The Republican and Gregorian Calendars. 1 germinal MARCH ventose FEB

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1 The Republican and Gregorian Calendars I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV vendemiaire SEPT Lat. vindemia vintage 1 brumaire OCT Lat. bruma, winter Fr. brume, mist 1 frimaire NOV Fr. frimas heavy fog nivose DEC Lat. nivosus snowy pluviose JAN Lat. pluvia rain 1 ventose FEB Lat. ventosus windy 1 germinal MARCH Lat. germen embryo, bud

2 floreal APRIL Lat. flos, floris flower 1 prairial MAY Lat. pratum; Fr. pre field, meadow messidor JUNE Lat. messis, harvest Gr. doron, gift thermidor JULY Gr. thermos, warm Gr. doron, gift fructidor AUG Lat. fructus, fruit Gr. doron, gift Example: 1 thermidor, an II = July 19, 1794; 9 thermidor would be 8 days later, on July 27, The republican calendar, which opened with September 22, 1792 (retroactively, by vote of the National Convention on November 24, 1793), was abandoned as of January 1, 1806, by senatus eonsultum of September 9, Each month had three ten-day weeks, each deeadi, or tenth day, being a day of rest. The five days left over from the Gregorian calendar came between truetidot and vendemiaite and therefore do not have a place on the above chart; they were called sans-eulottides, and were festival days; there was a sixth supplementary day in leap years. This non-christian calendar was intended for universal adoption but Fabre d'eglantine's poetic nomenclature would not have worked for the Southern Hemisphere, where thermidot would have come in midwinter.

3 Chronology 1787 February 22-May 25 First Assembly of Notables. November 19 Royal session of the Parlement of Paris May 8 Judicial reform, including Cour PIeniere. August 8 Estates General called and Cour PIeniere suspended. September 21 Parlement of Paris stipulates forms of 1614 for Estates General. November 6-December 12 Second Assembly of Notables. December 27 Resultat du Conseil announcing doubling of representation of Third Estate and admission of lower clergy to electoral assemblies of clergy; nothing said about vote by order or by head March Beginning of elections to Estates General. April Reveillon riots in Faubourg Saint-Antoine. May 5 Royal session opening Estates General. June 17 Deputies of Third Estate adopt proposition of Sieyes and constitute selves National Assembly. June 19 Vote of majority of clergy to join Third. June 20 Tennis Court Oath using Mounier's formula: not to separate until constitution is established. June 21 Royal council meeting rejects Necker's compromise plan. June 23 Royal session of Three Estates; failure of king to impose his program; Mirabeau and others express defiance. June 27 Louis XVI orders clergy and nobles to join with deputies of Third. July 1 Substantial military reinforcements to Paris region. July 11 Dismissal of Necker.

4 CHRONOLOGY 375 July 12 Disorders in Paris; some military side with people; Parisian electoral assemblies for Estates General begin to assume control of the city. July 13 Parisian electors establish central committee and form bourgeois militia. July 14 Fall of the Bastille; Paris abandoned by royal troops. July 16 Necker recalled. July 17 Louis XVI visits Paris. Emigration begins. July 20 Start of the Great Fear. August 4 Evening session of National Constituent Assembly, lasting until 2 A.M. of the fifth, abolishes "feudal" dues and all sorts of personal and regional privileges, with certain property rights to be redeemed. August 26 Adoption of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. September 10 September 11 veto. Assembly votes against having an upper chamber. Assembly votes that king shall have only a suspensive October 5 Crowd of Parisians, including many women, marches to Versailles; Louis XVI agrees to sanction Declaration of Rights and legislation of August 4-11; Lafayette and National Guard arrive rather late. October 6 At dawn crowds break into palace, endanger lives of royal family; guards massacred; royal family returns to Paris with crowds~ to Tuileries Palace. October 10 Assembly decrees Louis XVI "King of the French" (in place of "King of France"); Talleyrand proposes confiscation of Church property; Mounier goes home to Dauphine; Dr. Guillotin proposes new method of execution. November 2 Assembly decrees that Church properties belong to nation, which is responsible for upkeep of Church and aid to poor. November 7 Assembly (thinking of Mirabeau) excludes its deputies from positions as ministers. December 9 Division of France into departments accepted in principle. December 19 Creation of assignats in large denominations bearing interest and usable for purchase of former Church properties February 13 Monastic vows forbidden; religious orders suppressed except for teaching and charity. April 27 Cordeliers Club opens. May 10 First of the series of memorandums to Louis XVI from Mirabeau.

5 376 CHRONOLOGY May 12 Society of 1789 created as rival to Jacobins by Lafayette, Sieyes, Talleyrand, Bailly, and others. May "sections" of Paris created by Assembly to replace the 60 electoral districts used in electing Estates General. May 22 Assembly decrees renunciation of wars of conquest. June 19 Assembly decrees abolition of titles of hereditary nobility. July 12 Final vote of Civil Constitution of the Clergy. July 14 Fete de la Federation on Champ-de-Mars. September 29 Assignats made into paper money without interest. October 23 Louis XVI initiates overtures to foreign courts concerning their conditions for intervention in France. October 28 Report of Merlin de Douai concerning possessions of German princes in Alsace advances idea of self-determination of peoples in opposition to traditional idea of dynastic properties. November 27 Assembly orders clergy to take public oath of loyalty to the nation, the law, and the king. November Publication of Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France March 2 Abolition of guilds and masters hips and privileged manufactures. March 10 Pius VI issues pastoral letter condemning Civil Constitution of the Clergy and principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. April 2 Death of Mirabeau. May 16 National Assembly, urged by Robespierre, decrees that its members may not be elected to the next legislature. June 14 Chapelier law on abolition of corporate bodies and illegality of strikes and labor organizations. June 20 Flight of king and royal family. June 21 Royal family arrested at Varennes. June 25 Royal family is returned to Tuileries Palace. Assembly decrees that Louis XVI is suspended from his functions. July 16 Assembly decrees that Louis XVI's suspension shall end when the constitution is finished and he has accepted it. Feuillants formed as Jacobins split over what to do about the king. July 17 Champ-de-Mars massacre as National Guard led by Lafayette fires on crowds. August 5 Assembly decrees that French nation will never make wars of conquest or attack the liberties of any people. August 27 Declaration of Pillnitz by emperor of Austria and king of Prussia pledges action vs. revolution if other powers will join. National Assembly abolishes marc d'argent requirement for holding office as legislator but increases property qualification for voting.

6 CHRONOLOGY 377 September 14 Louis XVI appears before National Assembly and swears to uphold the constitution. Assembly declares Avignon and the Comtat-Venaissin to be part of France, using plebiscites as basis of decision. September 27 Citizenship rights voted for all Jews. September 30 Final session of National Constituent Assembly. October 1 First meeting of Legislative Assembly March 10 Legislative Assembly forces Louis XVI's ministers to resign by threatening investigations. March 15 Louis XVI appoints "Brissotin" ministry. (Jacobins still included both Brissotins and Robespierrists.) April 20 France declares war on Hapsburg emperor as Legislative Assembly accepts king's proposal of war. April 25 Rouget de Lisle, at Strasbourg, composes the song that will later be known as "La Marseillaise." June 12 Louis XVI dismisses Brissotin ministers; replaces them with Feuillants in next few days. June 20 Crowd invades Tuileries but fails to get king to make concesslons. June 28 Lafayette appears before Legislative Assembly and demands measures against the Jacobins. June 29 Lafayette seeks but fails to get public support for coup to stabilize regime on a more conservative basis. July 25 Brunswick Manifesto threatens punishment of Paris if rebels do not submit to their king. August 10 Insurrection of Paris sections attacks Tuileries, massacres Swiss guards, sets up new city government (Commune); royal family takes refuge with Legislative Assembly, which decrees suspension of king and decides to call a convention. August 11 Legislative Assembly chooses new ministers, e.g., Danton (justice), Roland (interior), and gives directions for election of constitutional convention to be chosen by manhood suffrage in two stages. August 19 Lafayette, having failed in attempt to lead his army against Paris, surrenders to Austrians, who imprison him. August 25 Legislative Assembly suppresses seigneurial dues without indemnity. September 2 "September massacres" of persons in overcrowded Parisian prisons begins as news arrives of Prussian siege and capture of Verdun.

7 378 CHRONOLOGY Danton makes celebrated speech in Legislative Assembly, rallying the country for resistance to invasion, but does not control the hysterical massacres in Paris, which last until September 5. September 20 French victory over Brunswick's Prussians at Valmy. September 21 In first full session of National Convention, royalty is decreed abolished but word "republic" is not used. September 22 Convention uses word "republic" in ordering that henceforth all acts be dated from the Year I of the French Republic. September 27 Danton and Roland resign as ministers in order to accept election to Convention. (Roland later reverses his decision and resigns his Convention seat in order to remain Minister of the Interior.) October 11 Convention names largely Brissotin Constitutional Committee, of which Condorcet, considered an independent and a mediator, is to be secretary. November 6 French victory over Austrians at Jemappes, in Belgium, notable for being done by new-style revolutionary army and for resulting prestige of French General Dumouriez. November 13 In opening of debate on question of trial of Louis XVI, Saint-Just, speaking for first time in Convention, launches powerful attack on the king. November 19 Convention decrees "that it will accord fraternity and aid to all peoples who wish to recover their liberty and that it charges the executive to give to the generals the necessary orders to bring aid to these peoples and defend citizens who have been or could be persecuted for upholding the cause of liberty." November 20 Discovery in Tuileries of armoire de fer with documents incriminating to king'; Roland to be criticized for not having witnesses present at time 0{ removal of papers. December 15 Convention approves Cambon report on policies to be followed in occupied countries, such as suppression of tithes and seigneurial dues, seizure of properties of princes, issue of assignats, encouragement of elections from which aristocrats have been excluded, and generally making expansion of the revolution pay for itself January 15 Louis XVI voted guilty of conspiracy against the public liberty (707-0); ratification of this decision by the people voted down ( ). January hours of voting (accompanied by explanatory statements) on subject of what punishment. Results: death ( ); but some deputies have demanded reprieve.

8 CHRONOLOGY 379 January 18 Another vote on punishment. Result: death ( ). January Vote on question of reprieve. Result: reprieve defeated ( ). Montagnard deputy Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau murdered by a royalist on January 20. January 21 Louis XVI (technically Louis Capet) guillotined. February 1 Convention declares war on king of England and stadtholder of Netherlands. February 15 Condorcet presents "Girondin" constitutional project to Convention. February 17 Dumouriez invades Holland. March 1 Dumouriez's position threatened by enemy offensive in Belgium. March 7 Convention declares war on king of Spain. March 9 Convention decides to send representatives on mission (from its own membership) into the provinces and to the military fronts. March 10 Revolutionary Tribunal founded (at first called Extraordinary Criminal Tribunal). March 11 Beginning of war in Vendee. March 18 Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden, in Belgium. Convention decrees death to anyone proposing the agrarian law "or any other subversion of... property." April 4 Dumouriez fails to get his army to march against Paris and takes refuge with Austrians. April 6 Convention creates Committee of Public Safety, with Danton as a member. April 24 Marat acquitted by Revolutionary Tribunal and carried in triumph to Convention, whose moderate majority had earlier voted his accusation. May 4 First "maximum"; i.e., fixing of grain prices. May 18 "Girondins" get Convention to decree Commission of Twelve to investigate Commune of Paris. May 31 Insurrection, planned for several days, of Paris sections surrounds Convention and demands abolition of Commission of Twelve, exclusion of leading Girondins, more price-fixing, a tax on the rich, etc. Convention suppresses Commission of Twelve. June 2 After further pressure from sections on June 1, Convention is forced by sans-culottes and National Guard to continue their session (after they had tried to leave), to expel Girondin deputies, and to arrest many of them. June 3 Convention decides to break up properties of emigres into small plots for sale to nonrich. June 7 Widespread rebellion in sympathy with Girondins, e.g. in Bordeaux, against Convention's authority.

9 380 CHRONOLOGY June 9 Jacobin constitutional project presented to Convention by Herault de Sechelles. Opening of big Vendee offensive against government. June 24 Constitution of the Year I adopted by Convention. June 25 Jacques Roux, who has been agitating at Cordeliers and elsewhere against the shoncomings of the constitution and has previously been kept from speaking to Convention, leads a delegation to Convention and speaks to a hostile audience. June 30 Robespierre, Hebert, and others get Roux expelled from Cordeliers. July 8 Condorcet decreed subject to arrest for his published protest against Jacobin Constitution; forced into hiding, where he writes Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de l'esprit humain. July 10 ReshufHe of Committee of Public Safety; Danton dropped; Saint-Just and Couthon added, with others. July 13 Marat assassinated by Charlotte Corday. July 27 Robespierre elected to Committee of Public Safety. August 1 Adoption of metric system. August 4 Ratification of constitution completed. August 23 Levee en masse decreed by Convention: principle of universal service. August 27 Mediterranean port and naval base of Toulon taken by the English. September 5 Popular effervescence of sans-culottes comes to climax in surrounding of Convention and entry of delegation led by officials of Commune of Paris, with demands that Terror be the order of the day, suspects be arrested, a revolutionary army be formed, a general maximum for prices be established, the Revolutionary Tribunal be recast, etc. Convention adopts Terror as order of the day, and agrees in principle to the other demands. September 17 Law of Suspects adopted by Convention. September 22 Stan of Year II of the Republic, according to republican calendar adopted later (October 5). September 29 General Maximum on essential products and on wages decreed by Convention. October 10 Revolutionary government proclaimed; i.e., government according to constitution postponed until peacetime. October 16 Marie Antionette guillotined. October 31 Execution of Brissot, Gensonne, Vergniaud, and other Girondins condemned by Revolutionary Tribunal. November 7 Constitutional Bishop Gobel leads movement of abandonment of the priesthood before Convention. Philippe Egalite, former Duke of Orleans, father of future King Louis Philippe (who left France with Dumouriez), guillotined.

10 CHRONOLOGY 381 November 10 Festival of Liberty and Reason celebrated at Notre Dame, renamed Temple of Reason. November 17 Robespierre's major report on foreign policy; arrest of some of Danton's associates. November 20 Danton's return from semiretirement to take up campaign for an easing of the Terror, the making of peace, and constitutional revision. December 4 Law of 14 Frimaire, An II, consolidating the revolutionary government. December 19 French retake Toulon; Captain Napoleon Bonaparte contributes to the victory. Adoption of principle of free, obligatory primary education. December 23 Victory over Vendee army; end of large-scale warfare there, though guerrilla activity continues February 4 Abolition of slavery in French colonies without indemnity. February 5 Robespierre's major report to Convention on the principles of political morality. February 26 (8 Ventose, An II) Saint-Just introduces first of the laws of Ventose, and it is voted. March 3 (13 Ventose, An II) Saint-Just introduces further law.s of Ventose, and they are voted. March 21 Trial of Hebertists opens. March 24 Execution of Hebertists and various militant sans-culottes, foreigners, former aristocrats, etc., who have been "amalgamated" with them in the trial and condemnation. March 28 Suicide of Condorcet, arrested the day before. April 2 Trial of Dantonists opens, various others being amalgamated with Danton and his friends. April 5 Execution of Dantonists. April 22 Couthon gets Convention to decree that a member of the Committee of Public Safety be charged with the writing of a code for "social institutions." Saint-Just's Institutions republicaines, an unfinished manuscript not published until long after the revolution, may have been the start of this project. It contains very drastic social proposals, e.g. the separation of children from their parents and their upbringing by the State. May 7 (18 Floreal, An II) Following Robespierre's major report on religious and moral ideas, the Convention decrees that the French people recognize the existence of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul; and the Convention institutes public festivals, the first to be to the Supreme Being.

11 382 CHRONOLOGY June 8 (20 Prairial, An II) Festival of the Supreme Being, presided over by Robespierre. June 10 (22 Prairial, An II) Following Couthon's report on the Revolutionary Tribunal, and some opposition which Robespierre dominates by demanding an immediate unanimous vote, the Convention passes the law of Prairial which almost eliminates judicial guarantees for the accused. The Great Terror dates from this law. June 26 Victory of Fleurus, in Belgium, over the Austrians. June 29 Following quarrel in Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre walks out; he is not to return until July 23, but does meanwhile attend Jacobin Club. July 23 Joint meeting of committees of Public Safety and General Security, arranged the day before, for purposes of conciliation; Robespierre present; uneasy compromises agreed upon. Publication of new maximum on wages arouses discontent. July 26 (8 Thermidor, An II) Robespierre's last speech to Convention, prepared without consulting anyone, calls for government reorganization and purge. Opposition gets order to print speech rescinded. Evening: Robespierre repeats speech to sympathetic Jacobin Club; all forces prepare for struggle the next day in Convention. July 27 (9 Thermidor, An II) Opposition interrupts Saint-Just and Robespierre in Convention, which finally orders arrest of Robespierrists. Insurrection by Commune and refusal of prisons to receive Robespierrists enable latter to assemble at Hotel de Ville, where they take no action. Supporting crowds dwindle; more radical sections have not supported Robespierrists, who are outlawed by Convention and captured about 2: 30 A.M. on July 28. July 28 (10 Thermidor, An II) Robespierrists guillotined. August 1 Law of Prairial rescinded; many prisoners to be released in days to come. August 24 Government reorganized into 16 committees. September 18 Republic will no longer pay the expenses of any form of worship. October 30 Decree establishing normal schools. November 12 Jacobin Club closed. December 8 Many Girondin deputies return to Convention. December 24 Abolition of the maximum January 22 French capture Dutch fleet, iced in. February 2( Freedom of worship and separation of Church and State decreed in France.

12 CHRONOLOGY 383 April 1 (12 Germinal, An III) Sans-culotte insurrection against Convention; suppressed by military following day. April 5 Peace of Basel with Prussia. May 16 Peace of La Haye with Holland; France recognizes Batavian Republic, a "sister republic." May 20 (1 Prairial, An III) Sans-culotte insurrection that is to be suppressed on May 23. May 31 Suppression of Revolutionary Tribunal. June 8 Death of Louis XVII, a prisoner in the Temple. July Louis XVIII's Declaration of Verona published in France and England. July 21 Defeat of emigre forces that had landed on Quiberon Peninsula in Brittany. July 22 Peace of Basel with Spain. August 22 Convention adopts Constitution of the Year III. August 30 Two-thirds decree requiring voters to choose two-thirds of the members of the new legislature from the ranks of the Convention. September 23 Proclamation of Constitution of the Year III. October 1 Annexation of Belgium. October 5 (13 Vendemiaire, An IV) Royalist insurrection in Paris put down by troops, with Napoleon Bonaparte in charge of artillery. October 12 Start of elections under new constitution. October 26 Dissolution of the National Convention. Place de la Revolution becomes Place de la Concorde February 19 Suspension of issue of assignats. March 2 Napoleon Bonaparte made General in Chief of Army of Italy. March 9 Napoleon Bonaparte marries Josephine de Beauharnais. March 30 Babeuf and a few others form an insurrectional committee. May 10 Arrest of Babeuf and his associates. Napoleon'S victory at Lodi, near Milan, that contributes to the taking of Lombardy and to his reputation for bravery and leadership. December 16 Failure of French expeditionary force under Hoche as bad weather prevents landing at Bantry Bay on southwest coast of Ireland and United Irish are unready March 21 First stage of elections for renewal of a third of the legislature; elections are to be royalist and moderate victory, calling into question control of France by makers of Constitution of May 20 First meeting of Councils of Elders and Five Hundred after elections.

13 384 CHRONOLOGY May 27 Babeuf guillotined. June 6 Ligurian Republic founded from former Republic of Genoa. July 7 Opening of Anglo-French peace talks at Lille. July 9 Cisalpine Republic established. September 4 (18 Fructidor, An V) Coup of the Executive Directors against the newly elected legislative councils with the aid of the military. September 19 Failure of Lille peace talks. September 30 First of two measures (second is December 14) amounting to virtual repudiation of two-thirds of outstanding government debts. October 17 Treaty of Campo F ormio with Austria. October 26 Decision of Directory to create Army of England under command of Bonaparte. November 16 Opening of Congress of Rastatt, as agreed at Campo Formio, to dispose of left bank of Rhine February 13, 14 French troops take Berne, including its treasury. February 15 Proclamation of Roman Republic. March 24 Conclusion of elections to Elders and Five Hundred: replacement of one-third of deputies, as called for by constitution, and also of those excluded by Fructidor coup in 1797; victory for democrats. April Organization of Helvetic Republic. April to December Formation of Second Coalition against France. May 11 (22 Floreal, An VI) Coup of 22 Floreal by which Directors quash elections of 106 deputies to legislature and of various judges and other officials. May 19 Departure of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition. July 21 Napoleon's victory in Battle of the Pyramids. August 1 Nelson's victory over French fleet at Aboukir Bay. August Landing of French General Humbert with 1,000 troops in western Ireland, too late to help United Irish; Humbert eventually forced to surrender. September 5 Military service law instituting conscription for ages if called January 23 French take Naples, where on January 26 they support proclamation of a Parthenopean Republic. February 16 Referendum (contested) favors annexation of Piedmont to France.

14 CHRONOLOGY 385 March 12 Directory declares war on Austria. April 9 Second stage of elections for Elders and Five Hundred; strengthening of democratic and Jacobin minority; majority still moderates of Thermidorian type, but a good many of them dislike Directory's past interference with legislature. April 10 Pope transferred to France. April 27 Russians under Suvorov defeat French near Milan, an event which leads to General Moreau's evacuation of Lombardy. April 28 Plenipotentiaries of the French at Congress of Rastatt are sabered by Austrian hussars, and two of the French die. May 16 Sieyes chosen to fill vacancy in Directory; he is known to favor revision of Constitution of the Year III. May 17 Napoleon lifts siege of Saint-Jean-d'Acre; within days he retreats from Syria. June 18 (30 Prairial, An VII) Councils of Elders and Five Hundred, after several days of pressure, reshape Directory by forcing resignations. JUly 12 Law of Hostages opens way for arrest and deportation Of relatives of emigres, former nobles, and persons opposing government. July 25 Napoleon defeats Turkish force at Aboukir. August 6 Implementation of forced loan hitting well-to-do worked out in detail. August 13 Jacobin Club closed despite recent cooperation of democrats and moderates. August 15 French defeated by Russians under Suvorov at Novi, north of Genoa. August 23 Bonaparte leaves Egypt. August 27 English and Russians land in Holland. September 13 Debate in Council of Five Hundred over whether to declare the patrie in danger; decision on following day negative. September French General Massena drives Russians out of Zurich; prelude to withdrawal of Russians from Switzerland a month later. October 9 Bonaparte lands at Frejus on the coast of Provence. October 14 Bonaparte arrives in Paris. October 18 Anglo-Russian force agrees to evacuate Holland. November 9 (18 Brumaire, An VIII) Councils transferred to Saint- Cloud by order of Elders; Bonaparte named commander of troops in Paris: Sieyes, Barras, and Ducos resign and the other two Directors are powerless with Bonaparte in command of the military forces. November 10 (19 Brumaire, An VIII) Confused sessions of Elders and Five Hundred, with troops dispersing majority of Five Hundred; in the evening Provisional Consulate organized by remaining deputies, with Bonaparte, Sieyes, and Roger Ducos as consuls and two commissions to work on revision of constitution.

15 Selected References The following will, it is hoped, direct persons desirous of further information toward some of the principal works in French and E~g!ish. The suggestions for each category will be held to a nummum. I. Bibliography; Introduction to Research Jacques Godechot's Les Revolutions ( ) (Paris, 1965) will lead to all kinds of sources and to the principal books in several languages. It also contains a brief factual resume and a discussion of the state of research. More numerous suggestions in the English language will be found in the bibliographies of recent editions of Crane Brinton's A Decade of Revolution and Leo Gershoy's The French Revolution and Napoleon. For a more detailed introduction to French archives and publications, see the manual by Pierre Caron. For writings during the revolution, see the volumes edited by A. Martin and G. Walter, and also the set edited by A. Monglond. For parliamentary debates and documents, the best starting point is the Archives parlementaires with its many volumes, including a few very recent ones on the revolution, and the Moniteur, usually available in the United States in the form of the Reimpression de l'ancien Moniteur. Both of these sources are described in detail by Godechot. The Annales historiques de la Revolution franfaise is the specialized journal in France; its files are an immense repository of articles, documents, and book reviews. In the United States, the journal French Historical Studies already provides an accumulation of articles and bibliographical suggestions. II. General Histories One may find a succession of twentieth-century classics in the works of Alphonse Aulard, Albert Mathiez, and Georges Lefebvre,

16 SELECTED REFERENCES 387 who, in that order, taught the subject at the Sorbo nne and produced many specialized studies as well as their general histories. Marcel Reinhard, who after an interval succeeded Lefebvre, produced many valuable monographs without writing a general history; anything by him is meticulous and imaginative. The present holder of the chair at the Sorbonne, Albert Soboul, has already written a useful general history that has gone through a number of editions, as well as works based on his personal research that will be referred to below. Jacques Godechot, already mentioned, is another of this group of learned and prolific twentieth-century French historians of the revolution; as in the case of the others, his publications form a valuable bibliography. The same may be said of C. E. Labrousse. The general histories of Aulard, Mathiez, and Lefebvre have been translated iqto English, as have some of the works of Soboul and Godechot. Among the Americans who have written general histories of the revolution, Louis Gottschalk, Leo Gershoy, and Crane Brinton were already well known in the 1930s and have continued to write and be read. Robert R. Palmer is the most distinguished addition to this group since W orid War II. As in the case of the French, these names should be consulted for specialized studies as well as for syntheses. Among English historians of the revolution who have written general histories, J. M. Thompson has been followed, chronologically, by A. Goodwin, Norman Hampson, George Rude, and M. J. Sydenham. Alfred Cobban, who comes into the category for his history of France since 1715, has been influential through his original research and interpretive essays. The best-known general history in German is by Martin Goehring. Among books of documents, that of John Hall Stewart is in many ways a general history of the revolution. Two recent collections of documents are those of J. M. Roberts and R. C. Cobb and of P. Dawson. The most useful chronology of the revolution is that of J. Massin. Frank A. Kafker and James M. Laux have published a set of interpretive essays on various topics by historians of the revolution. III. Histories, by Periods Leaving aside a number of studies that come under other headings, one may recommend the following:

17 388 SELECTED REFERENCES ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE REVOLUTION In French, works by C. E. Labrousse on the economy, by G. Lefebvre, P. Bois, E. Le Roy-Ladurie, A. Poitrineau, and P. de Saint-Jacob on the peasants, by J. Meyer on the nobles, by R. Mousnier, P. Goubert, R. Mandrou, and H. Methivier on the structure of the ancien regime, by D. Mornet on the intellectual origins of the revolution, and by J. Egret on the political background and outbreak; in English, Alexis de Tocqueville's classic on the old regime, Marc Bloch's classic on rural life, and monographs by E. Barber (bourgeoisie), F. L. Ford (nobles), R. Forster (nobles), V. R. Gruder (intendants), G. Matthews (tax farmers), J. H. Shennan (Parlement of Paris), L. S. Greenbaum, J. McManners (the church), B. Hyslop (cahiers), and P. Gay (philosophes); historical essays edited by R. Greenlaw (economic background) and W. F. Church (intellectual origins). ON THE YEAR 1789 In French, J. Egret (on politics), J. Godechot (the Bastille), P. Kessel (the night of August 4), G. Lefebvre (the Great Fear); in English, G. Lefebvre (the year 1789), S. Herbert (the fall of feudalism). ON LATER EVENTS In French, A. Mathiez (on August 10, 1792), P. Caron (the September massacres), L. Saurel (9 Thermidor), K. D. T~nnesson (revolts of sans-culottes against the Thermidorian Convention); in English, E. Thomson (National Assembly), L. Gottschalk and M. Maddox (on Lafayette in 1789), R. R. Palmer ( the Terror), D. Greer (statistical studies of Terror and emigration), J. L. Godfrey (justice under the Terror), G. Lefebvre (Thermidorians, Directory), R. Bienvenu ( ed.) (9 Thermidor), D. Thomson (Babeuf plot), H. Mitchell (attempts at counterrevolution vs. Directory), W. Fryer (alternatives to Directory). IV. The Political Institutions and Spectrum Books, in French, by J. Godechot (all institutional changes ), M. Deslandres (political institutions), J. J. Chevallier (political institutions), and J. Ellul (all institutions, brief); by

18 SELECTED REFERENCES 389 G. Bonno (English influences); in English, by F. Acomb (hostility to English ideas), J. McDonald (Rousseau's influence). ON ABSOLUTISTS AND ARISTOCRATS In French, J. Godechot (counterrevolution), E. Vingtrinier (emigres), de Castries (emigres); in English, P. H. Beik (absolutists, aristocrats), D. Greer (statistics on emigration). ON ANGLOPHILES In French, J. Egret (on Mounier and his circle), C. DuBus (on Clermont-Tonnerre); on Mirabeau, in French, J. J. Chevallier, duc de Castries; in English, O. Welch; on Feuillants, in French, G. Michon (Duport and others), L. Gottschalk and M. Maddox (Lafayette), J. J. Chevallier (Barnave); on Sieyes, in French, P. Bastid. ON GIRONDINS In English, R. Brace, M. J. Sydenham, J. S. Schapiro (Condorcet), E. Ellery (Brissot). ON THE MOUNTAIN In French, on the Committee of Public Safety, M. Bouloiseau; on Danton, J. Herissay, L. Barthou; on Marat, J. Massin; on Robespierre, J. Massin, M. Bouloiseau, G. Walter, Actes du colloque Robespierre, XII" Congres international des Sciences historiques (Paris, 1967); recent volumes of Robespierre's Oeuvres, with all the speeches; on the Jacobins, in English, C. Brinton, 1. Woloch; on Robespierre, in English, J. M. Thompson, essays by A. Cobban reprinted in Aspects of the French Revolution, G. Rude (ed.), Robespierre; on Saint-Just, in French, A. Ollivier; in English, E. Curtis, G. Bruun. ON BARERE In English, L. Gershoy; on Carnot, in French, M. Reinhard. ON THE ENRAGES In English, R. B. Rose; on Hebert, in French, L. Jacob; on Babeuf, in French, C. Mazauric, M. Dommanget; in English, D. Thomson, John A. Scott (ed.) (on Babeuf's trial).

19 390 SELECTED REFERENCES V. Aspects of the Society and the Economy In French, besides authors mentioned earlier, books and articles by A. Soboul on the sans-culottes; sans-culotte documents edited by W. Markov and A. Soboul; work on sans-culottes after Thermidor by K. T pnnesson; work on revolutionary army and on problems of subsistence and on revolutionary mentalities by R. Cobb; work on demography by M. Reinhard, M. Bouloiseau, P. Clemendot; work on finances and money by F. Braesch, M. Marion; B. Hyslop (properties of Philippe Egalite); J. Sentou (social groups at Toulouse). In English, N. Hampson (on social aspects of the revolution), G. Rude (behavior of revolutionary crowds), S. E. Harris (assignats), G. A. Williams (French sans-culottes and English artisans). VI. Religion, Intellectual Life On religion, in French, works by A. Aulard, A. Mathiez, P. de La Gorce, A. Latreille, J. LeBon, M. Reinhard (excellent mimeographed Sorbonne course); on intellectual life, in French, L. Trenard (intellectual life at Lyon), P. Aries (attitudes); F. Brunot (on the French language), ]. Godechot (documents on ideas of revolutionaries). On religion, in English, translations of Aulard; J. McManners (on Church before and in revolution), B. C. Poland (Protestantism); on intellectual life, D. Dowd (studies of arts, especially role of David), H. T. Parker (influences of the classics). VII. Foreign Policy and the International Revolution In French, R. Fugier (diplomatic history), J. Godechot (books on French expansionist tendencies and on the revolutionary movements in other countries); in English, R. R. Palmer (revolutionary tendencies in Europe and America, France included but seen as part of larger picture; two editions, one in two volumes and one in a single volume); J. Godechot (English translation of part of his work); C. L. Lokke (on colonial policies), P. Amann (ed.)(readings on problems posed by idea of an international revolution.)

20 Index Pldams,Samuel,322 Pliguillon, duc d', Plmbray, M. d', 342 Ami du peuple, L', 215 Plnglophiles, xii-xiii, 38, 69, 97, 107, 120,207, 339 Plngouleme, Duke of, 343 Plristocracy, see Nobility Plrnold, General, 203 Plrtois, Count of, 10, 11-15,64,324 Plssemblies of the people, Condorcet on dangers and benefits of consulting (1793), Plssembly of Notables, 10, 11, 17 Pluget, Plntoine Jean (baron de Mont yon), 10 Babeuf, Fran~ois Noel, xiv, xvi Le Tribun du peuple, No. 35 (1795), Bailly, Jean Sylvain, 83 Barentin, Charles Louis Fran~ois de Paule de, memorandum on crisis in the Estates General ( 1789), Barnave, Plntoine, xii, 97, 120 on representative government and the social order (1791), Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Boissy d'anglas, Fran~ois Plntoine, on a new constitution ( 1795), Bonald, Louis de, 324 Bonaparte, Napoleon, xii, 107, ,200,208,361 to Talleyrand about Sieyes (1797), Bonne-Nouvelle section of Paris, 261 Bonnieres, M. de, 342 Bouille, General Fran~ois de, 203 Bourbon, Duke of, Breton Club, 15 5 Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 186, 194 on war (1792), Burke, Edmund, Cahiers of clergy of Troyes (1789), of Ecommoy (1789),45,46-47 of Mansigne (1789),45,47 of nobility of Crepy (1789), Calendars, Republican and Gregorian, Capet, Hugh, 14 Chabot, Fran~ois, 272, 273 Chapelier, Isaac Rene Guy Le, xiv on organizations of workers (1791), Charette, Fran~ois, 293 Charles 1,81 Charles VII, 14 Chateau-du-Loir, 45,51 Chemin-Dupontes, J. B., xv Theoanthropophile Manual (1796), Chenier, Louis de, 271 Chronology, historical, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 113,159 debate on (1790), Clergy, the, 56, 65,67-68 objectives relative to, of Troyes, cahier of (1789), Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanisias de, 130 Coalition, moderate, defeat of, Committee of Eleven, 313 Committee of General Security, ,317n.

21 392 Committee of Public Safety, 250, 272, 276, 287, 289, 296, 297, 343 Commoners, 40 Conde, Prince of, 11-15, 341 Condorcet, Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritet Ie, xiv, xvi, 143, 168 constitution of, presented to the Convention (1793), Considerations sur la France (de Maistre),343 Conspiracy of the Equals, 329 Constant, Benjamin, 361 Constituent Assembly, 192, 193, 316 Constitutionalism, dictatorship and, de Stael on (1799), Constitutionalists, xii-xiii Constitutional principles, Robespierre on (1793), Constitution of 1791, 155, 168 Constitution of 1793, Girondin, Condorcet presents, Jacobin, 236, 255, 313, 330, 362, 366 Constitution of the Year III (1795), 363,366,371 Boissy d'anglas on, Conti, Prince of, Convention, the, see National Convention Corday, Charlotte, 216 Cordelier Club, 261 Council of Conservators, 365 Council of Eiders, 3i2, 324, 363, 364, 368 Council of Five Hundred, 313, 322, 343, 363, 364, , Counterrevolution, 344 National Assembly between democracy and, Cour Pleniere, 64 Crepy, nobility of, cahier of (1789), Crisis measures, Danton on (1793), Cromwell, Oliver, 81 Cuce, Jean-de-Dieu Ramon de (Archbishop of Aix), Custine, Adam Phillipe de, 292 Danton, Georges Jacques, on CrISIS measures (1793), Dechristianizing (1793), Declaration of 1656, 62 INDEX Declaration of 1749, 61 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), xiv, 83,94-97, 113, 157, 188, 230 Declaration of Verona (1795), xiii, xvii Louis XVIII on, Democracy, National Assembly between counterrevolution and, Dictatorship, constitutionalism and, de Stael on (1799), Diocesan Synod, 60, 62 Director, the, 325, 342, 343, 352, 361, 363, 364, 366, 371 Dolben, Chevalier, 232n. Dumouriez, Charles Fran~ois, 251, 253,292 Duport, Jean Pierre, 97, 120, 130, 168 Ecclesiastical property, Talleyrand on (1789), Ecommoy, parish cahier of (1789), 45,46-47 Edict of 1771, 50 Edict of 1787, 60 Eherton, Elizabeth, 339 Encyclopedists, 307 Enghien, Duke of, Esprit de la revolution et de la constitution de France (Saint Just), 288, 289 Estates General, 3, 5, 6-7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 20, 21, 32, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 69, 70,71,81,113,159,178,207 crisis in, Barentin's memorandum on (1789),64-69 Mounier on (1789), royal session of (1789), Louis XVI at, 64, Etude sur la souverainete (de Maistre), Feuillants, xii, 97 Finances, Louis XVI on (1791), First Estate, see Clergy Foreign affairs, Louis XVI on (1791),163 Foullon, Joseph Fran~ois, Frederick the Great, 80

22 INDEX Fn!teau, Conseiller, 3 Frossard, Jean, 229 Girondins, xiii, 222, 236, 250, 255, 272 Gober, Bishop of Paris, 268 Godard, Jacques, 131 Godwin, William, 368n. Gossec, Franlrois Joseph, 271 Gravilliers section of Paris, 260, 261, 262 Gregoire, Abbe Henri, 130 on royal veto and the legislature of two chambers (1789), Gregorian calendar, Guinea, 230 Habitation duty, 135 Head tax, 50 Hebert, Jacques, xiv, 216 Pere Duchesne, his plebian appeal (1793), Helvetius, Claude Adrien, 362 Henry IV, 14, 109 Herault-Sechelles, Marie Jean, 317n. Historical chronology, Holy Canons, 61 Institutions republicains (Saint- Just),289 Internal administration, Louis XVI on (1791), Jacobin Club, 155, 186, 196,236,255, 342, 343, 362 Jacobin Constitution of 1793, 236, 255,313,330,362,366 Jewish communities, petition to the National Assembly (1790), Journal politique-national, 80 July 14, 1789, meaning of, Rivarol on, Justice, Louis XVI on (1791), Kerangal, Leguen de, Kersaint, Armand de, 229 Lafayette, Marquis de, xii, 83, 84n., 97,120, 190n., 195, Lally-Tollendal, Thomas Arthur de, Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 120 Lameth, Alexandre and Charles de, 120, 168 Lamoignon, Chretien Franlrois de, 1-3,64 La Revelliere-Lepeaux, Louis, 352 Lebon, Joseph, 348 Lefebvre, Georges, xv, to, 64, 94 Legislative Assembly, 223, 250, 253, 316,323 Legislative Corps, 343 Legislature of two chambers, Gregoire on (1789), Le Mans, 45 Leopold 11,176,189,194, Lessart, M. de, 204 Louis XI, 20, to9 Louis XIV, 20,109 Louis XVI, 1, 5, 6, 64, to9, 120, 201, 288, 324, 339 on the subject of his flight (1791), rebuke to deputation from the Parlement of Paris (1788), 3-4 royal session of the Estates General (1789), 64, Louis XVII, 324 Louis XVIII, xiii, xvii, to, 120, 208 declaration of Verona (1795), Luckner, Nicolas, 190n. Maistre, Joseph de, xiii, xv, xvi, 324 on reason, monarchy, and aristocracy (1796), Mallet du Pan, Jacques, xiv, xvi, 208 after Vendemiaire (1795), Malouet, Pierre Victor, xiv, 339, 343 conservative view of the Revolution (1792), Mansigne, parish cahier of (1789),45 Marat, Jean Paul, 143, 272, 296, 349 radical view of the Revolution (1792), Marie Antoinette, 324 on ending the Revolution (1791), Mathiez, M., 289 Memoir of the princes (1788), Mercure de France, 339

23 394 Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel, 107 on royal authority (1789), secret memoir of (1789), Monarchy, the, 65 principles of (1787), 1-3 reason, aristocracy and, de Maistre on (1796), restoration of, 324, 371 Monnel, S. E., 297,298 Montmorin de Saint-Herem, Armand Marc, testimony in support of Necker (1789), Moral ideas, Robespierre on (1794), Morellet, Andre, 342 Mounier, Jean Joseph, xii, xiv, 107, 120,168,207,208,339 on the Estates General (1789), Mountain, the, xiii, 236, 237, 250, 261,272 National Assembly, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 69, 81, 82, 84, 97, 100, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 143, 155, 159, 165, , 168, 178, 185, 191, 192,193, 196, 19~ 199,207 between counterrevolution and democracy, debate on the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), Jewish communities, petition of (1790), night session of (1789), power of, National Convention, xiii, 196, 287, 296,29~ 313, 317, 342, 348 constitutional principles, Robespierre on (1793), constitution of 1793, Condorcet presents, crisis measures, Danton on (1793), dechristianizing (1793), political morality, principles of, Robespierre on (1794), price-fixing, petitioners vs. Roland on (1792), religious and moral ideas and republican principles, Robespierre on (1794), INDEX National Convention (Continued) responsibilities of, Roux before (1793), sans-culottes and, slave trade, attack on (1792), Ventose decrees, Saint-Just on (1794), National festivals, Robespierre on (1794), National Guard, ,203 National soul, concerning, de Maistre on (1796), Necker, Jacques, 72, 83, 361 testimony in support of (1789), Montmorin's, Neo-Jacobinism, 325 Noailles, Vicomte de, Nobility, the, 65, 68 of Crepy, cahier of (1789), privileges of, 86 reason, monarchy and, de Maitre on (1796), Nouvelles observations sur les Estats Generaux de France (Mounier),37-38 October Days (1789),37,120 Opinion, surge of, Organizations of workers, Chapelier on (1791), Orleans, Duke of, 1, 3, 120 Palmer, Robert R., xi Paris Commune, 143,272 Parisian san-culottes, 260 Parlement of Paris, 1 rebuke of Louis XVI to deputation from (1788),3-4 remonstrances in response to Louis XVI rebuff by ( 1788), 5-10 Patriote franfois, 196 People's will via referendum, Condorcet on consulting (1793), Pere Duch~sne (Herbert), 216 plebeian appeal of (1793), Petit Almanach de nos grands hommes (Rivaro!), 80 Pitt, William, 296

24 INDEX Political morality, principles of, Robespierre on (1794), Political rights, equality of, Condorcet on (1793), Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, 342 Precy, 293 Price-fixing, petitioners vs. Roland on (1792), Princes. of the blood, memoir of (1788),10-15 Protective duty, 135 Provence, due de, see Louis XVIII Provincial Estate, 50,53, 57 Ratisbon, diet of, 198 Reason, monarchy, and aristocracy, de Maistre on (1796), Redemption by preference, 135 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), Reform program (1789),72-80 Religious ideas, Robespierre on (1794), Representative government, social order and, Barnave on (1791), Republican calendar, Republican principles, Robespierre on (1794), Restoration, the, 361 Revolution, the, Malouet on, a conservative view (1792), Marat on, a radical view (1792), Marie Antoinette, on ending (1791), objectives of, unattained by the people, Revolutionary Tribunal, 250, 261 Richelieu, Cardinal, 6, 20 Rivarol, Antoine de, xiv meaning of July 14, 1789,80-85 Robespierre, Maximilien Franc;ois Marie Isidore de, xiv, xv, xvi, 130, 197,203,204,205,237, 261, 263,272,288,349,352 on constitutional principles (1793), on suffrage, on war (1792), report on principles of political morality (1793), Robespierre (Continued) report on religious and moral ideas and republican principles (1794), Rochambeau, comte de, 190n. Rolan? de La Platiere, Jean Marie, XIV on price-fixing, petitioners vs. (1792), Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 333n., 345n., 349, 362, 366 Roux, Jacques, xiv before the National Convention (1793), Royal authority, Mirabeau on (1789), Royal initiative, loss of, Royal veto, Gregoire on (1789), Saint-Domingue, 207 Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de, xiv, 317n. on the Ventose decrees (1794), Saladin-Egerton, Charles, Mallet du Pan to (1795), Salt tax, 50 Sans-culottes, xiv, 215, 216,313 de christianizing (1793), National Convention and, Parisian, 260 Pere Duchesne, his plebian appeal (1793),216, Roux before the Convention (1793), social views of sections of (1793), Seine-et-Oise, electoral corps of, 222 September massacres (1792),250 Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, xiv, xvi, 16-37, 38, 361 Bonaparte to Talleyrand about (1797), Slavery, question of, Slave trade, attack on (1792), Soboul, Albert, 260, Social Contract (Rousseau), 345n. Social order, the, representative government and, Barnave on (1791),

25 396 Social views, section des San-Culottes (1793), Societe de l'histoire de la Revolution Fran~aise, 17 Societe des Amis des Noirs, 196,229 Society of Duties, 156 Stability after Thermidor, search for, StaiH, Mme. de, xvi, 358 on constitutionalism and dictatorship (1799), Stael-Holstein, Baron de, 361 Suffrage, Robespierre on (1791), Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Bonaparte to, about Sieyes (1797), on ecclesiastical property ( 1789), Tallien, Jeanne Marie Ignace Theresa, 342 Target, M., 87 Temple of Reason, Terror, the, 237, 255, 261, 272, 288, 289,313,315 TMoanthropophile Manual (Chemin-Dupontes), (1796), xv, Theophilanthropy, 352 Thermidorian Convention (1795), 313,352 INDEX Third Estate, 10, 12, 13, 14, 40, 47, 50, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72,107, 155,207 accomplishments of, complete nation, demands of, government and privileged proposals for, prmciples, development of several, relevant, Sieyes on (1789), Treilhard, Jean Baptiste, 136, Tribun du peuple, Le (Babeuf), (1795), xvi, Troyes, clergy of, cahier of (1789), Vandalism, 107 Varennes, episode of (1791), , 168, 208 Ventose decrees, Saint-Just on (1794), Vienot, John, 361 Vins, M. de, 343 Voltaire, 348, 362 War, Brissot on (1792), Robespierre on (1792), What Is the Third Estate? (Sieyes), xiv, xvi, 16-37