Chapter 3 PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS AND BUSINESS CHAPTER OBJECTIVES. After exploring this chapter, you will be able to:

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 3 PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS AND BUSINESS CHAPTER OBJECTIVES. After exploring this chapter, you will be able to:"

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS AND BUSINESS MGT604 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After exploring this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the ethical framework of utilitarianism. 2. Describe how utilitarian thinking underlies much economic and business decision-making. 3. Explain how the free market is thought to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good. 4. Explain some challenges to utilitarian decision making. 5. Explain principle-based, or rights-based, frameworks. 6. Explain the concept of human rights and how they are relevant to business. 7. Distinguish moral rights from legal rights. 8. Explain several challenges to principle-based ethics. 9. Describe and explain virtue-based framework of ethical character. 2 MGT604 1

2 INTRODUCTION: ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS AND TRADITIONS Reasons that guide an individual s ethical judgment fall into three general categories: Consequences Principles Personal character An ethical framework: An attempt to provide a systematic answer to the fundamental ethical question: How should human beings live their lives? Ethical frameworks provide reasons to support their answers. 3 MGT604 RELIGIOUS ETHICS VS. PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS Religious ethics: Explains human well-being in religious terms. The biggest practical problem with this approach, of course, is that people differ widely in their religious beliefs. If ethics is based only on religious origins, and if people disagree about those religious starting points, then ethics would never escape the predicament of relativism. Philosophical ethics: Provides justifications that must be applicable to all people regardless, of their religious starting points. Philosophical ethics seeks foundations that all reasonable people can accept, regardless of their religious convictions. 4 MGT604 2

3 DECISION POINT: WHO IS TO SAY WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG? An ethical relativist holds that ethical values are relative to particular people, cultures, or times. The relativist denies that there are can be any rationally justified or objective ethical judgments. When there are ethical disagreements between people or cultures, the ethical relativist concludes that there is no way to resolve that dispute and to prove that one side is right or more reasonable than the other. Ethical relativists believe that ethical values depend on one s own background, culture, and personal opinions. 5 MGT604 DECISION POINT: APPLICATION Imagineateacherreturnsanassignmenttoyouwithagrade of F. When you ask for an explanation, you are told that, frankly, the teacher does not believe that people like you (e.g., women, Christians, African Americans) are capable of doing good work in this field (e.g., science, engineering, math, finance). When you object that this is unfair and wrong, the teacher offers a relativist explanation. Fairness is a matter of personal opinion, the professor explains. Who determines what is fair or unfair? you ask. Your teacher claims that his view of what is fair is as valid as any other. Because everyone is entitled to their own personal opinion, he is entitled to fail you since, in his personal opinion, you do not deserve to succeed. 6 MGT604 3

4 THE ETHICAL TRADITIONS Utilitarianism: Directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our acts. Deontological ethical traditions: Direct us to act on the basis of moral principles such as respecting human rights. Virtue ethics: Directs us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life. 7 MGT604 UTILITARIANISM: MAKING DECISIONS BASED ON ETHICAL CONSEQUENCES Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to ethics and social policy. We should act in ways that produce better consequences than the alternatives we are considering. What is meant by better consequences? Better consequences are those that promote human well-being: the happiness, health, dignity, integrity, freedom, respect of all the people affected. A decision that promotes the greatest amount of these values for the greatest number of people is the most reasonable decision from an ethical point of view. Utilitarianism is identified with the principle of: Maximize the overall good. OR The greatest good for the greatest number. 8 MGT604 4

5 UTILITARIANISM: MAKING DECISIONS BASED ON ETHICAL CONSEQUENCES (cont d) The economy and economic institutions are utilitarian: They exist to provide the highest standard of living for the greatest number of people. They do not exist to create wealth for a privileged few. In other words, utilitarianism theory accepts utility (in economics is defined as the measure of happiness or satisfaction received from consuming goods and services), or the greatest happiness principle, as the foundation of morals. It holds that actions are right in proportion, as they tend to promote happiness, wrong, as they tend to promote the opposite of happiness. Utilitarianism is a calculating approach to ethics. It assumes the quantity and quality of happiness can be weighed. It is often assumed, in a business context, that maximising happiness is the same as maximising profit. Improved profitability will generate happiness for some. But to apply the utilitarian principle properly one must consider the possibility that the pleasure derived from increased profitability has been achieved at the cost of a greater pain to other people. (Cost-benefit analysis is a natural tool of a utilitarian approach because it measures not only the direct costs and benefits to an organisation but also externalities social costs and benefits that are not reflected in the price of a product because they do not accrue directly to the organisation concerned.) 9 MGT604 UTILITARIANISM: EXAMPLES Child labor Compare the problematic consequences of child labor to the consequences of alternative decisions. Problematic consequences: Children suffer physical and psychological harms, they are denied opportunities for education, their low pay is not enough to escape a life of poverty, and so forth. Compared to the consequences of alternative decisions: What are the consequences if children in poor regions are denied factory jobs? These children would still be denied opportunities for education; they are in worse poverty; and they have less money for food and family support. In many cases, the only alternatives for obtaining any income available to young children who are prohibited from joining the workforce might include crime, drugs, prostitution. Consider also the consequences to the entire society. Consequences to the entire society: Child labor can have beneficial results for bringing foreign investment and money into a poor country. In the opinion of some observers, allowing children to work for pennies a day under sweatshop conditions produces better overall consequences than the available alternatives. Thus, one might argue on utilitarian grounds that child labor practices are ethically permissible because they produce better overall consequences than the alternatives. 10 MGT604 5

6 UTILITARIANISM: LESSONS FROM EXAMPLES Utilitarians tend to be very pragmatic thinkers: They decide on the basis of consequences. The consequences of our actions will depend on the specific facts of each situation. No act is ever absolutely right or wrong in all cases in every situation; it will always depend on the consequences. 11 MGT604 UTILITARIANISM: LESSONS FROM EXAMPLES Utilitarian reasoning supplies support for each competing available alternative: Example: Banning child labor as harmful to the overall good or allow child labor as contributing to the overall good. Deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions requires that we make judgments about the likely consequences of our actions. How do we do this? With the help of social sciences: Social science studies the causes and consequences of individual and social actions. 12 MGT604 6

7 FREE AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS One movement within utilitarian thinking invokes the tradition of Adam Smith. Claims that free and competitive markets are the best means for attaining utilitarian goals. Classic free market economics: Economic activity aims to satisfy consumer demand. The goal of free market economics is to maximize the satisfaction of wants. To attain the utilitarian goal, current free market economics advices to structure our economy according to he principles of free market capitalism. This version would promote policies that deregulate private industry, protect property rights, allow for free exchanges, and encourage competition. In such situations, decisions of rationally self-interested individuals would result, as if led by an invisible hand in Adam Smith s terms, in the maximum satisfaction of individual happiness. 13 MGT604 INFLUENTIAL VERSION OF UTILITARIAN POLICY Policy experts can predict the outcome of various policies and carry out policies that will attain utilitarian ends. These experts, usually trained in the social sciences such as economics, political science, and public policy, are familiar with the specifics of how society works and they therefore are in a position to determine which policy will maximize the overall good. The administrative side (presidents, governors, mayors) executes (administers) policies to fulfill public goals. From this view, the legislative body (from Congress to local city councils) establishes the public goals that we assume will maximize overall happiness. The administrative side (presidents, governors, mayors) executes (administers) policies to fulfill these goals. The people working within the administration know how the social and political system works and use this knowledge to carry out the mandate of the legislature. This utilitarian approach, for example, would by sympathetic with government regulation of business on the grounds that such regulation will insure that business activities do contribute to the overall good. 14 MGT604 7

8 CHALLENGES TO UTILITARIAN ETHICS Counting, measuring, comparing, and quantifying the consequences of alternative actions is very difficult. The principle shift occurring from one of the earliest ethical principles the end does not always justify the means to the utilitarian principle the end justifies the means. 15 MGT604 SHORTCOMINGS OF UTILITARIAN ETHICS Forces us to examine the outcomes of our decisions. It is difficult to know everyone who will be affected by our decisions and how they are impacted. It does not exhaust the range of ethical concerns. 16 MGT604 8

9 DEONTOLOGY: AN ETHICS OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES Deontological ethical frameworks are principle-based. It supplements the utilitarian approach. It tells us that there are some rules that we ought to follow even if doing so prevents good consequences from happening or even if it results in some bad consequences. What rules should we follow? Legal rules Rules which are derived from various institutions in which we participate, or from various social roles that we fill. Role-based rules (Business) Professional rules The above mentioned rules are described as gatekeeper functions, which insure the integrity and proper functioning of the economic, legal, or financial system. These rules are a part of a social agreement, or social contract, which functions to organize and ease relations between individuals. Roles as sources of rules: A professor ought to read each student s research paper carefully and diligently, even if they will never know the difference and their final grade will not be affected. In my role as teacher and university faculty member, I have taken on certain responsibilities that accompany those roles that cannot be abandoned whenever it is convenient for me to do so. 17 MGT604 DEONTOLOGY: AN ETHICS OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES Kantian ethics: Kant s ethical philosophy was that actions must be guided by universally accepted principles that apply irrespective of the consequences of the actions. In addition, an action can only be morally right if it is carried out as a duty, not in expectation of a reward. From a Kantian perspective, principles exist apriori. By this is meant that, knowing what to do in a situation will be determined by a set of principles that have been established by deductive reasoning, independent of, or before, the specifics of the decision in hand have been considered. For Kantian ethics the context and consequences of a decision are irrelevant. Lying, for example, is employed to illustrate the inflexibility of Kantian ethics. Lying, irrespective of the context, is wrong. So, for Kant, truth telling, even if the telling of a lie would save a human life, has to be strictly adhered to no deviations, no exceptions. For Kant, actions have moral worth only when they spring from recognition of duty, and a choice to discharge it. The duties to which Kant refers were a response to the question, What makes a moral act right? They were formulated around the concept of the categorical imperative. Categorical means unconditional (no exceptions), while imperative means a command or, in Kantian terms, a principle. Thus a categorical imperative refers to a command/principle that must be obeyed, with no exceptions. If the categorical imperative is conceptually sound we should be able to will all rational people around the world to follow this particular law. This is the concept of universalisability. (universally accepted principles) For Kant an act is morally right if it can be judged by all reasoning people to be appropriate as a universal principle of conduct, irrespective of whether they are to be the doers, receivers or mere observers of an act. The Golden Rule which is normally expressed as do unto others as you would have done unto yourself, is an example of a categorical imperative. It is a rule that can be willed as universalisable. 18 MGT604 9

10 HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES According to Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, there is essentially one fundamental ethical principle that we should follow: Respect the dignity of each individual human being. Kant claimed that this duty to respect human dignity could be expressed in several ways. Act according to those rules that could be universally agreed to by all people. Treat each person as end in themselves and never only as means to our own ends. The Kantian tradition claims that our fundamental human rights are derived from our nature as free and rational beings: Humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about: How they live their lives. Their own goals or ends. Humans are said to have a fundamental human right of autonomy, or self-rule. 19 MGT604 HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES Example: This perspective on ethical duties is particularly relevant to employment issues. Examine the language of human resource management, which suggests that human are resources to be managed (akin to natural resources which are managed?). To return to an earlier example, the Kantian would object to child labor because such practices violate our duty to treat children with respect. We violate the rights of children when we treat them as mere means to the ends of production and economic growth. We are treating them merely as means because, as children, they have not rationally and freely chosen their own ends. We are simply using them as tools or objects. Two related rights have emerged as fundamental within philosophical ethics. If autonomy, or self-rule, is a fundamental characteristic of human nature, then the freedom to make our own choices deserves special protection as a basic right. Since all humans possess this fundamental characteristic, equal treatment and equal consideration is also a fundamental right. 20 MGT604 10

11 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN MORAL RIGHTS AND LEGAL RIGHTS Legal rights may be granted on the basis of legislation or judicial rulings. Legal rights might also arise from contractual agreements. One cannot contract away one s moral rights - moral rights lie outside of the bargaining that occurs in a contract. Moral rights establish the basic moral framework for legal environment itself, and more specifically for any contracts that are negotiated within business. MGT604 CHALLENGES TO AN ETHICS OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES There is no agreement about the scope and range of ethics based rights. Practical problems in applying a framework of rights to reallife situations. 22 MGT604 11

12 VIRTUE ETHICS: MAKING DECISIONS BASED ON INTEGRITY AND CHARACTER Virtue Ethics is a tradition within philosophical ethics that seeks a full and detailed description of those character traits, or virtues, that would constitute a good and full human life. An ethics of virtue shifts the focus from questions about what a person should do, to a focus on who that person is. Implicit in this distinction is the recognition that our identity as a person is constituted in part by our wants, beliefs, values and attitudes. The self is identical to a person s most fundamental and enduring dispositions, attitudes, values, and beliefs. Emphasizes the more affective side of our character. Seeks to understand how our traits are formed and which traits bolster and which undermine a meaningful, worthwhile, and satisfying human life. Encourages a fuller description, rather than simply describing people as good or bad, right or wrong. Reminds us to examine how character traits are formed and conditioned. 23 MGT604 VIRTUE ETHICS Virtues are not ends ; rather they are means. They are personal qualities that provide the basis for the individual to lead a good, noble or happy life. The person most associated with virtue ethics is Aristotle. For Aristotle, those personal qualities that were regarded as virtues were reflected in behaviours that represented a balance, or mean, in terms of the particular personal quality being considered. Thus, if the response of the individual to the threat of danger or significant personal challenge was being considered, we can visualize a continuum with cowardice at one extreme and recklessness at the other (see Table 3-1). Neither of these personal qualities is appealing as they are both likely to lead to detrimental outcomes in the long run. In the face of danger the noble or great-soul-man would have to overcome his fears (i.e. suppress feelings of cowardice), but avoid acts of rashness, which would be likely to reduce the chances of success. Thus, an intermediatepoint is required. This mean, or disposition, in this context is termed courage. 24 MGT604 12

13 A DECISION-MAKING MODEL FOR BUSINESS ETHICS REVISITED 1. Determine the facts 2. Identify the ethical issues involved 3. Identify stakeholders 4. Consider the available alternatives 5. Consider how a decision affects stakeholders a. Consequences i. Beneficial and harmful consequences b. Duties, rights, principles i. What does the law say? ii. Are there professional duties involved? iii. Which principles are most obligatory? iv. How are people being treated? c. Implications for personal integrity and character i. What type of person am I becoming through this decision? ii. What are my own principles and purposes? iii. Can I live with public disclosure of this decision? 25 MGT604 A DECISION-MAKING MODEL FOR BUSINESS ETHICS REVISITED (cont d) 6. Guidance 7. Assessment Review Questions 1. Define utilitarian ethics and discuss the issue of child labour from a utilitarian perspective. 2. Differentiate between Virtue ethics and Kantian ethics. In your analysis you should include a definition for each and list their major differences and similarities, if any. 26 MGT604 13

SUMMARIES AND TEST QUESTIONS UNIT 6

SUMMARIES AND TEST QUESTIONS UNIT 6 SUMMARIES AND TEST QUESTIONS UNIT 6 Textbook: Louis P. Pojman, Editor. Philosophy: The quest for truth. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN-10: 0199697310; ISBN-13: 9780199697311 (6th Edition)

More information

Chapter 2 Reasoning about Ethics

Chapter 2 Reasoning about Ethics Chapter 2 Reasoning about Ethics TRUE/FALSE 1. The statement "nearly all Americans believe that individual liberty should be respected" is a normative claim. F This is a statement about people's beliefs;

More information

Chapter 2 Ethical Concepts and Ethical Theories: Establishing and Justifying a Moral System

Chapter 2 Ethical Concepts and Ethical Theories: Establishing and Justifying a Moral System Chapter 2 Ethical Concepts and Ethical Theories: Establishing and Justifying a Moral System Ethics and Morality Ethics: greek ethos, study of morality What is Morality? Morality: system of rules for guiding

More information

Philosophical Ethics. The nature of ethical analysis. Discussion based on Johnson, Computer Ethics, Chapter 2.

Philosophical Ethics. The nature of ethical analysis. Discussion based on Johnson, Computer Ethics, Chapter 2. Philosophical Ethics The nature of ethical analysis Discussion based on Johnson, Computer Ethics, Chapter 2. How to resolve ethical issues? censorship abortion affirmative action How do we defend our moral

More information

Making Decisions on Behalf of Others: Who or What Do I Select as a Guide? A Dilemma: - My boss. - The shareholders. - Other stakeholders

Making Decisions on Behalf of Others: Who or What Do I Select as a Guide? A Dilemma: - My boss. - The shareholders. - Other stakeholders Making Decisions on Behalf of Others: Who or What Do I Select as a Guide? - My boss - The shareholders - Other stakeholders - Basic principles about conduct and its impacts - What is good for me - What

More information

KANTIAN ETHICS (Dan Gaskill)

KANTIAN ETHICS (Dan Gaskill) KANTIAN ETHICS (Dan Gaskill) German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an opponent of utilitarianism. Basic Summary: Kant, unlike Mill, believed that certain types of actions (including murder,

More information

Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT

Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT KANT S OBJECTIONS TO UTILITARIANISM: 1. Utilitarianism takes no account of integrity - the accidental act or one done with evil intent if promoting good ends

More information

CHAPTER 5. CULTURAL RELATIVISM.

CHAPTER 5. CULTURAL RELATIVISM. CHAPTER 5. CULTURAL RELATIVISM. I have mentioned earlier that business is embedded in society and that for it and society to flourish, good interdependent relations are necessary. But societies are different,

More information

A Review on What Is This Thing Called Ethics? by Christopher Bennett * ** 1

A Review on What Is This Thing Called Ethics? by Christopher Bennett * ** 1 310 Book Review Book Review ISSN (Print) 1225-4924, ISSN (Online) 2508-3104 Catholic Theology and Thought, Vol. 79, July 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.21731/ctat.2017.79.310 A Review on What Is This Thing

More information

24.02 Moral Problems and the Good Life

24.02 Moral Problems and the Good Life MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 24.02 Moral Problems and the Good Life Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Three Moral Theories

More information

CHAPTER 2 Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE

CHAPTER 2 Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE CHAPTER 2 Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: a. a norm system b. an ethical system c. a morality guide d. a principled guide ANS:

More information

Computer Ethics. Normative Ethics Ethical Theories. Viola Schiaffonati October 4 th 2018

Computer Ethics. Normative Ethics Ethical Theories. Viola Schiaffonati October 4 th 2018 Normative Ethics Ethical Theories Viola Schiaffonati October 4 th 2018 Overview (van de Poel and Royakkers 2011) 2 Ethical theories Relativism and absolutism Consequentialist approaches: utilitarianism

More information

Suppose... Kant. The Good Will. Kant Three Propositions

Suppose... Kant. The Good Will. Kant Three Propositions Suppose.... Kant You are a good swimmer and one day at the beach you notice someone who is drowning offshore. Consider the following three scenarios. Which one would Kant says exhibits a good will? Even

More information

Chapter 2: Reasoning about ethics

Chapter 2: Reasoning about ethics Chapter 2: Reasoning about ethics 2012 Cengage Learning All Rights reserved Learning Outcomes LO 1 Explain how important moral reasoning is and how to apply it. LO 2 Explain the difference between facts

More information

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS In ethical theories, if we mainly focus on the action itself, then we use deontological ethics (also known as deontology or duty ethics). In duty ethics, an action is morally right

More information

The Pleasure Imperative

The Pleasure Imperative The Pleasure Imperative Utilitarianism, particularly the version espoused by John Stuart Mill, is probably the best known consequentialist normative ethical theory. Furthermore, it is probably the most

More information

Q2) The test of an ethical argument lies in the fact that others need to be able to follow it and come to the same result.

Q2) The test of an ethical argument lies in the fact that others need to be able to follow it and come to the same result. QUIZ 1 ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDIA, BUSINESS AND SOCIETY WHAT IS ETHICS? Business ethics deals with values, facts, and arguments. Q2) The test of an ethical argument lies in the fact that others need to be

More information

Evaluating actions The principle of utility Strengths Criticisms Act vs. rule

Evaluating actions The principle of utility Strengths Criticisms Act vs. rule UTILITARIAN ETHICS Evaluating actions The principle of utility Strengths Criticisms Act vs. rule A dilemma You are a lawyer. You have a client who is an old lady who owns a big house. She tells you that

More information

Notes on Moore and Parker, Chapter 12: Moral, Legal and Aesthetic Reasoning

Notes on Moore and Parker, Chapter 12: Moral, Legal and Aesthetic Reasoning Notes on Moore and Parker, Chapter 12: Moral, Legal and Aesthetic Reasoning The final chapter of Moore and Parker s text is devoted to how we might apply critical reasoning in certain philosophical contexts.

More information

-- did you get a message welcoming you to the cours reflector? If not, please correct what s needed.

-- did you get a message welcoming you to the cours reflector? If not, please correct what s needed. 1 -- did you get a message welcoming you to the coursemail reflector? If not, please correct what s needed. 2 -- don t use secondary material from the web, as its quality is variable; cf. Wikipedia. Check

More information

Autonomous Machines Are Ethical

Autonomous Machines Are Ethical Autonomous Machines Are Ethical John Hooker Carnegie Mellon University INFORMS 2017 1 Thesis Concepts of deontological ethics are ready-made for the age of AI. Philosophical concept of autonomy applies

More information

Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Fall 2013 Russell Marcus

Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Fall 2013 Russell Marcus Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Fall 2013 Russell Marcus Class 28 -Kantian Ethics Marcus, Introduction to Philosophy, Slide 1 The Good Will P It is impossible to conceive anything at all in

More information

Lecture 12 Deontology. Onora O Neill A Simplified Account of Kant s Ethics

Lecture 12 Deontology. Onora O Neill A Simplified Account of Kant s Ethics Lecture 12 Deontology Onora O Neill A Simplified Account of Kant s Ethics 1 Agenda 1. Immanuel Kant 2. Deontology 3. Hypothetical vs. Categorical Imperatives 4. Formula of the End in Itself 5. Maxims and

More information

THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP by Lars Bergström

THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP by Lars Bergström From: Who Owns Our Genes?, Proceedings of an international conference, October 1999, Tallin, Estonia, The Nordic Committee on Bioethics, 2000. THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP by Lars Bergström I shall be mainly

More information

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS. by Immanuel Kant

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS. by Immanuel Kant FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS SECOND SECTION by Immanuel Kant TRANSITION FROM POPULAR MORAL PHILOSOPHY TO THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS... This principle, that humanity and generally every

More information

Lecture 6 Workable Ethical Theories I. Based on slides 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Lecture 6 Workable Ethical Theories I. Based on slides 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Lecture 6 Workable Ethical Theories I Participation Quiz Pick an answer between A E at random. What answer (A E) do you think will have been selected most frequently in the previous poll? Recap: Unworkable

More information

Moral Philosophy : Utilitarianism

Moral Philosophy : Utilitarianism Moral Philosophy : Utilitarianism Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a moral theory that was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). It is a teleological or consequentialist

More information

Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals

Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals G. J. Mattey Spring, 2017/ Philosophy 1 The Division of Philosophical Labor Kant generally endorses the ancient Greek division of philosophy into

More information

Computer Ethics. Normative Ethics and Normative Argumentation. Viola Schiaffonati October 10 th 2017

Computer Ethics. Normative Ethics and Normative Argumentation. Viola Schiaffonati October 10 th 2017 Normative Ethics and Normative Argumentation Viola Schiaffonati October 10 th 2017 Overview (van de Poel and Royakkers 2011) 2 Some essential concepts Ethical theories Relativism and absolutism Consequentialist

More information

Summary of Kant s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Summary of Kant s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Summary of Kant s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Version 1.1 Richard Baron 2 October 2016 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Availability and licence............ 3 2 Definitions of key terms 4 3

More information

Kantian Deontology. A2 Ethics Revision Notes Page 1 of 7. Paul Nicholls 13P Religious Studies

Kantian Deontology. A2 Ethics Revision Notes Page 1 of 7. Paul Nicholls 13P Religious Studies A2 Ethics Revision Notes Page 1 of 7 Kantian Deontology Deontological (based on duty) ethical theory established by Emmanuel Kant in The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Part of the enlightenment

More information

Altruism. A selfless concern for other people purely for their own sake. Altruism is usually contrasted with selfishness or egoism in ethics.

Altruism. A selfless concern for other people purely for their own sake. Altruism is usually contrasted with selfishness or egoism in ethics. GLOSSARY OF ETHIC TERMS Absolutism. The belief that there is one and only one truth; those who espouse absolutism usually also believe that they know what this absolute truth is. In ethics, absolutism

More information

ACCAspace ACCA P1. Provided by ACCA Research Institute. Governanace, Risk and Ethics (GRE) 公司治理, 风险管理及职业操守 ACCA Lecturer: Cindy Li

ACCAspace ACCA P1. Provided by ACCA Research Institute. Governanace, Risk and Ethics (GRE) 公司治理, 风险管理及职业操守 ACCA Lecturer: Cindy Li ACCAspace Provided by ACCA Research Institute ACCA P1 Governanace, Risk and Ethics (GRE) 公司治理, 风险管理及职业操守 ACCA Lecturer: Cindy Li ACCAspace 中国 ACCA 特许公认会计师教育平台 Copyright ACCAspace.com What is P1 About?

More information

Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Spring 2011 Russell Marcus

Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Spring 2011 Russell Marcus Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Spring 2011 Russell Marcus Class 26 - April 27 Kantian Ethics Marcus, Introduction to Philosophy, Slide 1 Mill s Defense of Utilitarianism P People desire happiness.

More information

A Primer on Decision Making through Ethical Analysis

A Primer on Decision Making through Ethical Analysis A Primer on Decision Making through Ethical Analysis John Stuart Mill John Frye, MA Department of Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Introduction What follows is a brief

More information

GS SCORE ETHICS - A - Z. Notes

GS SCORE ETHICS - A - Z.   Notes ETHICS - A - Z Absolutism Act-utilitarianism Agent-centred consideration Agent-neutral considerations : This is the view, with regard to a moral principle or claim, that it holds everywhere and is never

More information

5. John Akers, former chairman of IBM, argued that ethics are not important to economic competitiveness.

5. John Akers, former chairman of IBM, argued that ethics are not important to economic competitiveness. 1. Ethics is the study of how people should act. 2. Life Principles are set by your parents and do not change over time. 3. Ethical behavior always pays off financially for businesses. 4. Unethical behavior

More information

Moral Theory. What makes things right or wrong?

Moral Theory. What makes things right or wrong? Moral Theory What makes things right or wrong? Consider: Moral Disagreement We have disagreements about right and wrong, about how people ought or ought not act. When we do, we (sometimes!) reason with

More information

Philosophical Ethics. Consequentialism Deontology (Virtue Ethics)

Philosophical Ethics. Consequentialism Deontology (Virtue Ethics) Consequentialism Deontology (Virtue Ethics) Consequentialism Deontology (Virtue Ethics) Consequentialism the value of an action (the action's moral worth, its rightness or wrongness) derives entirely from

More information

Humanities 4: Lectures Kant s Ethics

Humanities 4: Lectures Kant s Ethics Humanities 4: Lectures 17-19 Kant s Ethics 1 Method & Questions Purpose and Method: Transition from Common Sense to Philosophical Understanding of Morality Analysis of everyday moral concepts Main Questions:

More information

No Love for Singer: The Inability of Preference Utilitarianism to Justify Partial Relationships

No Love for Singer: The Inability of Preference Utilitarianism to Justify Partial Relationships No Love for Singer: The Inability of Preference Utilitarianism to Justify Partial Relationships In his book Practical Ethics, Peter Singer advocates preference utilitarianism, which holds that the right

More information

CS305 Topic Introduction to Ethics

CS305 Topic Introduction to Ethics CS305 Topic Introduction to Ethics Sources: Baase: A Gift of Fire and Quinn: Ethics for the Information Age CS305-Spring 2010 Ethics 1 What is Ethics? A branch of philosophy that studies priciples relating

More information

24.01: Classics of Western Philosophy

24.01: Classics of Western Philosophy Mill s Utilitarianism I. Introduction Recall that there are four questions one might ask an ethical theory to answer: a) Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform (understanding

More information

A primer of major ethical theories

A primer of major ethical theories Chapter 1 A primer of major ethical theories Our topic in this course is privacy. Hence we want to understand (i) what privacy is and also (ii) why we value it and how this value is reflected in our norms

More information

In-Class Kant Review Dialogue 1

In-Class Kant Review Dialogue 1 1 Kant Review Dialogue 1 Micah Tillman 05 April, 2010, slightly revised 18 March, 2011 Tedrick: Hey Kant! In-Class Kant Review Dialogue 1 Why, hello there Fredward. Tedrick: It s Tedrick. Fredward is my

More information

Introduction to Ethics

Introduction to Ethics Question 1: What is act-utilitarianism? Answer 1: Act-utilitarianism is a theory that is commonly presented in the writings of Jeremy Bentham and looks at the consequences of a specific act in determining

More information

Hello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics.

Hello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics. PHI 110 Lecture 29 1 Hello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics. Last time we talked about the good will and Kant defined the good will as the free rational will which acts

More information

Deontology (Duty Ethics) Ross Arnold, Fall 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology

Deontology (Duty Ethics) Ross Arnold, Fall 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology Deontology (Duty Ethics) Ross Arnold, Fall 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology Christian Ethics (CL3) Oct. 1 Intro to Ethics; Christian Ethics Oct. 8 Ethics, Morality and Religion Oct. 15 Authority in

More information

(i) Morality is a system; and (ii) It is a system comprised of moral rules and principles.

(i) Morality is a system; and (ii) It is a system comprised of moral rules and principles. Ethics and Morality Ethos (Greek) and Mores (Latin) are terms having to do with custom, habit, and behavior. Ethics is the study of morality. This definition raises two questions: (a) What is morality?

More information

Chapter 2 Determining Moral Behavior

Chapter 2 Determining Moral Behavior Chapter 2 Determining Moral Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: a. a norm system b. an ethical system c. a morality guide d. a principled

More information

In Kant s Conception of Humanity, Joshua Glasgow defends a traditional reading of

In Kant s Conception of Humanity, Joshua Glasgow defends a traditional reading of Glasgow s Conception of Kantian Humanity Richard Dean ABSTRACT: In Kant s Conception of Humanity, Joshua Glasgow defends a traditional reading of the humanity formulation of the Categorical Imperative.

More information

Ethics is subjective.

Ethics is subjective. Introduction Scientific Method and Research Ethics Ethical Theory Greg Bognar Stockholm University September 22, 2017 Ethics is subjective. If ethics is subjective, then moral claims are subjective in

More information

Philosophy 1100: Ethics

Philosophy 1100: Ethics Philosophy 1100: Ethics Topic 7: Ross Theory of Prima Facie Duties 1. Something all our theories have had in common 2. W.D. Ross 3. The Concept of a Prima Facie Duty 4. Ross List of Prima Facie Duties

More information

A Framework for Thinking Ethically

A Framework for Thinking Ethically A Framework for Thinking Ethically Learning Objectives: Students completing the ethics unit within the first-year engineering program will be able to: 1. Define the term ethics 2. Identify potential sources

More information

Kant's Moral Philosophy

Kant's Moral Philosophy Kant's Moral Philosophy I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (178.5)- Immanuel Kant A. Aims I. '7o seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality." a. To provide a rational basis for morality.

More information

Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT

Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT Deontology: Duty-Based Ethics IMMANUEL KANT A NOTE ON READING KANT Lord Macaulay once recorded in his diary a memorable attempt his first and apparently his last to read Kant s Critique: I received today

More information

Kant. Deontological Ethics

Kant. Deontological Ethics Kant 1 Deontological Ethics An action's moral value is determined by the nature of the action itself and the agent's motive DE contrasts with Utilitarianism which says that the goal or consequences of

More information

Deontological Ethics. Kant. Rules for Kant. Right Action

Deontological Ethics. Kant. Rules for Kant. Right Action Deontological Ethics Kant An action's moral value is determined by the nature of the action itself and the agent's motive DE contrasts with Utilitarianism which says that the goal or consequences of an

More information

PHI 1700: Global Ethics

PHI 1700: Global Ethics PHI 1700: Global Ethics Session 13 March 22 nd, 2016 O Neill, A Simplified Account of Kant s Ethics So far in this unit, we ve seen many different ways of judging right/wrong actions: Aristotle s virtue

More information

KANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON. The law is reason unaffected by desire.

KANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON. The law is reason unaffected by desire. KANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON The law is reason unaffected by desire. Aristotle, Politics Book III (1287a32) THE BIG IDEAS TO MASTER Kantian formalism Kantian constructivism

More information

National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY. Date of birth Scottish candidate number

National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY. Date of birth Scottish candidate number N5FOR OFFICIAL USE S854/75/01 National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY Mark Philosophy Date Not applicable Duration 2 hours 20 minutes *S8547501* Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name

More information

Kantian Deontology - Part Two

Kantian Deontology - Part Two Kantian Deontology - Part Two Immanuel Kant s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals Nathan Kellen University of Connecticut October 1st, 2015 Table of Contents Hypothetical Categorical The Universal

More information

Ethical Theory for Catholic Professionals

Ethical Theory for Catholic Professionals The Linacre Quarterly Volume 53 Number 1 Article 9 February 1986 Ethical Theory for Catholic Professionals James F. Drane Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended

More information

Kant, Deontology, & Respect for Persons

Kant, Deontology, & Respect for Persons Kant, Deontology, & Respect for Persons Some Possibly Helpful Terminology Normative moral theories can be categorized according to whether the theory is primarily focused on judgments of value or judgments

More information

MGT610 Business Ethics

MGT610 Business Ethics MIDTERM EXAMINATION MGT610 Business Ethics BY VIRTUALIANS.PK Question # 01 Mark: 1 The three major types of ethical issues include except? Communication issues Systematic issues Corporate issues Individual

More information

Tools Andrew Black CS 305 1

Tools Andrew Black CS 305 1 Tools Andrew Black CS 305 1 Critical Thinking Everyone thinks, all the time Why Critical Thinking? Much of our thinking is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed, or down-right prejudiced. This costs us

More information

W.D. Ross ( )

W.D. Ross ( ) W.D. Ross (1877-1971) British philosopher Translator or Aristotle Defends a pluralist theory of morality in his now-classic book The Right and the Good (1930) Big idea: prima facie duties Prima Facie Duties

More information

An Introduction to Ethics / Moral Philosophy

An Introduction to Ethics / Moral Philosophy An Introduction to Ethics / Moral Philosophy Ethics / moral philosophy is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy. The term is derived from the

More information

Definitions: Values and Moral Values

Definitions: Values and Moral Values Definitions: Values and Moral Values 1. Values those things that we care about; those things that matter to us; those goals or ideals to which we aspire and by which we measure ourselves and others in

More information

BOOK REVIEW: CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS

BOOK REVIEW: CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS BOOK REVIEW: CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS Book Contemporary Moral Problems Chapter 1: James Rachels: Egoism and Moral skepticism 1. To know what Egoism and Moral Skepticism is 2. To understand and differentiate

More information

Rethinking Development: the Centrality of Human Rights

Rethinking Development: the Centrality of Human Rights Annabelle Wong Conflicting sentiments regarding the idea of development reflect the controversial aspects of development practices such as sweatshop labor and human trafficking. Development is commonly

More information

Foundations of Bioethics

Foundations of Bioethics introductory lectures in bioethics Foundations of Bioethics Paul Menzel Pacific Lutheran University (philosophy, emeritus) Visiting Professor of Bioethics, CUHK 17 October 2015 Centre for Bioethics, CUHK

More information

Ethical Theory. Ethical Theory. Consequentialism in practice. How do we get the numbers? Must Choose Best Possible Act

Ethical Theory. Ethical Theory. Consequentialism in practice. How do we get the numbers? Must Choose Best Possible Act Consequentialism and Nonconsequentialism Ethical Theory Utilitarianism (Consequentialism) in Practice Criticisms of Consequentialism Kant Consequentialism The only thing that determines the morality of

More information

Quote. Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas. Chapter Two. Determining Moral Behavior. Integrity is doing the right thing--even if nobody is watching

Quote. Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas. Chapter Two. Determining Moral Behavior. Integrity is doing the right thing--even if nobody is watching Chapter Two Determining Moral Behavior Quote Integrity is doing the right thing--even if nobody is watching - Unknown Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas 1 - Identify the facts 2 Identify relevant values and concepts

More information

factors in Bentham's hedonic calculus.

factors in Bentham's hedonic calculus. Answers to quiz 1. An autonomous person: a) is socially isolated from other people. b) directs his or her actions on the basis his or own basic values, beliefs, etc. c) is able to get by without the help

More information

Duty and Categorical Rules. Immanuel Kant Introduction to Ethics, PHIL 118 Professor Douglas Olena

Duty and Categorical Rules. Immanuel Kant Introduction to Ethics, PHIL 118 Professor Douglas Olena Duty and Categorical Rules Immanuel Kant Introduction to Ethics, PHIL 118 Professor Douglas Olena Preview This selection from Kant includes: The description of the Good Will The concept of Duty An introduction

More information

World-Wide Ethics Chapter Five Deontology

World-Wide Ethics Chapter Five Deontology World-Wide Ethics Chapter Five Deontology Utilitarian thinking, as seen in the previous chapter, focuses on the good and bad consequences of actions, or of action types. The reason why some actions are

More information

Basics of Ethics CS 215 Denbigh Starkey

Basics of Ethics CS 215 Denbigh Starkey Basics of Ethics CS 215 Denbigh Starkey 1. Introduction 1 2. Morality vs. ethics 1 3. Some ethical theories 3 a. Subjective relativism 3 b. Cultural relativism 3 c. Divine command theory 3 d. The golden

More information

Take Home Exam #2. PHI 1700: Global Ethics Prof. Lauren R. Alpert

Take Home Exam #2. PHI 1700: Global Ethics Prof. Lauren R. Alpert PHI 1700: Global Ethics Prof. Lauren R. Alpert Name: Date: Take Home Exam #2 Instructions (Read Before Proceeding!) Material for this exam is from class sessions 8-15. Matching and fill-in-the-blank questions

More information

Short Answers: Answer the following questions in one paragraph (each is worth 5 points).

Short Answers: Answer the following questions in one paragraph (each is worth 5 points). HU2700 Spring 2008 Midterm Exam Answer Key There are two sections: a short answer section worth 25 points and an essay section worth 75 points. No materials (books, notes, outlines, fellow classmates,

More information

CERTIFICATE IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE

CERTIFICATE IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE CERTIFICATE IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE INTRODUCTION Islamic Finance refers to the provision of financial services in accordance with the Shari ah Islamic law, principles and rules. Shari ah does not

More information

The influence of Religion in Vocational Education and Training A survey among organizations active in VET

The influence of Religion in Vocational Education and Training A survey among organizations active in VET The influence of Religion in Vocational Education and Training A survey among organizations active in VET ADDITIONAL REPORT Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology!"#! $!!%% & & '( 4. Analysis and conclusions(

More information

Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp Reprinted in Moral Luck (CUP, 1981).

Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp Reprinted in Moral Luck (CUP, 1981). Draft of 3-21- 13 PHIL 202: Core Ethics; Winter 2013 Core Sequence in the History of Ethics, 2011-2013 IV: 19 th and 20 th Century Moral Philosophy David O. Brink Handout #14: Williams, Internalism, and

More information

Warren. Warren s Strategy. Inherent Value. Strong Animal Rights. Strategy is to argue that Regan s strong animals rights position is not persuasive

Warren. Warren s Strategy. Inherent Value. Strong Animal Rights. Strategy is to argue that Regan s strong animals rights position is not persuasive Warren Warren s Strategy A Critique of Regan s Animal Rights Theory Strategy is to argue that Regan s strong animals rights position is not persuasive She argues that one ought to accept a weak animal

More information

Critical Reasoning and Moral theory day 3

Critical Reasoning and Moral theory day 3 Critical Reasoning and Moral theory day 3 CS 340 Fall 2015 Ethics and Moral Theories Differences of opinion based caused by different value set Deontology Virtue Religious and Divine Command Utilitarian

More information

Historic Roots. o St. Paul gives biblical support for it in Romans 2, where a law is said to be written in the heart of the gentiles.

Historic Roots. o St. Paul gives biblical support for it in Romans 2, where a law is said to be written in the heart of the gentiles. Historic Roots Natural moral law has its roots in the classics; o Aristotle, in Nichomacheon Ethics suggests that natural justice is not the same as that which is just by law. Our laws may vary culturally

More information

Ethics (ETHC) JHU-CTY Course Syllabus

Ethics (ETHC) JHU-CTY Course Syllabus (ETHC) JHU-CTY Course Syllabus Required Items: Ethical Theory: An Anthology 5 th ed. Russ Shafer-Landau. Wiley-Blackwell. 2013 The Fundamentals of 2 nd ed. Russ Shafer-Landau. Oxford University Press.

More information

Ethical Reasoning and the THSEB: A Primer for Coaches

Ethical Reasoning and the THSEB: A Primer for Coaches Ethical Reasoning and the THSEB: A Primer for Coaches THSEB@utk.edu philosophy.utk.edu/ethics/index.php FOLLOW US! Twitter: @thseb_utk Instagram: thseb_utk Facebook: facebook.com/thsebutk Co-sponsored

More information

The form of relativism that says that whether an agent s actions are right or wrong depends on the moral principles accepted in her own society.

The form of relativism that says that whether an agent s actions are right or wrong depends on the moral principles accepted in her own society. Glossary of Terms: Act-consequentialism Actual Duty Actual Value Agency Condition Agent Relativism Amoralist Appraisal Relativism A form of direct consequentialism according to which the rightness and

More information

Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making

Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront

More information

Course Syllabus. Course Description: Objectives for this course include: PHILOSOPHY 333

Course Syllabus. Course Description: Objectives for this course include: PHILOSOPHY 333 Course Syllabus PHILOSOPHY 333 Instructor: Doran Smolkin, Ph. D. doran.smolkin@ubc.ca or doran.smolkin@kpu.ca Course Description: Is euthanasia morally permissible? What is the relationship between patient

More information

Ethics. PHIL 181 Spring 2018 SUMMARY OBJECTIVES

Ethics. PHIL 181 Spring 2018 SUMMARY OBJECTIVES Ethics PHIL 181 Spring 2018 Instructor: Dr. Stefano Giacchetti M/W 5.00-6.15 Office hours M/W 2-3 (by appointment) E-Mail: sgiacch@luc.edu SUMMARY Short Description: This course will investigate some of

More information

Two Kinds of Ends in Themselves in Kant s Moral Theory

Two Kinds of Ends in Themselves in Kant s Moral Theory Western University Scholarship@Western 2015 Undergraduate Awards The Undergraduate Awards 2015 Two Kinds of Ends in Themselves in Kant s Moral Theory David Hakim Western University, davidhakim266@gmail.com

More information

Utilitarianism pp

Utilitarianism pp Utilitarianism pp. 430-445. Assuming that moral realism is true and that there are objectively true moral principles, what are they? What, for example, is the correct principle concerning lying? Three

More information

Philosophy of Ethics Philosophy of Aesthetics. Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology

Philosophy of Ethics Philosophy of Aesthetics. Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology Philosophy of Ethics Philosophy of Aesthetics Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology Philosophical Theology 1 (TH5) Aug. 15 Intro to Philosophical Theology; Logic Aug. 22 Truth & Epistemology

More information

LYING TEACHER S NOTES

LYING TEACHER S NOTES TEACHER S NOTES INTRO Each student has to choose one of the following topics. The other students have to ask questions on that topic. During the discussion, the student has to lie once. The other students

More information

Benjamin Visscher Hole IV Phil 100, Intro to Philosophy

Benjamin Visscher Hole IV Phil 100, Intro to Philosophy Benjamin Visscher Hole IV Phil 100, Intro to Philosophy Kantian Ethics I. Context II. The Good Will III. The Categorical Imperative: Formulation of Universal Law IV. The Categorical Imperative: Formulation

More information

Virtue Ethics. A Basic Introductory Essay, by Dr. Garrett. Latest minor modification November 28, 2005

Virtue Ethics. A Basic Introductory Essay, by Dr. Garrett. Latest minor modification November 28, 2005 Virtue Ethics A Basic Introductory Essay, by Dr. Garrett Latest minor modification November 28, 2005 Some students would prefer not to study my introductions to philosophical issues and approaches but

More information

Common Morality: Deciding What to Do 1

Common Morality: Deciding What to Do 1 Common Morality: Deciding What to Do 1 By Bernard Gert (1934-2011) [Page 15] Analogy between Morality and Grammar Common morality is complex, but it is less complex than the grammar of a language. Just

More information

Kant The Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals (excerpts) 1 PHIL101 Prof. Oakes. Section IV: What is it worth? Reading IV.2.

Kant The Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals (excerpts) 1 PHIL101 Prof. Oakes. Section IV: What is it worth? Reading IV.2. Kant The Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals (excerpts) 1 PHIL101 Prof. Oakes Section IV: What is it worth? Reading IV.2 Kant s analysis of the good differs in scope from Aristotle s in two ways. In

More information