ARISTOTLE BCE PAGE 1/4 AKA PLATO BCE OT/ PROPHETS BCE

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1 PAGE 1/4 AKA PLATO BCE PHILOSOPHY Overarching Metaphor Philosopher = lover of ( mode of expressing wisdom not HOW DO WE meaning of experience, possessed, desire (eros) KNOW ie., mythos/logos lack human wisdom = ANYTHING Wisdom/Knowledge limited Nature (Authority) Metaphor (astronomy, geometry) from Gr. meta and Reason (logos). phoros = to carry across, Divided Line up. ARISTOTLE BCE Overarching Metaphor is still a natural one but Aristotle grounds his metaphor in biology (as opposed to Plato s natural OM grounded in astronomy. Reason Teleology (matter, form, agent, purpose) OT/ PROPHETS BCE God/ Revelation POLITICS HOW IS POWER ORGANIZED Power= relation of perception/ practice; thought /action (authority organized as a Power Unit) Tyrant Dramatic setting of Apology: Philosopher vs. City, Tradition, Religion. Bk5=middle book=demonic book= blue print for Best Regime = worst Regime. Three waves:#1de eroticize the city; #2 abolish the family; wave# 3= Philo=King/ Thought =Action = tyranny. Loyalty of citizens to city needed, especially young men. Republic s typology of Book 8 and 9 Hierarchy of virtue. Politics = natural, completes human nature. Aristotelian typology (Kingship vs. Tyranny, Aristocracy vs. Oligarchy, Polity vs. Democracy) Law given by God. Letter of (Old Testament) Interpretation and spirit of (prophets) RELATION OF ABOVE 2 QUESTIONS Philosopher as Citizen/ Ruler. What can we hope to accomplish? Conflict, Philosophy must adapt to power or die. Who is happy philosopher or tyrant? Not much Politics = Serious Play Hierarchy of virtue, yet no human progress because time is enclosed in the cycle of Nature. Politics is the science of the possible. The life of the mind is the highest life. Harmony in principle but because of fallen nature, power betrays the law. Need for prophets. So conflict too. What doth it profit a man to gain

2 TIME/ HISTORY Are we going anywhere? No. Cyclical view of time. No, same as Plato. Yes! Time as history! To Israel/ Judah Land of milk and honey. (OT) (Israel) Jerusalem becomes a transcendent symbol (prophets) HUMAN NATURE? The given limits and possibilities of human being (= natural boundaries constituting human being as set apart from other beings) Yes. Mortals are limited yet desire can run wild. Example: growing wealth and power of Athens after the victories over Persians. Yes. Incomplete, lack, but shift in emphasis to city as making up for human nature. Yes! Fallen nature, but redeemable through obedience to the law. EXPERIENCE THE WORLD Underlying Concern is that in our Experience which we set a part be cause we are aware that this particular experience concerns us, and therefore, matters to us, hence interests us. For this reason, we set (=circumscribe) boundaries around (= define =identify) these particular clusters of experience and attempt to express to ourselves their meaning in the form of mythos or logos. Wild expansion (=proto globalization #1) Peloponnesian Wars. Collapse of Athenian hegemony over Attic peninsula. Threat to city. Uncertainty, loss of faith. SPIRITUAL CRISIS and Plato s critique of mythos, poetry and the authority of the Homeric gods results in his creation of the new Overarching Metaphor, which shifts authority from poetry to philosophy. See above,aka. Ecumenic/multicultural Empires Macedonia( BCE) Alexander( BCE) and Rome 44 BCE 451 CE (proto globalization#2) SPIRITUAL CRISIS in Fall of Rome and Hellenism, marking the apology for Christianity in form of St..Augustine s CITY OF GOD, See St. Augustine, left and down. Exodus to Promised Land to Babylonian Exile Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel and other late OT prophets. NT= Four Gospels of Matthew, Mark,Luke and John, CE

3 PAGE 2/4 PHILOSOPHY HOW DO WE KNOW ANYTHING St. AUGUSTINE CE SPIRITUAL CRISIS/OVERARCHING METAPHOR= CITY OF GOD (and by implication the City of Man) God (faith + purity)/ Revelation; man (reason + corruption). Human reason completely inadequate on its own therefore must be guided by faith and Grace. St. THOMAS CE Revised OM of City of God into an articulated Great Chain of Being Reason and Revelation (Natural and Divine Law) in balance/ accord. MACHIAVELLI CE SPIRITUAL CRISIS OM taking shape in form of New Zones of Authority in Art, Religion, Science, Politics marks new relation of subject to object and thinking to action. Knowing is a relation of knower to known, subject to object. One knows by controlling. Hands rather than eyes. Reality behind appearance. REF/SCI/DEMO Science, Inductive Reason emergence of the Self ( = historicized soul) Scepticism concerning the extent to which the Other (selves) can be known (=alienation) POLITICS HOW IS POWER ORGANIZED Hierarchical Political Structure. Power Politics= Realism While not yet specific, Great Chain of Being implied in Macro/Micro City of God /City of Man Overarching Metaphor Hierarchical political structure in harmony. Power exercised through LAW but law only when it accords with above. Strong realist view of power. Success in producing conditions of more power (order and stability) only standard. Mainly Nation State. Reversal of Hierarchies. Main reversal in shift of authority (=power) from Church to State, Sacred to Profane. Results in a decrease in the authority of Faith and an increase in faith in Instrumental Rationality RELATION OF ABOVE 2 QUESTIONS Separated: two cities, come together only at end of time= history. Nothing; grace = gift freely given, never earned. Harmony between philosophy and politics, wisdom and power. Complete creation, human action more meaningful. Harmony; if the Prince is wise. (virtu) 50/50 our efforts/ Fortuna Lo modo the way Invention of Political Science. Extreme Harmony identity. Everything!

4 TIME/ HISTORY History. But goal (end) = transcendence of time/history Time=linear= providence History, but what we must do increased. History = something to be used/created and what conditions Time = fortune = mastery of nature HUMAN NATURE? Yes. Flawed, fallen. Yes, fallen still but also spark of divine reason present in everyone. No. A human condition which varies according to the particularities of time and place. Spirit (anisimo man compared to animal) Yes. Scientifically knowable (subtext = controllable) EXPERIENCE THE WORLD Collapse of Roman Empire, barbarian invasions (millennia at hand?) Order and stability Chaos of late 15 th century 16 th century Italian politics. Rise of the Nation State and N. M. s Theory of the State lo stato. Religious wars/ Reformation/ Counter Reformation Descartes: Bacon: (Vex Nature, put her on the rack) Luther:

5 PAGE 3/4 PHILOSOPHY HOW DO WE KNOW ANYTHING HOBBES mature OM, the first Modern(= or technological) metaphor = mechanical /gravity/weight/ force// problem of friction overcome by checks and balances. Deduction (whole to part) + Induction (part to whole) Read Thyself Science system Reason (+feeling) Sense impressions Knowing is matching words with objects of sense (=matter in motion) ENLIGHTENMENT REASON replaces Grace and Faith. Natural Science replaces Religion AKA Age of Reason ROUSSEAU Reason, but also feeling Philosophical Anthropology stripping to the state of nature KANT A priori and A posteriori reasoning human understanding is structured by ʺconcepts of the understandingʺ, or innate categories that the mind utilizes in order to make sense of raw unstructured experience POLITICS HOW IS POWER ORGANIZED Politics = Science Power measured as force Application of reason to governing. System artificial man, Leviathan Contract (Right of Nature and Laws of Nature) Natural Rights (reality behind religion) An optimistic Faith in Reason Interests in 1) Social contract theories 2) Enlighten Despotism 3) Constitutionalism, 4) Colonialism, 5) commercialism. Realist politics Philosopher as founder. Social Contract legislator Culture Sparta Walls Politics should follow the moral law which sets the pattern through reason Cosmopolitan UN RELATION OF ABOVE 2 QUESTIONS Harmony and safety Political Science Harmony through becoming = work = history Tension between philosophy and politics. A temporary respite against decay. Categorical Imperative Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it will become a universal law.

6 TIME/ HISTORY A historic. None Time = space = matter in motion Materialism PROGRESS. Secular progress an idea invented in late 17 th century. Battle of the Books. An Arcadian golden age. Accident Regress Time = perfectibility = changing of man Infinite Progress. No longer transcendent Time = future = history HUMAN NATURE? continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, mean, brutish and short. Lockean: to be made Bifurcated/ alienated Natural vs. Social (amour de soi and amour propre page 221, footnote O) Culture as medium of human transformation Unsocial sociability EXPERIENCE THE WORLD Civil War/ fear of violent death = world of nature (=State of Nature) // commonwealth (= world of Leviathan, man s improvement over God s creation. Roughly 18 th century: Diderot, Voltaire, Condorcet. Inspired French Revolution Anti Enlightenment Philosopher French Revolution 1789 The Terror

7 PAGE 4/4 PHILOSOPHY HOW DO WE KNOW ANYTHING HEGEL Second Technological Metaphor (=hydraulic/engine/press ure/ quantity to quality/ problem of controlling pressure and avoiding explosion(=revolution) = valve= bureaucracy Concrete Universal= joining of the particular ( =history as action, i.e., labour, work, action(=fighting/politics) with the universal( history as thought, i.e., consciousness and selfconsciousness) (= the Empirically Existing Concept ) The rational is the actual, and the actual is the rational. Dialectic of Freedom which results in UHS and complete knowing(=knowing the Whole) MARX Historical Materialism Man is reduced to an economic animal and Economics becomes the engine of history. Adopted much from Hegel and applied it to the economic and political conditions he observed during the Industrial Revolution in England,i.e., The Satanic Mills of Manchester, to quote his contemporary, Dickens. NIETZSCHE Third Technological Metaphor (=electric/computer/speed= demising difference between + and electric pulse = speed = power. Problem is power (electric) generation/solution=? Philosophy, a bad idea, based on slave morality and the slave s resentment and revenge has run its course. Re think knowledge as an end in itself Art is worth more than truth We only know what we will We should will only truth if it serves life MODERNITY (Classical) Philosophy v. (modern) Science (= technology) Classical Political Rationalism v. Relativism We know what we make, either by knowing what we find through research or determine what we know by constructing knowledge. But with both, knowledge is acquired by controlling the relation of the subject and object. With #1, Object is privileged, with #2, the Subject. POLITICS HOW IS POWER ORGANIZED Super household State as ethical substance Universal Homogeneous State (UHS) top of hierarchy with Family Civil Society under and enclosed by Class struggle Economics (relations of production, material productive forces conflict produces social revolution leads to communism) Hegemony of the Last Man,i.e., the Slave The slave morality of resentment and revenge v. s re ordering (= Rank Order ) of the real=great Politics and the arrival of a new Dawn (a New Dawn unlike Hegel s p. 75 PhG which is the victory of slave morality. Universal, Cosmopolitan State vs. Culture Clash of Culture vs. Civilization Hegemony/Empire(= (=politicized civilization(s))

8 RELATION OF ABOVE 2 QUESTIONS Complete harmony Philosophy is over. Everything has been done. Humans did it all. Power, relations of production determines philosophy Use Value v. Market Value, commodification Socrates is the poison that leads to Platonism for the Masses, i.e., Christianity, resulting in the victory of the slave and the end of the West. Kantian moral laws Hobbesian self interest Nietzschean new philosophers TIME/ HISTORY History has ended, in principle Time = History = Progress= Freedom End of history deferred. Same as with Hegel in that the End of History and the UHS is only here in principle and will not be here in reality until reality conforms with the Concept. Monumental, Antiquarian, Critical History is over, make up new myths and lies to continue Time = Eternal Return of the Same Ended? Ending? Will begin again? UHS( planetary tyranny) or New World Orientation HUMAN NATURE Freedom, equality Slave transforms Self through work. (Work makes free). Socially constructed (Work makes free, soon) Two possibilities: Last man as ruminant, and/or elite heroes who break through, using history as a tool In a world defined by technology man has neither history nor nature EXPERIENCE THE WORLD Napoleon brings Enlightenment to Germany and the world by making concrete through his historic action the principles (=thoughts) of the Enlightenment embodied in the aborted (=rendered abstract) French Revolution. Hegel realizes the significance of Napoleon s historic action. Thus, together they co penetrate thought and action, thereby eradicating the difference. Industrialization continues until workers take over the Means of Production. Takeover (=Revolution) will be lead by a Vanguard of intellectuals. Nietzsche prognosticates a world Beyond Good and Evil the twentieth century. He tells us that this will be ( for us it was) a time of cryptoreligious technological warfare, in other words a time of war justified by who has the right to rule the planet and the best means( technology) to do so. As we reflect on his words we see that he was referring to the three world wars of the last century, WWI, WWII and WWIII, wrongly referred to as the so called Cold War. Technology/ Globalization= End of Geography (=space) Culture v Civilization, i.e., current war between a culture (=Islam) incompatible with its host Civilization (=the West)