarded as contemporary of Mangalesa. Besides it mentions place names, the type of 'Chahar' lands and also refers to a merchant Aditya-Sresthi. Discussion: The present inscription is dated on Paleographical grounds to the 6 th century on the basis of the Kudgere Plates of Kadamba Mandhatrivarman. Source: A.M. Annigeri. "Arga Plates of Kapalivarman" E.1 XXXI, 1954.

7 t. Z I 01 J1 8S6I `IIDOOC Ta ' umuumaitetu1apja 'ORM Jo slurid OPAj 1:80 'SD :33an S 8 y!"'. "r li (17'. I ;1 T utuugavulursy pug uguutaquclux Jo TUV.12age puu siug.12 quip Alma atp, jo siapuiutp age sanwasat p se.cry A.mluaa tpuaaas aql Jo jpq lsuj JO qpqs jo 3leg Jam aql spunoi0 poncluboargd uo palup si uou.dposu! acjz :uopsnasyi,/1 4, ^ M JO not SOd pue usaci puu SUOISTAT 3AgeilslquIpg uo Tqgq.smaNi. tugulupnlius iaqicklq stq pug Supi ay. jo Jaiwytu alp Inapusupq3 jo Fol2oluauo0 siaquiout oaa.4 sppu uogdposul aqi V r z :aaugainais fi u.u.op ufeaupiumg jo uareqou-uuusunaci Aq uoupm puu jiasultq 5upi aqt. Aq paumaxa tquisaar jo jo jibg TON am Jo Aup auk uo.pue u2!ai soupi alp jo IVOX tu paplooai si 14ruqo aq,i,.puuurepriuus Jalpo.N. sn jo Isanbat atrt u3nan To JaitiSnup `us.apestlato Japow stq aquo Joj tilop "EiCSAILI2V.MIT Jo ukiraqputai of usap-unqumedutudn)1 age of papniout migiud-utarqg jo awn atri trr platj g JO map' ---tunquqspa MULIVAVULUIA111.11c1 OpPal Otp. splooai amid.laddop gi sluawoj C ugatugagligtuimnild *gar liapdpagui algid aadda3

8 6. Copper Ilate Inscription of Bhoja Prithvimallavarman Contents in Brief: Copper Plate records the grant made by Prithvimallavarman from Prithviparvvata of a field called Kapott-, Khajjana situated in the village Malara, the best village included in Kupalakata-desa was gifted within the village border having the following boundaries east- rocks, south- rocky road, west- a place called Vesimika and north a river along with a yupaka in the middle of the field. The king granted the above for his own merit to Damarya of the Bhardwaja Gotra. The charter was written by Buddhadasa of the Khambhoja gotra and executed by Nidhivara in the year 25, Sravan-sukla 15 2 Significance: The inscription throws light on the type of Khajjan land, wells, routes, place names, besides Prithvimallavarman had appointed one Buddhadasa of he Kambhoja Gotra who could be a Buddhist monks converted to Brahmanical religion and as a result jobs were offered to him 6 ii, a Discussion: On paleographical grounds the inscription is dated to the later half of the sixth or first half of the seventh century A.D. as it resembles the characters of the early Kadamba grants and the grant of Kapalivarman and Asankitavarman 8 10 Source: G.S. Gai. "Two Grants of Bhoja Prithvimallavarman" E.I. )(XXIII, 1958 b 415

9 Sr No Nature Type No of Plates, Lib, Bth, Th Metal (CPI) Donative Metal (CPI) Donative Stone Donative APPENDIX I B Documentation of Konkan tilauiya Inscriptions Script language Ruler Provenance Period Reglad year Brahmi, Southern Characters Sanskri Brahmi, Southern Characters Sanskri Brahmi, Southern Characters Sanskrit Chandravamian Anirjtavannan Suketavarman Shiroda (Ponda) Bandora (Ponda) Vada (Thana) 5th centad. 2 R.Y lung ' aim Source Varaha A.B.O.R MOH 6th or 7th centad. 2 9 R.Y EA_ )00011 JIHOXXXVII

10 Appendix I B: Documentation and Contents of the Konkan Maurya Inscriptions 1. Shivapura Plates of Chandravarman Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant made by Chandravarman during his 2n d regnal year. It records the grant of some land to a Maha Vihara situated in Sivapura on the tenth day of the dark half of the month of Caitra. He is described as nana-samanta-mani-maricibhirachurita-pada-padma which means whose lotus like feet were sprinkled by the rays of the sun in the form of many feudatories chieftans. Significance: The inscription introduces a new ruler Candravarman who is said to be the feudal lord of the early Kadambas, it provides references to a Mahavihara at Sivapura which is probably identified in Chandor PLATE I. Discussion: There was a lot of discussion as far as identifying the ruler was concerned. According to M.G. Dikshit paleographically the plates showed resembles to the Halsi grant of Kadamba Kakusthavarman based on the seal of the Varaha, ending of the name varman and dating of plates according to regnal year, was a practice of the Kadamba dynasty. Besides, the Kadamba family is one of the early dynasties known to have ruled over Goa and its adjoining territories on the western sea board in the 5 th century and thus was placed to the early Kadamba family. This did not help much in dating as it is of a later period whose accepted dated is A.D. PLATE II A. It is also compared to the Maurya family referred in the Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II. To the Gamin family of which Devaraja belonged. To Chandraditya, son of Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya dynasty who is known to have ruled the territory near about Ratnagiri. D.0 Sircar also states that there was a Maurya dynasty in the Konkan and another in Rajputana. These Mauryas claimed descend from the Kumara viceroy stationed at Ujjayini and Suvarnagiri at the time of the Maurya emperors of Magadha Chandravarman may have some relations with them. PLATE II B. SIVAPURA PLATES CANDRAVARMAN. Source: Dikshit, M.G. "Sivapur Plates of Candravarman" New Indica, Antiquary, Vol. IV, Sircar, D.C. "A Note on the Goa Copper-Plate Inscription of the King Chandravarman". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Vol. XXIII,

11 2. Bandora Plates of Maurya Annirjitavarman Contents in Brief: Copper Plate records the address made by the king Maurya Annirjitavarman from Kumara- Dvipa to the iphabimnts of the twelve village desa of a grant made by him of one Hala of Khajjan land, a piece of land, house site, garden, a tank belonging to a unnamed Rashtrakuta, land reclaimed by clearing the forest by employing four batches of workers was granted to Hastyarya of the Harita Gotra who is called ukta-n6ioga and grihita-sahasra to secure the welfare of the king as well as Nagapada, Malladatta and Achala. BANDORA PLATES OF MAURYA ANIRJITAVARMAN, YEAR 29 This gift was exempted from all taxes. It is also said that this Brahmin would enjoy the produce of the land by putting up a bund to prevent salt water from entering and that nobody should disturb him or prevent him from enjoyment. This charter was executed by the king on the tenth day of the seventh fortnight of Hema that is the 29th regnal year of the king's reign. 4,( 1 ) s) I t it: ; lj Significance: The inscription throws light on land measure, nature of land, place names, three chiefs Nagapadda, Malladatta, Achala, unnamed Rastrakuta tank as a source of irrigation, expansion of land by clearing the forest using four batches of workers, tax exemption to Brahmins, qualities of a Brahmin and religious history. Discussion: The present inscription on paleographic grounds is dated to the 6 th or 7 th century A.D. as it has characters similar to the grants of the Bhoja ruler Prithvimalavarman Source: Gai, G. S. "Bandora Plates of Maurya Annirjitavammn" E I =WI, ii 417

12 APPENDIX I C Documentadon of Chalukya Inscriptions Sr Nature Type No of Script language Ruler Provenance Period latignia No Plates, Lth, Bth, Thai inches 1 Metal (CPI) Donative Southern Sanskrit Sri Satyasraya R.Y Boar Characters Dhruvaraja Indravarman 3/ Southern 6th-7th 2 Metal (CPI) Donative 0/2 Characters Sanskrit Mangalesa Nerur (Kudal) A.D. Boar IA. VII Southern 3 Metal (CPI) Donative Characters Sanskrit AayaBhattarika Nerur (Kudal) undated 5 R.Y. Boar IA. VII /9/4/ Southern 4 Metal (CPI) Donative 925 Characters Sanskrit Wayaditya Nerur (Kudal) 700 A.D. 4 R.Y. Boar IA. IX Southern Metal (CPI) Donative 925/4.5.8 Characters Sanskrit!4ayaditya Nerur (Kudal) A.D. 10 R.Y. Boar IA. IX Southern 7 Metal (CPI) Donative 3/7.5/4.5.8 Characters Sanskrit Wijayaditya Nerur (Kudal) undated Boar IA. IX Southern Metal (CPI) Donative Characters Sanskrit VinayacKya Nerur (Kudal) A.D. 14 R.Y Boar IA VII Southern Nagavardhana/ 9 Metal (CPI) Donative 1.50 Characters Southern Sanskrit Tribhuvanasraya Nast undated fetus IA. IX 10 Metal (CPI) Donative 8.5.8/5.75 Characters Sanskrit Wjayamahadevi Nerur (Kochre 659 A.D. 5 R.Y. Boar IA. VIII iv a P. Source

13 Appendix I C: Documentation and Summary of Contents of the Chalukya Inscriptions 1. Copper Plate Inscription of Chalukya Mangalesa Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant of village Kundivataka in the district of Konkana to a Brahmin Priyasvami son of Sumatisvami of the Kasyapa gotra conversant in Vedas and Vedangas Significance: The inscription throws light on the king Chalukya Mangalesa who is regarded as being victorious in 18 battles as he drove out King Buddha, son of Samkaragana. He is seen as meditating on the feet of Svami-Mahasena Manavya lineage Hariti which speaks about the origin of the family, qualities of the king as conversant with the code of law of Manu, Puranas and Epics of Ramayana and Mahabarata. References to religious sacrifices performed by the king such as Agnishtoma, Vajapeya and Paundarika or Horse sacrifice. He is regarded as an excellent worshipper of Brahma Bhagawan, who devastated the countries of his enemies adhere to justice in his country, acquired wealth of other kings by the strength and powers of his own armies, wealth of statesmanship, modesty and charity. Discussion: The present inscription is compared with the Mahakutaliar inscription of Mangalesa and dated to around and place name specially Kundivataka is identified on the basis of its characters to the inscription named above to Kundi/Cudnem/ Kudal Source: Fleet, J. F. "Inscription of Chalukya Mangalesa". Indian Antiquary. Vol. VII,

14 2. Copper Plate Inscription of Vijayabhattarika Contents in Brief: Copper Plate in the 5 th regnal year records the grant of a field to the south of the village Paliyamapatha diguika in the village Nananakagahana was given to Aryaswami Dikshita of the Vatsa gotra the son of svami Chaturvala and son's son of Grihaspati of vatsa gotra from a village Tarakagara the village Parishvasu on the southern border of the land grant dated to 659 A.D. Significance: The inscription throws light on the origin of the dynasty, genealogy, names and qualities of rulers and queen and religion of the Chalukyas. Discussion: The grant mentions two names Chandraditya/ Vikramaditya and his wife Vijayabhattarika Source: Telang, K. T. "Inscription of Chalukya Vijayabhattarika". Indian Antiquary. Vol. VII, Copper Plate Inscription of Vijayaditya 700 Contents in brief: Copper plate records the grant of the village Nerur bounded on each side by village Ballavalligrame and Sahamyapura on the banks of the river Vilige from the Iridige Vishaya by the king from his victorious camp at the city of Rasena nagara at the request of Nandeya given to Devasvami of the vatsa gotra the son's son of Revasvamidikshita and Jannasvami Significance: The inscription throws light on land grants genealogy and qualities of kings, Vikramaditya Satyasraya is mentioned as conversant in the art of government 419

15 crushed the Cholas, Kerala, Kalabharas and his son Vinayaditya asserted the power of the lord of (anchi and vijayaditya is mentioned as the master of weapons who acquired Palidhuaja. Discussion: It gives the date of the reigning king corresponding to 700 A.D. based on saka 622 Source: Telang, K. T. 'Inscription of Vijayaditya". Indian Antiquary. Vol. IX, Copper Plate Inscription of Vijayaditya Contents in Brief: Copper Plate records the grant of Village Hikulamba, district of seven Konkana or Mahasaptama situated between the village of Kumar and Pura at the request of glorious Upendra to eight Brahmins well versed in Vedas and vedangas the following Brahmins were granted the gift. Devasvami of the. Bhardavaja gotra Karkasvami of the Kausika gotra Yajnasvami of the Bhardavaja gotra Naganamasvami of the Kaundiya gotra Devasvami of the Mavdgart gotra Gargasvami of the Atreya Ora Rudrasvami of the Kasyapp gotra Dashavarma of the Vatsa gotra The Charter was written by Niravadyapunyavallabha the high minister with the arrangement of war and peace. Significance: The inscription throws light on political, religious and cultural aspects of his reign specially with regard to education, educational institution and land grants to learned Brahmins. 420

16 Discussion: The establishment of the Brahmapuri at Hikulamba Source: Telang, K. T. ' -Inscription of Vijayaditya". Indian Antiquary. Vol. IX, Copper Plate Inscription of Vijayaditya Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant of the village Malavur by his son.vikramaditya II who is regarded as favourite of the world, great king, supreme king to Sarvadityadikshita of the Kaundiya gotra, son of Bamtnandasvami knower of the four Vedas. 6. Copper Plate Inscription of Vinayaditya Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant of cultivated or uncultivated field on the west of the village Pergagamasi and the boundaries of that field are given as Pulivuta to the north- east in the boundaries of the village Sirigodu, Karvasurigola, Perbutu, Algire, Algola Nittakala, Nerilgire, Kurupakere and Arakatta was made to a Brahmin Isanasarma, son's son of Srisarma of the Vatsa Gotra son of Marasarma at the request of King Aluvas to celebrate the victory over that family during the 14 1h regnal year of his reign A.D. Vinayaditya is regarded as the supreme and vulnerable like Bharata. A king who was a refuge of kings by whom the Pallavas, Kalambhras, Keralas, tlaihayas, vitas, Malavas,Cholas, Pandyas, Aluvas, Gangas from his camp Karanjapatra village at the request of king Aluvas the village Kirukagamasi in the Edevolal division in the Vanavasi district is given. The charter was written by Sri Ramapunyavallabha minister for war and peace Source: Telang, K. T. "Inscription of Vinayaditya". Indian Antiquary. Vol. VII. 421

17 7. Kochre copper Plate inscription of Vijayamahadevi or Vijayabhatarilut the queen of Chandraditya Contents in Brief: The inscription records that the great grandson of Sri Pulakeshi Vallabha adorned the Clialukya family of Manavya gotra, descendants of Hariti, the grandson of Kirtivarman the favourite of the world, pure in fame, great king, supreme lord, lord Satyasraya 'supreme lord' Vikramaditya conquered the hostile king, acquired the fortune of his family and attained the position of a supreme lord. His elder brother Chandraditya favourite of the world his queen Sri Vijaya Mahadevi who was appeased to the vice of the Kali age commands the people that the Khajjana Vakulakachchha-kshetra at the village Kochchuraka was given to Kekhavagolasvami of the vatsa gctra. On the west and east it is protected by an embankment. R was issued on the twelfth day of the bright half of the month of Vaishaka and may be dated to 659 AD. Source: Telang, K T. "Inscription of Vijayamahadevi". Indian Antiquary. Vol. VIII,

18 APPENDIX I D Documentation of Shlatawa km/slone Sr No Nature Type No of Plates, Lib, Bth, Th Script Impart Ruler Provenance Period Revel year Insignia ' Source 1 Metal (CPI Donative 2 Metal (CPI Donative 3 Metal (CPI Donative Nagari Sanskrit Nagari Sanskrt Rattaraja Avasara MI Pattanakud 988 AD Garuda Kharepattan a 1008 A.D Garuda 3/18.1W 7.94 Nagari Sanskrit Rattaraja Ballipattana 1010 A.D. Garuda C.I.I.Vol VI V.V.Mirashi C.I.I.Vol VI V.V.Mirashi C.I.I.Vol VI V.V.Mirashi,

19 Appendix I D: Documentation and Summary of Contents of the Shilahara Inscriptions \I;( U :.\ S.\1:.\ II NANA yi, R, 110 I. Pattanakudi Plates of Avasara 11/ A.D. Con tents in Brief: Copper plate records that three merchants Nagai-Stedhin, Lokkai Sresthin and Adityavaiman had to pay 40 dinars as taxes to King Avasara to get confirmation on hereditary tights in the villages Kinjala and Pulisa They had to pay in addition to this 2 lakhs of betelnut as annual cess and only Nagai Sreshthin would be exempted from the annual cess which was to be used for the expenses incurred by the hadapa this was to be known to the minister Revan, merchant Ukkai, A.dminstraor Nagapala, attendant witk, betel box Pulena, other royal officers, people young and old, artisans, guilds and eight mathas, I ' ' -7 \rfrrt -r7s. "'PT( =7, ql:-3,7.t'rt ; ': ';-11 c I it417., - rl C7 7 _, This was written by the poet Devapala, son of Vamana, Nagara SancLivigrahika, Chief administrator of the city and executed by Vajjada During the time of AvasaraIIIII ruling from Balin agara in the cyclic year Sarvadharin on Monday the Oh tithi of the bright fortnight of Karttika Significance: The inscriptions throws light on the genealogy of the Ra trakuta and Silahara family merchants, forms of exchanges in cash and kind, currency, exemption of taxes, hereditary rights in villages, guild, artisan:3, mati2as and place names ).17 '3 (171 - I C 4 L7?. 1-' , 7 7 ' 7 '77( IT UcT.; ;-1 ri. ', 7-" ; '-'- '11''''-`7: 7-`717, ZI;T`Tr17177:: 11 u 41 r ; ',.7 27,1, 27 4kl 's-1 74 Fri s- 71 ji Fr-, J. 77- rt11d 4, t tis Discussion: Who is this king Avasar-a? Is he Avasara I or.avasara II need to be clarified. Besides the genealogy is given from Dhammiyara who founded Balipattana to Avasara II who was reigning during this period when the chatter was issued but Sanaphulla of the other plates is not mentioned as the founder of the Shilahara dynasty. Source: Mirashi, V.V Co.7.7us.riptinnum Adicarizim. New De.A.S_I., 1977 Scaly : Sy;(1( :

20 1:11.\ 1ZEPATA PLATES OF RATTARAJA :.SAKA yy 9.30 an a 1. Itharepottana Plate of Rnttarskja 930 Contents m Brief: Copper Hate records King Mandalika Rattaraja meditating on the feet of Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja Satyasraya. The record states that the king addresses all resident of towns, villages, chiefs, Amatyas that he donated in honour of his parents and for his own merit with five fold offerings, worship of the holy Avveswara, repairs of the temple, food and accommodation for ascetics, and for the use of disciples, learned men and visitors given as a reward of learning to his learned preceptor Atreya, to the holy Ambhojasarabhu who made everybody knowledgeable which he obtained from the Karkaroni branch of the famous Mattamayura clan_ The following three villages were granted along with their boundaries *.:* Village Kushmanci located to the east by a small creek of Manigrama on the south by the road to the village of Vaparavata on the west by the stream of the village Saac.handalakapitha on the north by a salt river. Village Asanavira located to the east Dharavahala on the south the river of the village Karapani, west -sea, north-river of the village Gavahana 1 ti 8 12 ii a 9 ilcit 31, 1(7,,f-3.1-4cir^,(Z,, Ar/..3,., - - 2, _,,,--. - \-- e, 4 J"7 rt `19Filf rti4 "l t,ig77.t. r. FIR:L. 7,P4. S 11-rea.r 8 8 Iil _;!-Ā; '.,-7.; F LT4114.(r-Iii-4R1-7-1;7 "1-77 `_ -Z-V,i q is-4:d F-71:71d5" cer: s- (4U'Fi-i-fiT ' urs9 r c5lic-tcor 9P: 171 a ;1,P9 1-11?,., 141:1:;:i :1_ii;. :74;,_: :1 (77 : :,:y4:t75 -, :71:7 iii b :1,,:.7r-t c:57: lr:o :5VI ::13:33:4 11:,,, 17. -,, 1 1 (-4 ) r- r_f 4 -:, : i l (Z): I, i ;,-11, /,..A 'M,e,1 cf 4,'-'7 -' Village Vandangula located to the east by the twin rock of the Bhogadeva hill south by the stream of Akhadada, west by the rock of Patasada north by Sisavi hill of the village stamina. Besides a field for the sustenance at the village Devalakshimi, a Chaltantara in the village Vyangarula and Juhalca at Sayyapali these gift were not to be interfered by any royal officer and were given the tight of adjudication of slits and these suits were not to be entered by chutes bhatas_ i" L.: x 4-1 p 2, 1?),"..) ", r-4 ' He also assigned a Gadiyana of gold from every ship coming from foreign land and a Dharana of gold from every slip coming from Kandalanisliya with exception of Chetnulya and Qiandrapura Besides families of devadasis, oilmen, gardener, potters washerman, and for the courtyard of the Temple within the fort having the following boundaries on the east wall of the Jaina temple, south monkey gate, west road to sivata and north street well and land for flower garden known as mare's ground outside the fort The confirmation is made valid by the signature of Rattaraja this was written by Lokaparya son of Sandhivigrahika Devapala ii b iv ff 11;11 '1 Sql.A-s? -1 -c,71;,,, 7; Alk 1,f7iii icia1: 411,9Ptrriti1/41.11M q i7;e1 R )Vk-ri, (eit.c c- SipuMconco The Inscription throws light on the genealogy of the Rastrakuta and Silahara family, its origin and defeat by two Chalukya rulers Tailepa and Satyasraya, During this time Rattaraja was the feudatory of the Chalukya as he is seen meditating on the feet of Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja Satyasraya, administration with references to Amatyas, Chatas and Bhatas, Occupation, town planting, coinage, custom duties on internal and external trade and place names '5 1 f %'9' 7 s"-- /' '34 r IRPiCi$ riChi 41 tc:44 1 1:74 K:71 )- 74,77, cf771--ri ic 1 - C-T , I T'., *174-T1 F1 r. I -I Z- n i T C, 1 1 ;.\ q ;1 TT; :" -1 Discussion: Here Rattaraja has a subordinate title of a Mandalika or feudatory of Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja Satyasraya Source: Mirasli, V.V. Corpus Inscn:ptionzem Inclicarimm. New Delhi: A.S.I, 1977 ( cft t Stele : Four-fifths 424

21 ISAMPArrANA A 1KS ItArIAl2. "cja : ti. \ K \ YEAR ' 7.12 h Con tents in Brief: 3. Ballipattana Plates drattaraja Copper plate records the grant of Mahamandalika Rattaraja from Balipatlana. He calls together the residents of the five great Mathas, guilds, artisans and the chief n7-c4? Cr:17 Al ' 1.71Z ai " rp(t. EU tff "r;-*- 3'SA QVISI, 3 34,4f:47` %, 4. 4 c ; ; amatyas. He confirms the gift made in his oval hand to Sankamaiya, son of Brahmana Senavai Nagamaiya, a rice field yielding twee crops annually in the rice village of Kalvala, an orchard of arecanut as a means of livelihood of a Brahmana Chhattavaiya, son I Kuravaraiya, grandson of Brahmana Sanjhaiya residing in Avadi, situated to the west of the agrahara village Palaure. This gift was given for the religious merit of his granddaughter Annana. The boundaries of the orchard are also given on the eat, a stone temple, south, a river, west, sea near Voribhatha, north, village Gavoma. This gift was given without any taxes imposed on it and giving all exemptions in favour of his sons and grandsons. The Chatter was written by the son of Sandhivigrahika Devapala, Lokaparya on the occasion of Uttarayana Sankranti, the first tithi of the :rqfr?c-:* &,70rodi 3 ;1 ;:.3:7, cricipf-,:.litil grrl v,r1,vo,',47;71t,77;:tr3,31 -PPR 4-1 r. 5ft, r 11)1' T1 171( 1:1 4;f1,4 4 _,,741q 4'.,., 11 stc-fi -4A 1R 14v rir'7 1-f-"7 4Z ,141:11 s-r ;Ca nitl rt, gifc 7ttre.,i1P-ii x R11;1 1C er, ri 1-1 a (5 9. : iii b dark fortnight of Pushya. Significance: The inscription thrum light on Mahamandalika a higher feudatory title which Rattara acquired while he was ruling from his capital at Balipgtana At his capital there were residents of five great Mghas guilds, artisans and chief Amgyas, Brahmins, Sandhivigrahika which throws light on religion, trade and commerce, administration and agriculture with the cultivation of two crops annually as well as orchards of arecanuts sbich was the main source of income, references to place names, tax exemption and stone temples r,.7: :12 36, nr A r - 4 r- t.r r' A ri II 84 re,. Lrl ' 1 :,r 38 Discussion: Rattaraja is said to have acquired-a higher title of Mahamandalika and does not mention any genealogy of the Rastrakita or Chalukya kings. Source: Mirathi, V.V. Colpis- hisevtionion Adic.-ivum New Delhi: ' 42 eni 1 4,, e7j t r "Z I l} I, r 4:3 it r 7, - e T L ier 42 4.; r" - 4, e 7 r fn_) Q`y1. I C. ' 425

22 Sr ao. Mare Type Ne of Plates, Lai Rh, n is am APPENDIX I E Documentation of Kadamba Inscriptions Script balnage Rake Provenance Period Reps' year Inoliptia Source 1 Metal (C.P.I) Donative Nagari Sanskrit Shasthadeva II Ponda K.K 2 Metal (C.P.I) Donative Sanskrit Viravarmadeva Kudatari Metal (C.P.I) Donative Nagari Sanskrit Jayakeshi I Goa P.22 4 Metal (C.P.I) Donative Kannada Jayakeshi I Velha Goa 1054 I.A, A.S.I 5 Metal (C.P.I) Donative Nagar' Sanskrit Jayakeshi I Panjm 1059 Lion KK 6 Stone (Viragal) Donative Hale Kannada Jayakeshi I Raya (Goa) Metal (C.P.I) Donative Guhalladeva III Kadaroli 1081 B Metal (C.P.I) Donative 09/03/2006 Nagar' Sanskrit Tribhuvanamala 1107 Lion El Xn< 9 Metal (C.P.I) Donative Nagari Sanskrit Jayakeshi II Dim 10 Stone I Donative Nagari Sanskrit Jayakeshi II Dhaivad 43 R.Y. KK JBHS IV, 2, KK 11 Metal (C.P.I Donative 08/03/2006 Devanagari Sanskrit Jayakeshi II Asoge 1134 Bow El XXVI 12 Metal (C.P.I) Donative 3/9/635 Nagari Sanskrit Shasthadeva III Bandora R.Y. Lion E.I. >004V 13 Metal (C.P.I) Donative 31801/8 Nagar' Sanskrt Viayailitya Sadasivagad 1179 Lion El.>04X 14 Metal (C.P.I) Donative 306/0.125 Nagar' San slqt Viayacirtya Kalmar Metal (C.P.I) Donative 3/9/20/06 Nagari Sansicit Tribhuvanamala Deccan Metal (C.P.I) Donative 4/8.5/5.25 Nagari Sanskrit Kamadeva Gokama Metal (C.P.I) Donative 3/17/12.5/3 Nagari Sanskrit Bhimabhu pal Korgaon 1351 lion with uptumed tail, dagger,svas tika,sun and legend Sri- Mshnudasa h,crescent El. )0(IX Lion with a legend Couchant bull El. XXX El XXVII Neviisletter,V 01 I D.AA.M 18 Si Nagai Ken 13th.AD Srtvauva 19 S.I Nagai Bali, Quepem 20 S.I Donative Nagari Quepem 13th AD 21 _Metal (C.P.I) Donative 3/11/1.8 / 7.5 _Nagari Sankt Yadava Singhana II Dharvad 1237 A.D. Garuda Kadarnba Kula JBBRAS VolXV

23 Appendix I E: Documentation and Summary of Contents of the Kadamba Inscriptions I. Marcella Copper Plate of Shasthadeva II Contents in Brief: The inscription gives the genealogy of the Kadamba family from Kantakacharya to Shisthadeva II. Shasthadeva II. is regarded as the lord of the earth who was qualified in Vedic literature, Puranas, Logic, Poetry and Politics. He visited holy places of Gokarna and worshipped Bhagavati, Mahalakshimi and Somesvara. It records the grant of gold made by Shastha II on Brahmins, learned men, holy places and.sthanak. Significance: The present record throws light on Guhalladeva II who is regarded as an `ornament of the race of Kadambas', 'king of kings' and sovereign. He reached Chandrapura which is regarded as a prosperous and famous city which excelled even the metropolis of the gods. He protected the whole of Konkan, increased the standard of living of people, patronised learning and ruled according to the Smriti law: Source:. Moares, George M. "Marcella Copper Plate 'Inscription of Kadamba Guhalladeva H1038 AD". The Kadamba Kula: A History of the Ancient and Medieval Karnataka. New Delhi: Asian Education Services,

24 2. Kudatari Copper Plate grant of Kadamba Viravarmadeva 1049 A.D. Contents in brief: The inscription gives the origin of the Kadamba family from the mythological progenitor Trilochana Kadamba who was born from the feet of God Shiva and in whose family was born Viravarmadeva son of Shasthadeva and grandson of Guhalladeva who ruled over Gopaka. They are described as having hereditary titles like Banavasipuravareshvara or lord of the city of Ianavasi, Simha Lachana, Vanaramahadvaja or the great banner of monkey Permatti Turyamana or possessor of the musical instruments and performed the Ashvamedha Yadnyas or horse sacrifices. Besides, royal titles like Samadhigata Panchamahashabdas or possessor of the five great sounds of musical instruments Maiamandaleshwar or the great feudatory who acknowledge the authority of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Significance The inscription throws light on a new member of the Kadamba family who is supposed to be the son of Shasthadeva and grandson of Guhalladeva and probably the elder brother of Jayakeshi I who ruled during this period along with his brother Viravarmadeva at Gopaka. This shows that probably both of them founded the city of Gopakapattana. Source: "Kudatari Copper Plate of Kadamba King Virvarman 1049 AD". Newsletter, Director of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Government of Goa. Vol I Nol:

25 3. Stone inscription of Viravarmadeva 1054 Contents in Brief: This inscription states that Armayya, Dharma-Mantri of Panjanakhani is described as meditating at the feet of Viravarmadeva- Samadhigata panchamahashabdas Mahamandaleshwar. It mentions Annayya as Viravarmadevas coat of Mail. 4. Inscription of Guhalladeva III 1081 A.D. on a slab Contents in brief: It is known in this record that Chalukya Vikramaditya VI was the imperial ruler at this time the inscription states that the feudatory chief Mahamandaleshvara Guhaladeva of Goa Kadamba family was governing the province of Konkan 900, Palasige Kundur 500, Kadaravali 30 and Kavadi-dvipa one and quarter. it registers a gift of land made after purchase by Narasinga setti in favour of the Biliya Basadi which was constructed at the Rajadhani Analapura by Pradhana Machanna. It mentions the Jain preceptor Ramachandra and Balchdridra. 5. Inscription of Jayakeshi I 1053 Contents in brief: The donee was one Arab dealer in ships called Chhadama he was given facilities for the construction and maintenance of Mosque or Mijigidi in Gopaka the capital of Kadambas. 0. Inscription of Jayakeshi Contents in Brief: Copper plate refers to the rule of a chieftan who bears no titles and is described as meditating on the feet of Bi (Viravaramadeva) and as the exemplary soilder of Jaydeva 428

26 raujim Plates of Jayakeshi I 1059 Contents in Brief: The copper plate records the grant made by Jayakeshi I of the Kadamba dynasty of Goa to an officer named Chhadama of the deserted village of Laghu Morambika having a lot of crop, good trees and creepers situated in the territory of Gopaka-dvipa connected to Ganvadak.. The revenue of the village was initially enjoyed by the king but now it was gifted to this officer free of charge. It included the following for 10 years beginning from the year Vikarin he should take 30 Nikskas (Tairavas), from the year Saumya he should take 35 Nikskas (Tairavas) and the king should take Gadyanakas and no king was permitted to raise the fixed revenue. Significances: The inscription throws light on the origin of the Kadamba family followed by a genealogy from Guhalla to Shastha and Jayakeshi is regarded as his son who is said to have exterminated the kings and fought battles of the kushkindha hills and well known among the Sodha, Rasaras, Latas, Chaulas and Pallavas. He was well versed in politics and extended his kingdom from the land to the sea and blessed by the goddesses of wealth, speech and victory he also mentions the genealogy of Chhadhama Aliyam born in the city pf Vaimulya of Tajji origin who was superior at his navy, his son Madhumada liked by the people, his son Sadhan known for his might and protected Keshiraja He was charitable, wise, remover of obstacles, strong and had good qualities. Source: Moares, George M. "Copper Plate Inscription of Kadamba Jayakeshi I 1059 AD". 429

27 8. Maya Viragal of Jayakeshi I 1071 Contents in Brief: In this Viragal Kadamba Jayakeshi has attained the titles of Panchmahasabhada and Mahamandalesa Gobbarasini. Here land is granted to the champion of Lord Bhupa of Valliyapura who fought and died and is united with heavenly damsels. George M. Moares, "Copper Plate Inscription of Kadamba Jayakeshi I Inscription of Guhalladeva III or Tribhuvanamalla on a slab lying in the village Chavadi, Dharwad Contents in brief: This inscription belongs to the reign of Tribhuvanamalladeva the feudatory of Vikramaditya VI. It refrs to his subordinate Mahamandaleshwara Guhalladeva who possessed the title of 'the five great sound's and 'lord of Banavasipura' He is said to have belonged to the family of Trilochana Kadamba the eldest of the two sons of Jayakeshi I while Tribhuvanamalla was governing over Konkan 900 and Halasige Inscription of Tribhuvanamalladeva on a slab Contents in Brief: This inscription refers to the reign of Tribhuvanamalladeva dated to 1125 AD. The record states that Mahasamanta Bammadeva had the grant of land made previously by his uncle Mahasamanta Martandayya for the upkeep of a tank inscribed on stone Dammarasa and his cousin Nakarasa were descended from Chavundaraja the Nargavunda of Mugunda 30 situated in Maharajavadi-nadu subdivision of Palasige Tribhuvanamalla Guhalladeva of the Kadamba family is stated to have been governing Palasige and Konkan 900 at the time of the grant composed by the poet Nagarjuna Pandita. 430

28 11. Inscription of Tribhuvanamalladeva on a slab Contents in Brief: This inscription belong to the reign of TribhuvanaMalladeva and refers to his subordinate Mahamandaleshwara Jayakeshideva who was ruling over Konkan 900 Palasige12,000 and Kundur '500 from his capital'at Gova it seems to record the foundation of Shiva temple at Ammayanabhai an agrahara in Kundur nadu and registers a gift of rice made for offering in the temple Marhuyamaya 431

29 12. Copper Plate Inscription of Tribhuvanamalla Contents in Brief: Copper plate inscription throws light on the contribution of Kelima who acquired the title Gandagopala. He was victorious in a no of battles, founded a charitable institution at Gopaka, constructed tanks called Gandagopala tank, established a settlement of 12 Brahmins from different parts of the country and protected them. He also gave gifts to Brahmins in the presence of kings, priest, chief ministers, representatives of towns and rural areas in the form of field, gardens and house for maintenance and everybody was given equal share for their enjoyment and those who prevented them and their future successors were fined heavily. Kelima also granted piece of land to the, temples of Bharati for religious purpose and those who worshipped this goddess were also granted with a house. The charter was written by a poet Padmeyabhatta, the royal preceptor. Significance: The inscription is important to study the Port of Gopakapattana which still has some evidences of its remains at the site. It also throws light on the contribution of Kelima called as Gandagopala. Besides it gives the genealogy and origin of the family, administrative officials, tanks, land grants to goddesses and house to her devotees, educational institutions and settlements of Brahmins Discussion This inscription has identified that Tribhuvanamalla is a title that was used by Guhalladeva based on the inscription found at Murud and Kadaroli inscription Source: Desai P.B. "Copper plate grant of Kadamba Tribhuvanamalla". E.I. )00( i. COPPER-PLATE GRANT OF KADAMBA TRIBRUVANAMA.LLA; SAKA 1028 womarellgamw(rowlimitortogg.?o,d4,1relaw) ''.P.!,-d3[,),9, 11/41W.1M.1491,11,Vit7giRt0.30,TRFIggg.":5K1...,. ' ''.."371f.q'51N(11173c?IiR7:47P,113,r7(..4arg5;1(0(1;N(1(;A:.-_ ':;1sjO rvkifjo7jw( p4( C711 :-T IT ' 0 t.. 77:031T.1.3g ,RallUfr,7115(71,7' c Ii-Vt&qiq3 d, ;114TANItarOMT, '957,9 1M TILI.,2q,71Pttil TT ftnicioift (7.4fci'llititiivt:l',44cm,37113;7,7) T 51W(V.Ī(PaNT4RIIR11051aAi rfiql, TO 40'477 P:C*I'NU,{15iiiffUT,Tygic i 18.11P t.p;tt-wivtt,it3teagfilr 7,1 7p0?Ti.4:, -41(RfriaqiliglaaNNA(747AITRTP:1157 ;r9f1anifig- 115TlettINRUM(Tii"341, Ti?t7143iff nlaliggirracw QW(Ca7JWI POEUTil FitTlatasNeNRIC3PROVI-1.11FW9RPRIM10,14 l'011tairmartglimip61017 lidgm (71ri'iNIT 9a&Rcl,1111f (TVIilfRI I qffyiniconiormi OfRilifir3 97 TOMIIM gitilff&vvitildg fflf q1111wmtu kt # gloqma InFqrepall, 1 I 4thagmOgiai zrariildi,?(t ivequancimaftvilim imvimivamoogrira:t6i, ftl gamma inumwt ':"Mil;;,(VO Ram/y*3 wimp'.trr(5,c. ilit (In nislikai WI RA maidi 44./kri-gaRizt( kll 011 fitiglk 1 (1 AR T ret R a R lfthi Rill.'q5 Wal VIM RI% oegm.. ilm (44 WIRCIRTIORPARRNIMRP ORM 4 RiliglarN ingig 114MMER J E 3(11 34 grignifigim MEgfeiii PrOITI FiIMIVE114 A' _ :7 Ikli TR I Riti 36 Fin m(+71ri TORII ival

30 13. Kadaroli Inscription of Guhalladeva III Contents in Brief: The inscription acknowledges the suzerainty of Tribhuvanamalla who is regarded as the asylum of all worlds, lord of the earth, great king of kings, supreme lord, ornament of the Chalukyas and glory in the of Satyasraya who was prospering in the 23 rd year of the Chalukya Vikrama era. This records states that Mahamandaleshwara Govaladeva attained Pancha Mahasabdha. He is regarded as the great lord of the best of cities Banavasi and was ruling from his capital Palasike 12,000. He is also mentioned as the great lord of the best of cities by name Gopaka surrounded by tributaries belonging to GuhaladeVa which he received as a boon from Padmavati who was flourishing at Kadaravalli and in return he gave a piece of paddy land from Kadaravalli. Significance: It throws light on a no of titles acquired by Guhalladeva who owed his allegiance to Chalukya Satyasraya. He was the lord of the best city of Gopaka probably Gopakapattana which is surrounded by the tributaries of Mandovi and Zuari. Source: Ritri, Shrinivas. "Inscription from Kadaroli". journal of Karnataka University. Social Science, Inscription from Kadarolii 433

31 14. (Arlin] Stone Inscription of Jayakeshi II Contents in Brief: This inscription states that Jayakeshi III ruled for 36 years. It also refers to Hatihala who fought and died attaining success for tolls. Significance: This inscription will enable us to know the no of years Jayakeshi ruled 15. Dharwad Inscription of Jayakeshi It Contents in Brief: During the 43 1"d regnal year of Kadamba Jayakeshideva the dignitaries of the Agrahara of Huppavalli were assembled and placed the goddeses Mahalakshimi and granted paddy lands, offerings for the goddess. The grant was made by the king when he was ruling over Halasige, Dharwad, Narendra and Pattanadasetti, physician, Koti-setti, sasanasetti, granted one satteya of paddy from the income of the town and nine pavas for the lamp and the gentlemen of the town in the presence of the leaders of the town granted for the chaitra worship of the goddess. Significance: This inscription is not related to Goa directly but indirectly relates to information on measures of liquid and grains as well as the extent of the ruler and other members of the society who functioned in the town. It also refers to goddeses Mahalakshimi who was worshipped for prosperity 434

32 16. Asoge Plate of Kadamba Jayakeshi Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant of the village Kupattoggarika at Kampana, Kalagiri with all facilities and without any disturbances till the famous Chaturgat as its boundaries to the east, to Sivasakti, a store of penance for the worship of god Galagesvara, for the repairs of his temple and for the accomplishment of satras on auspicious occasions such as Ghaitra and Pavitra. This was composed by Somadeva son of Trailokyadeva of Upamanya gotra and engraved by an artisan Ramadeva by the order of the king. Significance The grant gives the genealogy and origin of the Kadamba family. Here Trilochana Kadamba is said to have resided in Konkana which is full of betel and ASOGF, PIATF:,; UP KADAMI:A SAYAKF,siN (11); SAKA " aVirif,rfl 51 ;41 ; - -7,,i,f0:';f4K41qi*M7-11AFFiqlq-74;71FaiT17/1 Fr-77, 7 WINT:0 7aqlqqlqii\992,q11rfiqt';IF, giiiwfiffi9gmmit71firar994aaq'geti-7,.7,7a1; fflgi.114rirq 94t,.7c:71Eligrqt-qqnr 1-75.(.1hqe,i*ta14. -W 9[ 4*T-111-Ttrirtq-1;= 7-Q,11M-I19tql 1r11 9ratTA. ra viro, -771 crgi 3iiiiqiiRtqlfT_III(MMq14(4giTiqqtui R31,11:31711 ffa.giqq41(7 3}TIMIWN1 gitifi r4r;q7awgitka.tiritificet banana trees. Jayakeshi is given the title as Rayapitamaha for defeating the Cholas and Chalukyas Jayakeshi II made Bhogapura his abode. Discussion: This inscription is compared to the Kiri-Halasige plates it also states that the Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI gave his- daughter Mailalamahadevi the younger sister of Somesvara III to Jayakeshi II. It also extends the reign of Jayakeshi to another eight years Source: Khare, G. H. "Asoge plate of Kadamba Jayakesin II". E.I. XXVI, 1941, pp '_'2 24 is rwl , 77?.?ifr)-r.r_i,]7.:RTIRaVOIPPROrkcTrwi(7(TFth-a q;, 1*, Tr7TWRt7MTWglittrTC(11((447-11jIC7477: 1.;ZMI rvf-3: PPffitliT 7 t , -1:?-4717'; g71314(fr570167!?,;,:(y," 7(771 d. /:7q4.PT-,77q1o3wqicl,r21194-,-1,315iPt-,TII5fr TRT,R41.((q, -1 1.F7Arq4-01-FAaFIT`:T '-;71:1:;11 l',4771'11011vmf ; : L e ek. RrIl RI( Aṟj 7 '47-t tpv tv199 q 4171VPX 9,11 fliqir:1137m1,:pziolar-1119 q4:tiertri(7107 oi:11 4-1,1[91grii (rrir mo RI q-( w-3' v. g-wm(tra-4747tr3naalile:ficiq 7(13 j 7714: 147,7: r7:7; r: v. 435

33 17. Viragal of Shivachitta Tribhuvanamala Contents in Brief: This hero stone refers to the rule of Sivachitta Sri Tribhuvanamalla bearing the epithet Banavasipuraradiisvara and as the worshipper of god Saptakoteshwara. It belongs to the Kadamba family of the 13 th century. 18. Inscription of Permadideva on a slab in front of Kalameshwara temple Contents in brief: The record registers a grant of land and a matha made to Tejorasi-Pandita by Chavunda- Gavunda of Nigunde while Mahamandaleshwara Guvaladeva of the Kadamba dynasty was 4overning Konkanmandala from his capital Gove in 1112 A.D. 19. Inscription of Shiyachitta Vira Permadideva on a slab 1160, 1163, 1173 Contents in Brief: There are three records of the Kadamba chiefs engraved on stone and belong to three different regnal years. The first record is during the 14 th regnal year of Vira-Permadideva it states that the Kadamba chief T'ermadi was ruling over Konkan 900, Palasige and Velugrama 70 from his capital at Gove when his subordinate Chavara Dandanatha built a temple of Somesvara at Kurusampagadi and made a gift of land, garden, houses and oil for the worship and offering after having the feet of Srotriyadeva. The donor is described as Mahapradhana, Senadhipati, hadapaval, manevegadde and gupta Bhandari. The second record is during the 17 th regnal year it states that on this day 500 svamins of Ayyavple, the settis of Piriya Gobburu, Kunilagere, Sedimba Polavase, Purigeri, Lokkigundi, Hanumgalla-nadu, Marugidge, Gangapura and 436

34 Erambarage. Nanadesa, settis and Settigutas of Kurusampagadi in Halasige made a grant of income from taxes to the same temple after having the feet of Saktisivadeva on the occasion of Uttarayana- Samkramana and lunar eclipse. The last part records register a gift of income from taxes on merchandise or a toll at the rate of 20 for every cart that may be loaded carried on backs of bulls, buffaloes and donkeys to god Somesvaradeva by the settiguttas, Mummuridandas and Nanadesas of four pattanas who had assembled as Mahanadu at Kiru Sampagadi in 1173 in his 26th regnal year. Significance This inscription praises Mailmahadevi mother of Permadideva and Vijayaditya followed by titles of sivachitta vira permadideva as Ryapitamaha, lord of th western ocesn, emperor of the konkan, gread mandaleshwara supreme lord of Banavasipura, possessor of the musical instrument Permatti who governed Konkan 900, palasige 17, Inscription of Sivachitta and Vishnuchitta 23 rd and 25 regnal year. Contents in grief: The record registers two grants made on two different dates the first begins with an invocation to god Anantavira Vakrama Narasimha of Palasige installed by Matayogi Matesa. It then gives the genealogy of the Kadamba chiefs of Goa down to Permadi alias Sivachitta. This chief made a gift of the village Sindavalli in Kalangiri Kampana of palasidesa for worship and offerings in the temple of god Narasimha and made it over to Matayogi. The gift was made at the instance of his mother. This record composed by Nagavarma was now written by Madhusudana Sun dated in the year 4270 kaliyuga 23 m regnal year. In the 25 th regnal year of Vishnuchitta Vijayaditya younger brother of Permadi Sivachitta on this day the chief Vijayaditya made a gift of the village 437

35 Bhalika situated in Kalagiri Kampana of Palasidesa to the same god both the gifts were made free from all taxes and this record was composed by Devasarma, written by Yajnesvara Sun at the end of the record it declares that Sankarya the disciple of Matesa found this record on copper plate and then engraved it on stone. 21. Inscription of Sivachitta and Kamaladevi 1174 Contents in brief: The inscription throws light on the origin and genealogy of the Kadamba dynasty Kamaladevi Wife of Shivachitta from their capital at Gopakapuri wanted to make a grant to Brahmans at Degamve and set an agrahara with the consent of mother, minister and Purohita Sri Vindyavasibhattopadyaya in the presence of Sri Saptakoteshwara. The village Degamve as an agrahar grant together with wood, tolls, taxes and naks Danachintamani thirteen spans in length excluding water and stones consisted of 16 nirvatanas, 150 nirvatanas of betel plants and 60 nirvatanas of fields producing small grains. Each share was given to Brahmans of various Charanas and gotras. Five shares to god Sri Kamaleswara, five to Kamaianarayana, two and half to goddesses Sri Mahalakshimi, three shares and three fourth for a dining hall, one share for explaining shastras, three fourth for teaching Rig-Veda, three fourth for instructions in Yajurveda half a share for teaching children, half a share for a drinking place and fire place, teaching Ghalikadhyaya ten nirvatanas, 188 kammas in a rice field, 10 nirvatanas, 500 Kammas in a field of small grains and 2 nirvatanas 720 kammas in a betel nut field for a tank of Devingere, 900 nirvatana and 822 kammas in rice field yielding small grains, a house of rice field measured by a cows hide which had been given to Rishi devabhattopadhyaya of Kasyapa gotra were given to all shares and the queen gave to the sons Narasimhabhallopadhyaya and Ishwarabhattopadhyaya three eighth of a share. 438

36 Each total 47 shares and three fourth and all surplses was allotted to the sharers and it was the duty of the merchants to provide for the sacrificial and conservation rites of the god. This was written by Annayya Sujana, son of Chandreswara, composition of Govindadeva 22. Inscription of Kadamba Kamaladevi on a pillar of a temple 1174 A. D. Contents in Brief: Kamaladevi daughter of Kamabhupa and Chattaladevi and queen of Sivachitta at the command of the queen Tippoja the Sutradhan of sri Bankeswaradeva and son of Holojo, sutradhari of Havinabage skiled in making shrines and images and Bagoja the Pratapasutradhari built the temples of sri Kamalanarayana and Mahalakshimi in Degarnve granted to brahmans. 439

37 11. Qadasivagad plates of Kadamba Vijayaditya Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the gift of land by Vijayaditya situated within the boundaries of the village Aruvige included in the tract of Marruvattugadalu along with wealth, water and trees to goddesses Arya Bhagavati to a Brahman of Bhardvaja gotra named Govinda well versed in the science of Astronomy and son of Keshava and father of Kapardi. Significance: The inscription gives the origin and genealogy of the Kadambas upto Shivachitta Permadideva and Vijayarka or Vijayaditya II the son of Jayakeshii II and Mailala Mahadevi. Discussion: The inscription is compared to the Halsi Inscription which throws light on his reign. It is said that Vijayaditya after the dead of his brother Shivachitta ruled independently and not conjointly along with Shivachitta and is said to be the devotee of Vishnu and is regarded on the present seal as Vishnudasa i., ; ill, ` ti:, t4:, $ 4' 1le 4 r n -3: -, 7, -.:7.,;- L -, - -- ''',...,7.,.,a't :.,,--,, -..,-$. '',-k, , 7 ---;,:: 7. 7 T, tr?317-ar -rti.q.74.? 6 n- 9,-1;- i ;7-, 7 7 t'r : :=7;cf T-'?/ r73 C=', 71 r"4-ti7cr IM'I '3QC/ t r a,. 7- %-f7tv'tq 7c7rd ; TT:7;11,7, ;741. g 74- f.-t4 c4-0-1,71-7 {?,5: ,-,,g-v- -.,%-,-,-,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,. -,,:,,,..,.,,,,.,,,..., 3t7'3,, i-,,--idt, _-,,,,,,-_ norn,,.. A 'f': 7';' 7' - ' ;'3 "r--z:: r17 7:i7 7:---1 ::z lirlff,17-,71: ,rM I11-7-qc:-Ii-. r.., ' ' -' :-'1 C-1 - ' 't, ')141f 714 ii ) :1,t.711:::Y:1 1.7r7 't114f77.:4 R(i'n' :. :.''' 1 -p70 :.:-)C1.7r ,-57rn-7' ----ifiz,-ria -.:-, 1-7 -,!-Piq--1,j41 --(-7-,(hiri.:,---7.7,.,in,i - _, -,- Si41A1, 114': Source: P.B. Desai. "Sadasivagad plates of Kadamba Vijayaditya". E.I. XXIX, 1951, pp S1-44 -s{-r715''"" " 71921:70-13,1271.7%."1 Il'in-7144'f7fT-"7 1:11; '"W :7!--72-; ; :7777, 1 4;r-.: '313r"' :=1 +77 T-7.77 (1:14-7: FC.7 Z5C.;7 c7 : f4'gr:;tt:e77:7 i :46':7;I' 7:17.2r1; 7,7:144;:a '

38 r. Gandivoya Copper Plate Grant of Shasthadeva II/III? Contents in brief: Copper plate records the grant made by Shasthadeva II/III? having titles such as "Paschimasamudradhisa" "the lord of the western ocean" during the 8th regnal year. this grant is made in the presence of god Mahabaleshwara of Gokarna, it states that a gift of village Gandivore situated in Ajjagave-Kampana of Panasadesa was gifted to attain Prosperity in his kingdom to Lakshmidhara and his elder brother who were sons of Jyotisha Lokanarya and his wife Sridevi and grandson of Daivajna Narayan an his wife Kamala who belonged to the Atreya gotra. Along with the village other gifts such as nidhi (treasure trove) Nikshepa (deposits), danda (fine), dosha (fine), aputrika (property of the childless), sulka GADIVORE GRANT OF SHASHTHADEVA KALI YEAR 4357 F1t A clr4rḻitifr7,97,mt-713d-_, V"MTizil 61,7-7] T 5e), TI t `f sr :.". 14 LA T51q(rirkill'71 '.: 71i 7t.,;7-flit i 7] 7;,A,r 7--,5`71;t4-7411;1- lqi?1 1,,11; ` It , - L4 771kt:Forl,,17 1,c_{.7if,,,.71, e1-1: ;TI4t,A119r3J.:7,7ifip.7,t77.W.ii;;; b -1 ; /7.,77; ' TI '-i- ' LTA :ClqaTA (T1) r7firt17, c5Mal 4 -E-17431itrIPc7.:itriq qval, 4 R q'rj/; 1:3 L3 41:D7h:fir-IT 71 f rtqq:it5i'fi 7,37 flitt:7,74, 7 fi9 - il1l71 7;ifilt,t1,1tilY3=1 (tolls), kara (major tax) and upakara (minor tax) this gift was given free from all imposts and it was enjoined that the gift of the former kings should be excluded from it and not to be interfered with by the royal officials. This record was composed by Padmanabha, son of Chatyanarya and grandson of Somanatha who was a learned person and written at the orders of the king, by Dhannaya, son of ii, a iii 4Friltr( M-?i c, ,Tidr(VM arrare5,941`; Ruppala Sreshthin. Significance: The inscription throws light religion with reference to God Saptakoteswara the family deity of the Qoa Kadambas, origin of the family from Trilochana Kadamba, genealogy of the family. title of king Shasthadeva place names, '''9.TMIZ(016/1!9, rwlitlgq71r.,0 irfrwitti r7-.4;78ri113::iirls13 0;9i iafii mitai Tai taxation, punishments, Darned men, and religion. Discussion: The ruler Shasthadeva II mentioned in the Inscription is Shasthadeva III who is the son of Tribhuvanamalla and Manika-devi also the inscription is dated to 1262 which is the rule of Shastha III and not Shastha II. This inscription is dated o the basis of Bankapur in the Dharwad district. Source: G.S. Gai. "Garidivore Grant of Shasthadeva II". E.I. XXXIV, 1958, pp

39 25. Gokarna Copper Plate Inscription of Kamadeva 1256 A.D. Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the gift of land by Kadamba Chakravarti Vira Kavadevarasa to Ahitagni Maheswara Bhatta of Visvamitra gotra and others at the agrahara village of Murur made in the presence of god Mahableshwara of Gokarna dated to 1256 A.D. It is a royal grant made by Kamadeva who is given different titles such as Chakravartin, Samadhigata Panchamahasabdha, Banavasipuravaradhisvara, Jayanti Madhukeswara deva-labdha-varaprasada. Significance: The inscription throws light on place names, genealogy of the kings in succession such as Vira-Taila-Kamadeva, land grants, titles of Kadamba kings, religion that is worship of Mahableshwara of Gokarna Discussion: The seal of this ruler is It Bull whereas of the Kadambas is of a lion. This symbol of a bull is said to have been adopted by the Pallavas and Kalachuri rulers so the question arises who is this king Kamadeva? Is he of the Hangal Kadamba who ruled Banavasi and other district or is he a chief associated with the administration of Shasthadeva II of Goa. Keeping in mind the political condition of Goa during this time and based on the stone inscription of Kambalikoppa in the Sagar taluk, Shimoga district which refers to Kadamba Chakravartin Kamadeva son of Taila of Chandaura which was his capital thus including him in the Goa Kadamba branch of rulers. Source: P.B. Desai.. "Gokarna Plate of Kadamba Kamadeva". E.I. XXVII, 1947, pp

40 26. Viragal of Biravarman Contents in Brief: Biravarman is regarded as Mahamandaleshwara, Panchamahasabdha and during his reign one of the feudatory chief died in.the naval battle and the viragal is set up in his name it is dated to Saka Varushaneya, Jayasamvatsara day of the dark of the year Jaya of the Saka year. 27. Copper Plate Inscription of King Bhima Bhupal of Goa 1351 A.D. Contents in Brief: Copper plate records the grant of land by king-bhimabhupal who belonged to the solar race of the Kshatriya and ruled over konkan from Gopakapurito Ravala Thakur son of Lakhama Thakur of Vatsagotra from the locality Bhagaravati from the village Pendina. This grant was made on the first day of the bright half of the month Pausa of the saka era 1273 corresponding to Significance: The inscription throws light on-the condition of Goa in 1351 by throwing light on a new king and his genealogy with the title of Niipati and Bhupati who ruled over Konkan with his throne at Gopakapuri, place- names, land grants to Brahmins in the village of Pendina. Discussion: This was probably a local chief who ruled over Goa after the fall of the Kadambas and when Goa was a tussle between the Vijayanagara and Bahamani rulers. It is dated on the saka era provided Source: Newsletter, "Korgaon Copper Plate of King Bhimabhupal 1351AD". Director of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Government of Goa. Vol I Nol :

41 28. Inscription at Narayin temple, Keri On this slab there is an inscription which reads Sirivauva of the 13 th century 29. Inscription on a slab at Kundneshwar temple, Bali (Quepem) It has a legend which reads as Kadamba Kula 30. Inscription on a Viragal at the temple of Mallikarjuna It records death of Vija4eu probably servant of Pranaji Thakur of 13 th century 31. Haralialli Inscription of Devagiri Yadava Singhana A.D. Contents in Brief: The inscriptions gives the genealogy of the Yadava dynasty from Mallugi Jaitugi who conquered the Andhra King Singhana II who conquered Gaulas, Hammiras and Cholas Vichana the viceroy who looked after southern part of his kingdom conquered with ease the Rattas, the Kadambas who were glorious in the Konkan, Pandyas, Hoysalas and other kings. It mentions a feudatory of Singhana II, the Dandesa Chikkadeva who established a colony of Brahmins and records that with the consent of the village headman Ramagaunda and of the Mahamandalesvara Joyideiia of the Gutta family Chikka.deva presented to these brahmans 30 shares each measuring two nirvatanas of land at the village Rittigrama along with boundaries of the land bestowed. Significance: The inscription throws light on the political condition during the last quarter of the 12th century during this time there was the downfall of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and the growth of two powers Hoysalas and Yadavas under the ruler Singhana II who overran the territory south of the river Krishna as far as the banks of the Kaveri during the same time the Kadambas were reduced to.the same faith as Vichanna the victorious general of Singhana II vanguished the Kadambas who were glourious in the Konkan. Source: Fleet, J. F. "Haralahali Copper Plate Grant of Devagiri Yadava Singhana H". J.B.B.R.A.S. 444,

42 _ APPENCOCIFDocumentadon of VItayanagara Inscriptions Sr Ne Nature Type Ne orplideo Liii, Beh, 11 Script 'swage Rider Prermonee Period Insignia Source 1 Stone Donative Nagari Sanslat Hatihara II Dhaiwad 1369 AD. Si I Vol XVIII 2 Stone Hale Mragal Donative Kannada Harihara II Old Goa 1380 AD. OJMS XIX 3/11.2/ Sanslerk/ JB.HS. Vol 3 Metal (CPI) Donative 5.11/3116 Nagari Kanarese Harihara II Hosahali 1384 AD. I 4 Stone Nagad Moretti Benaulim 14th A.D. 0.P. 22 Nagari/ 5 Metal (CR) Donative Telugu Sansiat Harihara II Ronda 1391 AD. IS Vol IV AMCS Vol 6 Metal Brass Donative 3 Devnagid Sanskrit Harihara 11 Chitradurg 1395 AD. Boar IX Narasa 6 Stone Donative Nagari Marathi Gosavvi Satan 1402 AD. O.P Stone Donative Nagan Marathi Devaraya I Ponda 1413 AD. J31-IS Vol IV 1432/ Stone Donative 3 Kannada Sanskrit Devaraya it Ponda AD AR.I.E.

43 Appendix I F: Documentation and Contents of the Vijayanagara Inscriptions 1. Goa Viragal of Harihara II 1380 Contents in Brief: This inscription states that Mahapradhana Mallappodeyas was a governor over his kingdom of Halve. It is said that Mallappodeyar went to war in the battle of Madiyagombhu and Timmanayaka of Muddakalu who belong to the same lineage of Mallappodeyar died in this battle and attained heaven and in his heroism his sons Muddanayaka, Birmnayaka and Kumannanayaka set it up and engraved by Anamandacharya. Significance: This inscription throws light on many titles acquired by Harihara II such as Maharajadhiraja, Rajaparamesvara, destroyer of hostile kings, champion over kings, extent and administration. Discussion: In 1380 the Kadamba chief made his last attempt to regain independence from Vijayanagara. Harihara sent an army to crush the rebellion in 1380 when Mallapp odeyar was ruling over Halve and in this battle which is referred to above Kadambas were routed under the command of Bachappa Odeyar who defeated the Konkan. Source: "Goa Viragal of the time of Harihara II of Vijayanagara." QINIS, Vol XIX, Banglore,

44 Hosahalli Copper Plate Inscription of Harihara A.D. Contents in Brief: The copper plate records that the grant was made on the 12 th day of the bright fortnight of Vaisakha in the saka year 1306 being the Raktakshi Samvatsara of a village Hosahalli situated in Kamalapura near Chandragutti to an agrahara established by Kame-dandanayaka, the prime minister of the Kasyapa gotra.. '''' 'a. i -r)-c- ; -7 ',T, ,;ff a -,. <- F;-)- -( TT (Clei ,3 al 9 T ;:17174(,..., 4]...,,, '1 '.l ' (Fi Fi rj tj 1.-,P q M 3-17".' (7..-j-lk,- :', 7,1 Tq'Fri 1,;, 3-, "i\, 15i 1 -, :',, 14-1 i, i), -1':;.(i.;..,, \-1 z'c rc) riz1 F: c1 ( Flirc-f 74) `.1 S- g(fi.75.;1 E1,'-17 7,-1,-}-ni -41 () gr(f1 ri:1)7;,.._. Aft 7,1.1 qcrt 7i FT 7r. sfri t! f ;.1., t1: : cl ;rit 4:4 n.'7571 tr`,"-- -"I 1:(9 t r :; (7-'9 A17 ' 7-.1, ( 1( '17'.1T 1j ,-1 1 rij i'ff11 11, '41 3P,:i T)'. a:" 71,--,7 - (11.--i`7,cP q_j z1(11-1(v"1. T 11 Th,a ) TIT) 71 cr)lel (aDoz1 The grant was made by his son Ballapa dandanayaka at the time of the performance of the Kushmandagana sacrifice having a fixed income, free from internal and external taxation and divided Kamalapura. into 25 division of maintenance. The names of the 25 brahmins holding the vrittis are given in the presence of god Pampadhisa, Harihara, the truthful leader of the eastern, western, southern and the north. Significance: The inscription throws light on the political history of the period under study. It throws ight on the genealogy of the Vijayanagara kings up to Harihara II starting from Anant Sangam, Bukka and Harihara II Source: Kundangar, K.G. "Hosahalli Copper Plate Grant of Harihara II". Journal of Bombay Historical Society '1J4 1 r,-f,ṭi. el -0-Pi Or', -4 1 it1 &- 71 T-; r:-ti 371 J-7 77,71 1 C.-T-TS7 \ T.1 : ( ; 7 z i A '77,t) - 7, '', ' 1 ) 1 -_1 ',7,.--r: 77, ' t,;,-,,,,,,!...,: i J.:ill --1 :I)' ci T,- 1, C..,i ", T:1i -i 1-71,-7I, (1-f,, c7:11 t.cz,''''i,. zei -Ty IT jr J.Ti ' J -7, ;7, ,--., c a._ I, -'1, All ( 7-, c.' - -- rt-,,,771, 3"1 _..1 c7=-1.-*iil (T-3 ril -I -7 -j - F, n,,. 1 (74,,,, 1(rfqF,Ti 7.t-: j '1,772_,71 41 )7(1' i v' -jd;:,";1 `77-7(.71-1 `i,}71 -i- s1 :Li ,-j,±7 -. ;TO?-71('';'i Fri :71 -i /3 1-=1 7, 7; -, -1 1 ',-7-',.;;J) 7.1:iFrj c 41 r;i1a f ?';:17),1 rti a,]1,9 7 ' Ti_ 514rTI 'l-17,,i(c -, T'i Y'c13 l 9, 1, -- 1:1, J fl :::i :744-T1-. 3 :' jill31.11: (I:11:: , riti71 T'::: '; :? ,,'I 7 _, -1-1,,,, i, _.. 7- A 1 -, _i 7: \-5- i, ; --: 4 /:... nri 7,i 'i- :-7,).-rrr -.. -t 0-,--11 jib.,.,,,,q,_ rii-ti,--, ;3; \ -(---: : -.1 T= -1 7 vi i -- -,- -:-,)- t-- ' 3:711 i ri l 7 1 (-1'' ):ri Frf ī71 1.'=',, s t ''' 71 ji ir Th47-.C'..4i72 i, :1 --, ii', j,711(i,.,, 71, _ 777,-1. Ti 1 rrit --,,, _,7 fri cry r-ri qi.. _ 1 7. ' 71 '7 1P-IFF7fTrtjf '' ' I c m 7,{ ii el il 1 ' ' 1 T-1 1.1,-?' : 7 zi - 7 '3, 19 t-r`b c ' ' ' (- 4c3111An lin3 11Crifl'' I -maa0,fi r3i iti , 7111 al0 EI;Y'c,Tri,z) -E1 r 71c-nr-' 7r) IT' ;- (in rig] 2ici-v9R1, _ r 4;( -jr fro, J T, ; --: (39 - -I'VliT 21 it, Fl Cji ryniallq_fil. u (3.:i &qa-l-f i-ik-5: 71 1`1713rj-1_ j-iry,r A111-4i1.)1E9 ar-w`i ril Z;{ CR. 3-1 it.7.13, r 'CI r_i ( A011t. i456, -31(.1i- I i -:,--5-ṟ,c.)jil 7TH lc "9F7,T-- k ittic1713-1q1/1?(6n30-45)..-w 1' F. :411-ri? 1:10 rrill(fifizi:34` -t7:th,, ' (-,, ;(-1 1(4-I2,7q ; q_ztt,-,11 :L 5. 1 ffi]pra4tiaair, :T1(901, 111) (1)171 9 lq0# 1 ''c 4'5- -'T: :!711 -iz, ti 76'7 'eit -Ti-IcTift-. 71:7- ',' '4 Vi r) (Igna fl7; 1r-71.;Ttng:4:l,7-1-ra CTTI r13? pa fl i 3 I ')! ":): - i' q-qq=ilz -c[ci 3.#1:9, J-K; [

45 3. Inscription of Vijayanagara Ilarihara A.D. Contents in Brief: This record states that Vira Harihara 'the great king', 'the great god of all kings' was ruling the kingdom. He conquered the whole earth by his power and might and became the king of the east, west and south with his throne in Goa. Madhava son of Choundibhata was the viceroy of Harihara who was well versed in Upanishads, Vedas, Sruti and Smritis who purified the Bhardawaja family established the linga of Saptakoteshwara at Divar who received favours from all enemies. Madhava made a grant of land to Brahmins for sustenance in the name of his mother Machambika which included the following, the taxes amounting to 128 Rajyatankas and 22 Jaithalas obtained from Gowali village and 39 Rajyatankas and 12 Jinthalas from the village Mouli which amounted to 167 Rajyatankas and 34 Jinthals. These two villages were located in the middle of 300 gardens and destitute of all disturbances such as pangu. The village gifted was bounded to the east by the enclosure of the chief road, to the south the lower region in the middle of Gowali and Manini, to the west the river running in slanting direction of the Talvali and Bhattika village and north the path caused by streams during the raining season thus this village was, called Manchalapura after his mother Machamba He also built a dam on the tank called Manchalasamudra, the water arising from the mountains in the middle of east and west was called Madhava firth this water was given for the cultivation of betel tree which were grown recently: He also built the town called Brahmapuri consisting of beautiful buildings. The grant was given in the presence of his family god Triyambaka, god Saptanath and king for the merit of his mother to 12 Brahmins free from all taxes imposed by kings. All these Brahmins were well versed in Vedic literature and there were certain rules and obligations put forth 447

46 If any of them abandon the grant and go elsewhere his share shoud be divided and by al the others living there Any new comer should take over the share which is without a owner with the consent of its householder living there The sale of ones share should be done with the consent of all Punishments would be imposed by the king who sells and buys ones share without the consent of all Besides presents and other things which are given on Diwali day should be taken by the king and all others taxes on swords, taxes on small boats in the four rivers and other taxes should be divided between the king and all. The writers, merchants, gardeners, boatmen washerman, charioteer, mechanics, cultivators of betel trees, shoemaker and artisans should be given ten pots of grains and one Karuka. This grant should be acceptable to all as it is given for the grantee and his families in the presence of peasants and citizens near the countries of Salcette, Antruz, Bardez, Goa and Saptati and should be obeyed by the future kings in their own times for the attainment of merit which will be got from obeying it. Ramachandra request again again to obey it and considers protection to be the highest virtue and whoever does good to Brahmins he will acquire divinity of Achyuta otherwise will suffer in hell and whoever takes away a cow ratika, daughter, land will be in hell and should not be taxed and those who don't inform will be considered murderers of Brahmins: Significance: This inscription throws light on Madhava Mantri the viceroy of Harihara II and his contribution to Goa in terms of the establishment of the linga at Saptakoteshwara, construction of the dam called Manchalsamudra also called as Madhava tirtha establishment of the Brahmapuri references to coins taxation, professions, place names, festivals literature and religious aspects. 448

47 4. Chitradurg Brass Inscription of Harihara II 1395 A.D. Contents in Brief: This inscription records King Sangama who had five sons Harihara, Campa, Buccaraya who was sovereign of the earth Marappa and Mudgapa Bucca was the most celebrated among the five sovereign of the earth and compared to Arjuna among the Pandavas. The Turashcas, Concanas, Andhras, Cambhojas and Calingas were afraid of his war like array. He destroyed the hostile chiefs to defend the Hindu raya and made Vidyanagari a city. Gaurambika became his queen who got a son Harihara. In the year 1317 on the banks of the river Tungabhadra adorned by the mountain Hemacuta in the presence of the deity Virupacha Harihara made a grant to the descendants of Bharadvaja, the wife Vishnudischita Pattabardhi, son of Vachespati Bhila and to the learned Anantadiscita son of Ramabhatta descendents of Vasistha inhabitants of Ruchangi the fertile and all productive village of Mederahalli Hariharapura situated in the midst of Bhilichedra east of the village called Arisicer, south of Gandichehalli west of Pallavacata and north of Bhudihalli a place to be honoured by all. Significance: This inscription is important as it gives the genealogy of the Sangama kings who had five sons and among them Bucca was the most important as he was brave and feared by all. 4. Dharwad Stone Inscription of Harihara II 1396 A.D. Contents in Brief: Records that Sangama, son of Mallapa a jaina devotee and son of Sankhadeva who was the son of Muddara-Sreshthi of Pulikana died by the rite of Samadhi and that Nemanna made a grant of land for offering to the god Parsvanath Svami of 449

48 Sangur in order that merit might accrue to his father and ancestors. Mallappa is the Senadhipathi of Madhava who was governing Goya when Chakravarti Harihara was ruling and Mangapa dandanatha was his minister the village Chandapura was granted to Mallapa. Significance: It throws light on the ministers during the time of Harihara II and extent of the kingdom of Madhava. 5. Inscription of Devaraya I 1413 A.D. Contents in Brief: This inscription states that in the year 1335 the great emperor Shri Pratap Devaraya was ruling his whole kingdom very efficiently in Vijayanagara. He had put his religious head Nanjanna Gosavi on the throne of Goa. The inscription states that the headman Rama Naik, Naganna Naik, Rama Prabhu, Mage along with all the people of the town gifted the village of Bandewad on Mai Senveya, son of Purusha Senveya and certain conditions were laid down. In this town thqre is god Naganath and Gopal Bhatta, head of the Veda Khavdika family were to give every year for the lamp of goddesses shri Mahalakshimi 12 pots of oil. Separately, Mai Senaveya took 20 from the people of the town and gave it to the head of that family by pouring water with a piece of gold making the grant free. Mai Senaveya gave it on the condition that every year a series of lamp should be burnt and Gopal Bhatta should give 17 pots of oil each containing 16 measure or 51 pots of 16 measure for all three together. It could be of sesamum, coconut oil or ghee, 400 earthen lamps, string for wicks and celebrate the lamp festival. To god Naganath he should worship him at night with scent, incense, light and other presents such as one fourth rice, one and half pot of ghee of 16 measure each sweat meats, 8 vade Kandhariyas, two vegetables and one vida. 450

49 To goddesses Mahalakshimi she should be worshipped with scent, incense,. lamps and presents such as one fourth rice, one Gidu of ghee, sweetmeats; four vade, vegetables and one vida along with mantras which were to be repeated by worshippers Near the pillar of lamps he should offer 2 Gida's and Mai Senaveya gave 3 and one and half to Gopal.Bhata and to the other 2 family heads and this. should be followed by the future generation of Gopal Bhatta in the temple of God Naganath two series of lamp should be burnt. The whole village had given to Mai Senaveya field of Nagazari by taking 50? The 'grant has been given to Mai Senaveya along with pouring of water and gold and he should offer 8 fold oblations every day containing 16 p, 1 ka, and thrashed rice 1 Gida. The son of Laksman Senaveya gave to Vital Senaveya a land and that every morning he had to offer 8 oblations to goddeses Mahalakshimi. The priest of the temple taking the field should offer to the goddeses a bath, scent, incense and thrashed rice one gida and present with vida. This religious law should be observed by the village and the authorities should abide by it Significance: The inscription throws light on administration and its officials, religion, offerings to gods and goddesses, measures, type of oil, fields, lamp festival and nature of law. 451

50 APPENDIX I Documentation of NumlemsPic Evidence Sr No!imbue Re & she Script Ruhr Preys/me Need Obverse Reverse Source Remarks 1 Stier 2 Roman Roman Constantine War AD. Face of the emperor and Imp Constantinus pf Aug Apatur Piar Museum 2 Stier 100/1.8grns Silahara Sridarpancita Har al 3 Stier 01/ Silahara StrivachiltalVrsnu chitta? Indian Museum Calcutta Trishula, sun, moon & De re Sri dara V.D.Gaude 1976 Lion,sun & main Sasaka-Gu- Chktadevah Indian Museum Calcutta 4 Gold 1 Kadamba Jayakeshi II Mapusa lion facing left Sri Malavarama ri Senhor Ferran 5 Gold 1 Kadamba Jayakeshi II Pernem lion facing left and urnbrela Sri Malavarama ri Viscount of Pemem 6 Gold/ half Pana 210.2/ /1.358 Kadamba Chandor Lion Trishul IHRI Lion, legend Saptakobsaabdha-varavira- Jayalceshide Va. Malavarama 7 Gold Nagari Kadamba Jayakeshi II Potrnbai Pramodha Prarnodha ri JI35RAS 8 Gold Nagari Kadarrira Jayakeshi II Mumbai Maya Lion, legend Vljaya 9 Gold Nagari Kaciamba Sivachitta Mapusa Kiaka 10 Gold Nagari & Hale Kannada Kadarrtra Sivachitta Goa Velh a Playa 1/52 Lizn with a ball in mouth, Legendl4laka Swastika Legend Plava Saptakotisaabdha-vary 11-1q1 vira- devesvara- Malavarama ri Sivachitta 3 times Senhor Ferran IFIRI Defeated Maavas crign of the Kadomba famiy

51 11 Gold 1 Nagari Kadamba 12 Gold 1 Nagari Kadamba Soyideva/Tnbhuvana mob Soyidevarrnbhuvana malla Bahudhanya Lion, Bahudhanya Lion with ball in mouth Saptakotrev ara-ch aran a abdha-vara Elliot collection Charnadevashasth a-sovadeva Elliot collection 13 Gold 1i43628grri0. 125cm/2.11c rn Nagari & Kannada Kadamba Sivachitta Satara Sabha Krita AD. lion, mast*, sun, moon Sivachitta subhakrita SC VIII S.G.Ghopate 14 Gold m/01 65cm/2.11cm Brahmi & Kannada Kadamba Guhalladeva III Karad Lion floral design, Efrahmi letter, legend Gu-va-ha floral design SIC VIII S.G.Ghopate 15 Gold 1/10.535grr cm/0.590c rn Kadamba Sangli Trident Floral design (lotus) SC VIII S.G.Ghopate 16 Gold 57/0.7569m cm10.72c m Kadamba Karad variant trident SC VIII S.G.Ghopate 17 copper grn / 1.4cm Kannada \hjayanagara Devaraya it AD. camel Legend Devaraya,sword SIC VIII H.Oruganti 18 Slyer 1/6mm rn Nagai \hjayanagara Devaraya II elephant De va ra ya SC VIII H.Orugand 19 copper 1/16mm/3339 m Kannada thjayanagara Devaraya II elephant Gaja be ra ya SIC VIII H.Orugand 20 Copper 1/16mmr3.59 rn Kannada \Ajayanagara Devaraya H elephant Raya gaja sea da bruda SC VIII H.Orugand

52 21 Copper 1/16mm m Kannada lajayanagara Devaraya II elephant ya ma di de va ra ya SIC VIII H.Orugand 22 Gold 1/10mrrif1.65g m Nagari Mjayanagara Ramachandra Narayan and Lakshini on a pedestal Sri pra to pa ra ma ch a clra SC Nilll H.Orugand 23 copper 1/1.4grn Kannada hjayanagara Harihara I Tarninadu Standing tiger legend Han hara A.Sethaeaman,SIC VII ink between Hoysala and Viasranagar a coinage &ring Harihara and Bukka 24 Gold 1/13mm/3.38g m Kannada Vijayanagara Harihara II Hanuman Sri Vira/Pratapa Ha/Ohara Nityananda Pal collection,sic IX During his rule over Kerala and Konlcan after 15 years of his accession 25 Gold 1/34gmf1.3c m Nagari Vijayanagara Standing Ganesh legend R.Gopal, SIC V1 26 Copper 1/2cms Add Shah Ismael Ad Shah Plot Rar Museum

53 Appondx It Documontidlon of Sculptures Sr No Naners Name Provenance Period ' likardefans Symbol Source Canary Amalie& 1 stone Yakshi Ciharbandora 14th AD. 57 / 70 River Goddeses GSM stone Yakshi Kothambi 12th AD. 74 /41 River Goddeses GSM stone Yaksha Kothambi 12th AD. 70 /42 River Goddeses GSM stone Nagadevta Talaui 10th A.D. 80 / 50 Snake worship GSM stone Mragal Ponds Medeival 90 / 30 Hero worsh4) A.S stone Mragal Cuncoirn 12th AD. 90 / 50 Hero worship ASJ stone Mragal Flame '11th AD. 90 / 25 Hero worship ASJ 4, stone Mragal Bondla 12th AD. 109 /60 Hero worship ASJ stone Mragal Malcomem 12th AD. 94 /41 Hero worship A.S.! D stone Mragal not known 14th AD. 95 / 30 Hero worship A.S stone Mrtgal Agasim Medeival 92 / 32 Hero worship A.SJ stone Mragal Cuncolm Medeival 110 /45 Hero worship A.SJ stone Sat stone Malcomem Medeival 100 /45 Sat ASJ stone Sat stone Beithki 12th AD. 100 /49 Sat ASJ stone Sat stone Malcomem Medeival 88 /45 Sat ASJ stone Sat stone Bethld 12th AD., 98/48 ASJ stone Shivlinga Chandor 11th A.D. 45 / 39 Shiva worship ASJ stone Vetal Sarzora Medeival 100 / 55 Folk river gods AS.I stone Vetal Betakiatim 12th AD. 175 / 50 Folk river gods ASJ stone Warrior Old Goa 11th AD. 78 /40 dress of solider ASJ stone Lakshmi South Goa 12th AD. 60 /42 Goddeses of weath ASJ stone Bhairava Cortalim 12th AD. 70 / 54 Form of Shiva A.SJ stone Maheshvara Curdi 10th AD. 79 / 53 Form of Shiva A.SJ stone Ganesh Chandor 11th A.D. 60 / 68 God of well being ASJ ,stone Mshnu Savoi Verem 12th AD. 12D / 80 preserver ASJ 1' 32D 26 stone Surya Qedi 13th AD. 59 / 39 Sun God A.SJ stone Mragal Malcomem 12th AD. 91 /43 Hero worship,asj stone Mra_gal Velcao 12th AD. 76 / 38 Hero worst:i) ASJ stone Mragal Malcomem 12th AD. 220 / 50 Hero worship ASJ D stone Gajalakshmi Carambolim 9th AD. 104 / 65 Goddesses of wealth ASJ stone Gajalakshmi Charban dors 17th AD. 90 / 118 Goddesses of wealth GSM 1 32 scb3ne Ganesh Verna 10th A.D. 50 / 35 God of well being GSM 1 33 stone Mragal Malcomem,12th A.D.,80 /41 Hero worship GSM stone Mragal Khandepar 12th AD. 95 / 50 Hero worship,gsm stone Sat stone Deusua 11th AD. 42/37 Sat,GSM 1 36 stone Sat stone Sanguem 13th AD. 95 / 39 Sati GSM 1 6:3

54 Appendix IV Site Notary Data Collection Form Geophysical Data Site description Site No. Site Name Village Name lat/lcng Taluka District State Historic Name Culture Period:.AncientiMedieval/Modern Natured the Site: Area Condition of the Site disturb/undisturbed Cause of disturbance Environmental Data Ecological zone Climate Vegetation Temperature: Max/Min Rainfall: Max/Min Mean Sea- level Direction of Wind Drainage System Water Sources: river/pcnds/wellslothers Local name of river Nature of Irrigation Geomorphology Rocks Type of rodcs Soil His' Laical data Historical remains Name of the remains Nature of remains Locatim Method of collection Antiquities Objects / Material/ LoaticniRernarks Ethnographic Data: Canunmity Religion Specific Social customs Local induaries Folk tales related to sites Documentation PhotographNidedDrawing/Others Recornmendaticri General Description czenasidnizaunta Prevailing Topography: murrains, hills platens Landfams at Site: hill top / valley Historic dating: Insaipticn numismatic manuscripts others Kings Name Dynasty r Regnal year_era Reference Probable date Date 454

55 , 11 ek Appendix V Pottery Analysis 4K 1. ()RAN G& 1\4 ',.,,,,,, :441.t.,,,,k.60,4,,,,,,,,iter4 M Re ware i 1 &I q al 4.votoo.t..,...N..44\iliv.,...,,..k "4,..,,, q M '! ::, k 4,tv :-...--kr.440.c,,...i,.04,,4,,,,t,,..,,,..,,44,) i :,,,,4.0.0k,-10,44«,..40,4, ,+-4, 101, -%.0%..4.e4e*"!4 il F NI BRowiv a (s; q 61 3 " '11447'"4"A-m41 M BROWN M 1 61 k li. 1 t!; q ' i1 n 7) ,00 L;0.00 Fig 1: A visual comparison identical to one another. pattern. If Quartz is high par, In sample no 4 Quartz and 3 Quartz is high, but sample no Three. of the sample shows that sample 1,2,3,4 is not There are different variations in the mineral in sample no 1 along with a high peak of Felsis low without any Felspar. But in sample no 2 not similar as there is presence of Felspar in Fig 2: The XRD of the sample 5 and 6 do not match with the mineral patterns of sample 7 and 8 neither do they match with the local clay sample of Gopakapattana.

56 61RE7 WARE LOCAL 6\ U. 9. M ICA BR01,\IN N Cq Fig 3: The XRD spectrum of sample 11 shows no peaks of mineral MontmovilloriLe, as well as the peaks ul Quartz are low and it is seen as matchin with the local fired clay of the-site so considered to be local. Sample nc 10 shows a very high peak of Quartz. Sample no 9 Felspar is high and Quart: is low. a M i3lack (9, &) 4 61.LA55 BLACI.c lq, Fig 4: The mineral pattern present in sample 14 is identical with sample no 3 and that of sample no 13 is identical to sample 5 showing high pea'- -.E. of Quartz and no peaks of Felspar.

57 Fig 5: Showing mineral pattern of clay samples of fired and unfired Kaolinite is present in the unfired clay and when fired Kalonite is duced. As this sample is similar to sample no 11 it is considered t local. M: Montmovillorite, Q: Quartz, F: Felspar, Au: Augite, K: ite. Kz

58 RESULTS OF POTTERY ANALYSIS SAMPLE COLOUR MUNSELL SCALE THICKNESS (cm) FABRIC PROVENANCE MINERAL 1 orange 2.5yr,6/8 0.5 light red 2 red 5yr,7/6 0.6 reddish yellow 3 brown 5yr,5/4 0.5 reddish brown 4 brown 10yr,5/8 0.4 yellowish brown 5 grey 7.5yr,N7/ 0.3 light gray 6 grey 7.5yr,N4/ 0.8 dark grey 7 cream 2.5yr,8/2 0.6 white 8 cream 2.5yr,8/2 0.6 white 9 - mica 5yr,5/3 0.3 brown reddish brown 10 red 10yr,4/8 1.0 red 11 grey 7.5yr,N5/ 0.7 gray 12 black 2.5yr,N3/ 0.3 very dark grey 13 brown 10yr,4/2 0.4 dark grayish brown Mont; Montmovillorite, Q; Quartz, F; Felspar Kaol; Kaolinite. coarse non-local Mont,Q, coarse non-local Mont,Q coarse non-local Mont,Q, coarse non-local Mont, coarse non-local Mont,Q coarse non-local Mont,Q coarse non-local F,Au,Q coarse non-local F,Au,t coarse non-local Mont,Q fine non-local Mont,( coarse local Q,Kao coarse non-local Mont coarse non-localmont,q, Au; Augite,

59 Appendix VI Geographical Interpretation of Place Names Locality Meaning Zoricho waddo (Goa Velha) Area of natural spring Malvvara Madsai Maina Saler'. Zuari Morgadu/ Marallukadu Dando Kharrosai Chinel bhat Bhati Girdolim Low ground Shade of coconut trees Forest land Area of salt pans Named after river Forest of sand or sandy area Strip of land jutting into the sea Salty area Boundary of the river Spathe of atecanut or sand banks Cave in the mountain 456

60 Appendix VII Timeline for Dynastic Rule over Goa Period Dynasty B.C AD. Shatzwahma 150 AD. Ksharm a Rudradanm established rule over Goa AD. Abhira rule AD. Bhoj a rule over Goa AD. Kalachuris of Mahismati AD. Traikutas ofkonkm AD. Konkm Ma nyas AD. Chaluky-ds of Badani established sway over Goa AD. Rashrakutarule A.D. South Shil±am rule ova- Goa AD. Kadanba rule overgoa 1327 AD. Shift to Chandr-fur as it was rased by Muhamud-bin- Tuglm shittback b Gophopattma 1344 AD. Attack by Jamal-ui-din of Hormavar 1351 AD. BhimAtimpal ruled from Gopakapuri AD. Vijaymagar rule over Goa 1472 AD. Bahanani took over Goa 1489AD. 1510AD. Adil Shah rule over Goa Portuguese capture of Goa 457

61 Appendix VIII Genealogy of the Moja Rulers based on Archaeological Sources Devaraja ksankita Asankitavarman Kapalivarman Chetasadevi (M other) Prithvimallavarman & Satrudamana (Brothers) Appendix IX Genealogy of the Konkan Mauryas based on Archaeological sources Chandravatman Annirjitavatm an Suketavarman 458

62 Appendix X Genealogy of the South Konkan Shilaharas based on Archaeological sources Pattanalsndi plates of Avasara 11/ Ballipatana plate of Rattaraja 930 Kharepattana plate of Rattaraja 932 Dhammiyara Amm ala AiYaPa Adityavamt an Avasara I Indraraj a Bhima Avasara II Sanaphuilla Dhammiyara AiYaPa Avasara I Adityavatm an Avasara II Indraraj a Bhima Avasara III Rattaraja Annana Sanaphullia Dhammiyara Aiyapa Avasara I Adityavannan Avasara II Indraraja Bhima Avasara III Rattaraja 459

63 Appendix XI Genealogy of the Goa Kadanb a Rulers based an Archaeological Sources Kantakacharya Nagar an Ckilladeva I Shasthadeva I Guhailadeva II Shasthadeva II Viravarmadeva Jayakeshi I Tribhuvanamala/GuhanadevaUII V4ayacitya I Jay eshi II Permadi/Shivwhitta ijayaditya i Jayakeshi HI ShivachittaNajradeva TribhuvanamdlalSovadeva Shasthdefilir Kamaeva 460 l3himabhupal

64 Append& MI MUSICAL INNIXUMENTS OF GOA Name Ghumat Type isilembranophones Material 2 mouth earthen pot covered with liird skin Mhadalem Membranopho nes 2 mouth earthen cylindrical with limrd skin Sharnel Membranophones Wooden vase shaped covered with goat skin on top ad shamel Membranophones 2 shamel big and small vase shaped covered with skin Taso Membranophones Semi circular brass goat or coder base Performanc e Fingers Position Alingya Oripanfluem e Indigenous Fingers A1ingya Indigenous/ south Indian IvIridang am Use Song, dance dramas. Fturtetion Zatras, Arati S higrao,cranesh Songs Zas 0 r, v,,eddings 2 Cane sticks Ankyri Indigenous Sang, dance used along with g hurnat One curved and one straight cane sticks Ankya Indigenous S o ng and Dance Thin canes A lingya Indigenous Sons -. dance Festivals Festivals S higrno, rhythm

65 covered with goat skin D o I Me mb rano pho nes Big barrel shaped va:roden drum covered with goat skin on both sides D ho lake in Membranophones S mall barrel shaped drum covered with goat skin on both sides II as aro Membranophones Half spherical narrow bottomed drum with a brass or copper base covered with bull skin Cr ra Membranophones Wooden half cylindrical Thick canes Alingya Indigenous Song and dance S tout sticks Alingya Indigenous Song and dance 2 short stout sticks 2 long stout sticks FestivrIN and ceremonies and tuning S higmo, Dussehra temple ritants Ankya Indigenous Battle drum S higmo and Zatras, booming and imposing sound Ankya Indigenous Song and dance Rornat 3 higmo m el

66 drum base covered with bull skin Chowshudo Membranophones One small and one big nagaro called dobe and zil Pa.khawaj Membranophones Two faced horizontal drum cylindrical of block wood covered with goat skin IvIridang Membranophones Two horizontal faced drum cylindrical of block wo.od covered with goat skin Darnaru Membranophones A small sand dial shaped drum 2 sticks Ank.ya Indigenous Ehajan and arati fingers Alingya IndigenoustNorth India Folk theatre music, Temple rituals Gaulan kalo, Dashryia- ri kalo, natal:, kirtan, Bhajan, tuning fingers Alingya Indigenous Temples Festivals fingers Alingya IndigenouslGosavis Temples Religious functions creates pulsating and a

67 covered with skin Dayra Membranophones Open circular wooden frame with metal pieces fitted around Zaghant Idiophones Metal disc made of Kas ham and brass Ghent Idiophones Metal be ll Metal spherical b all Kansalem Idiophones Two small two disc flat metal strick at one disc another Zanz Idiophones Two small S trick at one flat circular another metal cymbals Tal Idiophones Thick cone shape at the centre of metal and wood Chiplyo Idiophones Two wooden blocks with meta pieces fingers Orihvaka Indigenous/ Muslim Fakirs and songs staccato rhythm Ratib sticks Indigenous temples Rituals, worship, processions and message S trick at one another Pressing wooden blocks the Indigenous Temples Worship Indigenous song S unvari Indigenous song Religious S unvari Bhajan,Kirtan, Arati Indigenous song Bhajan Indigenous song Devotional music

68 attached in between the two slits S hanai Aerophones Double reeled long tube of black wood fixed with a metal be ll with holes Aemphones Long wooden tube fixed with funnel shaped bell with three holes Korno Aerophones Long wooden tube fixed with funnel ^1 shaped bell Bank Aerophones Heavy curved pipe of brass S hing Aerophones Curved trumpet of brass with four pipes fitted in one another blowing Indigenous P uja, rituals Marriages and sacred ceremonies blowing Indigenous rituals Marriages, sacred ceremonies blowing Indigenous rituals S higmo and festivals like mita blowing Indigenous festivals S higmo and mtras Hoarse sound Indigenous Temple processions Ritualistic performances and receptions

69 with a funnel shaped bell Kal Aerophones Horn of a wild bison 3 urpanvo Aerophones Bamboo staff with holes Kond Aerophones Bamboo panvo flute with holes Nagsher Aerophones Bottle shaped gourd with two pipes fitted with holes 3 hankh Aerophones Couch drilled with a hole Tambori Chordophones A wooden piece with strings attached Hoarse sound Fingers blowing and Fingers, thumb and bowing Blown using fingers IndigenousiTrib al Kunbis IndigenousfDhangars Religious hunting signals calling assemblies dance and festivals Dusselua, 3 higmo Sweet and soft sound Indigenousishepard.s Calling Bright and high pitched tone Incligenous/Dhangars Religious occasions blown IndigenousiGosavi Temples, courts, religious ceremonies, processions, messages Loud and sharp sound fingers Indigenous Bhajan Rich sound

70 App endh MII FESTIVALS OF GOA N ANTE MONTH PLACE DIS CRIPTION S nolbol REMARKS N axial Poo rnima July-August Coastal Goa Worship of the Importance of Practiced sea by offering the sea to S auras tra, coconut, flowers mariners Gujarat incense and A gashi, Goa prayers for removing the barriers put during the monsoon season Janus ry Tis wadi Worship of the crocodile NTarrigeTaprie 1 Makara Protection kiramn. of and Et, ankranti indirectly related to the sea as it is one of the avatar of V ishnu Tripurari S anquelirn E. c..at pziornirna A. nant September Goa Worship of the chaturtictisi sea Nag Panchami July Goa Milk is offered Connected with to the nag who the fertility cult resembles Lord as well as S hiva gualdian of the village bourrlary and land in

71 Cr a ry -a padva March Goa Cover 1,7,ro rs hip Fertility cult and sacred animal related to S havism Dusselua October India Worship of ImpDrtanc e to agricultural and occupation of other house hold items Goa V adachi Goa Women tie Protection of Pornirna thread around trees the oak tree asking for long life of their husband Padwa April 0 o a Marks the S brting of new auspicious ventures in all begining of the fields new year according to the Hindu Calendar S higmo March Bicholini, 2 atiri Arrival of the Canacona spring season with a lot of natural pruduce around Laximi pujan October Goa Worship of the goddeses of wealth 24 his harani March- April Canecona Hearth of humeri heads is prepared and rice is Ancestor worship Mother goddeses Folk deity of the V elips who operate as priest Mallikarjun which is under renovation

72 cooked which is offered to its devotees as Prasad Gadya March Sal, Bicholim Gadya goes in the. forest in the night Choranchi Zatra April 7zannt Thieves are buried into the ground either the head or hands and legs Moliarrurn February Goa New year day celebration of the Muslims specially the S bias and the Brahmin is given a chance on one day only Worship Tifanadeicha Form punishment of of To start new ventures

73 Appendix MV Governors who ruled over Goa under Vijayanapra Governors of Goa MacLava Mantri Narahari 1391 Bachappa Odeyar 1396 Vira-Bachanna-Odeyar 1400 Mhai Sinai Wagle Viranna Odeyar 1407 Savanna Odeyar Najana Gosavi 1414 Virupa- Danayaka 1417 Marappa Odeyar 1419 Trimbaka-Dena 1424 Handiya- Raya 1430 Mallarasa Odeyar 1435 Irugappa Odeyar Am araji

74 Appendix x v Causes for Decline of the Port-Capitals General causes for decline of ports Natural Causes Geological/ Climatic/ Environmental/ Epidemic Landslides Tsunamis Cyclones Plague Natural calamities such as flood and tidal wave Depletion of forest cover Intensive soil a-vision by sheet wash and gully action Heavy siltation of the sea by rives. Emessive deforestation for timber. Man-made Causes Politico-administrative/e.concrnic Invasions which caused rise and fall dregicnal ruling dynasties Shifting of the sheltered site and rise of a subsequent pat in abetter favoured site due to env irmmental Teas cns. Deviation away from economic trade flow. Development of alternate ports at better lccations Lack of infraaructural innovations affecting the maritime status of ports Lack of necessary harbour and and -o-age facilities, the required depth and navigational channels i Probable causes for decline of Port-Capitals Et Goa Chandrapur Flooding, siltation arid heavy sedimentation due to the brick making industr,y, and deforestation Lack of necessary pert facilities Away from the sea-coast Shifting of capitals Desertification due to population clustering around Gopakapadana Siltation and heavy sedimentation in the Zuari estuaries Ella Siltation and heavy sedimentation in Mandovi river basin Shifting of capitals Invasions Shifting of capitals 464

75 Appendix XVI Interpretation of Place Names in the Bhoj a Inscription PlaceName Chandraura CitylvillageldivAsion City Identified Chandrapur (Goa) Jiyaya Division Salcelte Thanniyaka Village Kottikayya Thanem!canal (Salcette) Unidentified Source ELXXIV EI. XXIV Suggestion Chandauta (Honnavar) Source: C.R. Krishnamacharlu. "Shiroda Plates of Devaraje El XXIV, 1937 N. Lakshimina-ayan Rao."A Note on Shiroda Plates of Devaraja". El. 3CXVI, 1941 Place Name Sundarika Dipaka Vishaya Kunva Martikattu City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Sump sums Village Division Angidiv/Divar El. XXVIII Village Stream Source: P.B. Desai. "Hiregutti Plate of Bhoja Asankita" El XXVIII, 1949 Place Name City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Palasika- Division Palasige- E I. Visha a XXXI o uns,. a- Division Mt anapur. Seventy and XXXI Halyal Taluka Vanisavataka Village Kapoli E I. XXXI Source: A.M. Annigeri. "Kapoli plates of Asankitavannan" E.I XXXI,

76 Place Name City/village/district Identified Unidentified Source Pamasa- City Khetaka Sivapura Village Supa- EI Petha XXXI Source: AM. Annigeri. "Arga Plates of Kapalivannan" EI 330a, Suggestion Shiroda/Harvalem Place Name Vrishabini-Kheta lupalapakatahara -desa Bhagala Pallika City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source suggestim City Division Village Source: GS. Gai. "Two Grants ofbhoja Prithvimallavarman". EI. XXXIII, 1958 Place Name City/villageldivision Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Prithvi- City Paroda Parvata Kupalapakata- Division desa Malaya Village Malowli Goa EI. XXXIII Malad/Malar Source: G.S. Gai. "Two Grants of Bhoja Ptithvimallavanuan" EI. XXXIII, 1958 Interpretation of place names in the Mauryan Inscriptions Place Name City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Sivapura Village Chandor N.I.A,1941 Source: Sircar, D.C. "ANote on the Goa Copper-Plate Inscription ofthe King Chandravarman". Annals afthe Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Vol. Mil,

77 Place Name Kumaradvipa Twelve villagedesa City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Village Goa EI.XXXIII Kum arjuva Division Dvvaclesha or Barden Source: Gal, G.S. "Bandora Plates of Maurya Anniejitavarman". X3C3M1,1959 Interpretation of place names in the Shilahara Inscription Place Name Citylviling el division Identified Unidentified Source Bal inagara City Balipattanagharepattana C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Ilirashi Chanel-smandala Kinj ala Pulisa Village Village Village Chandor(Gca) Ratnagiri district CI.I Vol.VI V.V.1/irashi C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Mirashi 11 i Source: Mit-ashi, V.V. Corpus Insenptionurn Indicarium. New Delhi: A.SI., 1977 Place Name City/village/Division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Sinkala Village Goa C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Mirashi Chandrapur City Chandor C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Mlrashi Chemulya City Chaul C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Mirashi Balipattaia City Eharepata C.I.I Vol.VI n V.V.Mirashi Gavahana Village Gavhane C.I.I Vol.VI (pecrgad) V.V.Nrirashi Vyarxgeaul a Village Vengale C.I.I Vol.VI V.V.Mrashi Kushmandi Village Irosthali V aparav ata Village Sachandalskapitha Village Asanavira Village Asmara 467

78 Dharavahala Village Karaparni Village Akhadada Stream Stemma Village Devalakdirni Village SaYYaNdi Village KEricialarruliya city Kandal a Vaiangula Village Bhogadeva Hill IvIEnigrama Village Mathagrama Chandramandal a Division Chand or Dharavahala Source: Mirashi, V.V. Corpus inscriptionurn indicariurn. New Delhi: ASI., 1977 Place City/Alageldivi Identified Uniden Source Suggestion Names sion tified Balipatana City Balinagaraillarep CH Vol.VI Balipattana attana V.V.Mirashi Kalvala Village Avadi Hamlet., Palaure Agrahara village Voribhatta Ciavoma Village Village Criavhane, Devgad taluka CU Vol.VI V.V.Mirashi Gauli Source: Mirashi, V.V. Corpus insenptionum indicariunt New Delhi: ASI., 1977 Interpretation of Place Names in the Chalukya Inscription Place names City/villageldivisicn Identified Unidentified source Suggestion Kundivstaka Village KundatudatCudnem V.T.Gt.tne, G. G 11.1 Konkma division Kcrikan V. T. Gune, G.G, R. 1 Source: Fleet, J. F "Inscription of Chalukya Mangalesa"../ndian Antigua'''. Vol. VII,

79 Place Name City/village division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Nanakagahana village Paliyamapatha village diguika Parishvasu Village Pattern (Pernem) G.G, Pt. I V.T. Gtme Tarakagara village Source: Telang, K. T. "Inscription of Chalukya Vijayabhattarika". Indian Antiquary. VoL VII, 164. Place name City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Nerur Village Sawantwadi LA IX Ballvalligrarne Village Valavali LA IX Sahamyapura Village fridge Vishaya LA IX Rasena nagara City Source: Telang, K. T. "Inscription of Vijayaditya". Indian Antiquary. Vol. IX, Place name Hikulamba Kumar and Pura City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Village Village Sapta Konkana Sapta Konkana I.A, IX Source: Telang, K. T. "Inscription of Vijayaditya". Indian Antiquary. Vol. IX, Interpretation of Place Names in the Kadamba Inscription Place name CItyttillagelffivision -Identified- Unidentified Source Suggestion Laghu- Village KK Morambi Morambika Gopaka- Division KK Gopakapattana dvipa Ganvadak Village KK Gilliam Source: Moares, George M. "Copper Plate Inscription of Kadamba Jayakeshi I 1059 AD". 469

80 Place name Gopaka Ci ty/villagelivision Identified City Gopalcapattana Unidentified Source c _nggeetion E.Ex3a. Pahjanikhali City Panjim E.I.XXX Shatshashti Village Salsette E.I.XXX Mathagrem a Village Margaon E.I.XXX Source: Desai P.B. "Copper plate grant of Kadamba Tribhuvanan alla". El. 3s^XX Place City/village/division identified unidentified Source Suggestion name Banavasi City Banavasi K.K.pp.466 Palwike Division Palasige 12,000 Gopaka City Gopakapattana Kadaroli Village Belgaum Source: Ritti, Shrinivas. "Inscription from Kadaroli". Journal of Karnataka University_ Social Science, 179-1g2 Place name City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Konkala Division Konkan E.I.XXVI Kanipana City Kalagir Bhogapura City E.uarvi Kupattoggarika Village Kopulgere E.I.XXVI Palasi-desa division Palasige E.I.XXVI Malapraharini river Malaprabha E.I.XXVI Sahayadri Oat Sahayadri E.I.XXVI Chatur ghat E.I.3DCVI Source: Khare, G. Ii "Asoge plate of Kadamba Jayakesin II". El_ XXVI, 1941, pp_ Place name Utytvillageidilision Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Maruvattugadalu Locality near a river Fl XXIX Anivige Village Arage El XXIX Source: P.B.Desai. "Sadasivagad Plates of Kadamba Vijayadityd'. EI. XXIX, 1951, pp

81 Place name City/villageIdivision Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion Konkana Division Konkan 900 EL XXXIV Gandivore Village RI. XXXIV Gokarna Division North Kanara EI. X= Ajjagave- Division Ajgaon E.I. Kampana (Goa) XXXIV Panwadesa Division Palasige E.I. XXXIV Source: G.S. Gal "Gandivore Grant of Shasthadeva EL X3 V, 1958, pp. Place Cityliglagesdivision Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion name Chandaura City Honavar taluk, south-east of Kumta E.I. XXVII Murur Village lcumta E.I. XXVII Gokama City Gokarna E.I. LIM Source: P.B. Desai.. "Gokarna Pile of Kadamba Kamadeva". EI. XXVII, 1947, pp Place name City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggesti Konkan Division Konkan 900 Newsletter, Vol I D.A.A.M Gopakapuri City Gopakwattana /Go' a Velha Newsletter, Vol I Pendina drama D.AA_M Village Pernem Newsletter, Vol I D.A_A.M Bhagaravati locality Pernem Nemletter, Vol I D.A.A.M 471

82 Source: Newsletter, "Korgaan Copper Plate of King Bhimabhupal 1351AD". Director of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Government of Goa Vol I Nal : Interpretation of Place Names in the Vijayanagara Inscription Place City/village/division Identified Unidentified Source Suggestion names Gowali Village PPRP1 Gouli Mouli Village " Moula Manchalapu Village ra Talvali Village Talaulim Bhattika Village Batim Manini Village Maina Brahmapuri Town Ella Kapali Ver Mallour Divar Khadga Priyol Panda Chandra Chandor Kulavara Bhallavali Benaulim Salcette Salcette Anttuz Panda Bardez city Bardez Saptai 472

83 Appendix XVII Top sheet of Tiswadi 473

84 GOA DISTRICT. B 1.4 Surveyed (Alan see toot note).,.;5;3s..17&ti,,,ertluminifsafformussrawassomaawamorsionsi., Ft FS 8,00C ', buu /, 000 t, tx U Li 1 Shinkeri 4'. c 75Tplce from Neriti Mud ro...06tex term;) A F IU3,1.1 A 80,,..,,,.. o.w LAghtfkrese, geode -1s '? L.4), e.". AGU A D A Kegdfveli Rail,V44,gu, A Y 34 A.' tc 1.3enthor A Ni Hospite Is.airrz i4 r IP ri,..try r 4... Tit. vo,lcfr '? 4f 714:: 'C'. VTIN I FL J`--, -L.-.."' A, Pyo, o -'1.., --:''' ""toot pov. l' Jo.- (. I) ll!+.. -' Ann po p.-vc,i lin:: _,untok '-I n - oottoodor ' sistice ilmotwodo 410t0,,Aie Me S '14 01Srra OSA 404 ;44et;: a,. n 4 e -.. Denie +10,1C,'7, Hezinity Lpid, C.rarrPrit.) I i Mot bi Ritybondor 1.00, :11.;$ I rest. Or, Lenst insted orb, ikia;.ty 411shaw 1:cltf r 4,4.1,;:vv 1 7.'";r: 1 \ - quurr,< \' ro 440, '. L Ina i1pvr t - - '104u r<.; KheleAT U 4 urapittnoerr, kj, ()per, 00 c.r) luug rr inurrrtr,:,r '5,000 f ' CI Ston uoritet' 44 1, U r 500 « A A B 1 A S E A &Goa Raj e r "jtane quarry ai 06(4,--.%);,4. 40c", t Dun Piiok. k7 1; Don pda Nagicold(ict, 'Sto-elt, ;166;41,0., Or , 1 'E. it, 14.1r kart, Yi " n1t p^e rrtr<ru Luyk 72 rp fianbolin f Sc MS,S. St0I'Y VII-Atiir C4ii tjltartc gthri r 4 ir Open( ust 6,4 _ are mine- eci len -BM74- I K u tic,* 36 - u Ku rko so it fft ; 2. b 00 22, ' ev 4130 parts 1;4;4 Morro :71 I tu; T, 1441 ;NI 4'.14 re 11 r.j,1. ': '11 V elks(' u I. )0,000 C A 0 A?, , 0 00 I 25' 1.14-Inhonetr tty <IA A p A.. Motor barge service Low w rer lino wasirr, B SpelnaN ' PTCY.R$ s9 Monument &home _ I' 4., t..... ft 41 4 Motor ferry (

85 App endix XVICI: Top sheet of Chandor, 1964 and Carta Topografi ca do Distrito de Goa, As given in The Mussol Dance of Chandor by Zenidas Morenas, 2002 p

86

87