French Revolution AOS 2 - Exam Revision By Charlie McMillan Summons

Transcription

1 The Student Network French Revolution AOS 2 - Exam Revision By Charlie McMillan Summons French Revolution: Part 2 August: - August Decrees - Abolition of feudalism (partly) - Abolition of privilege - Removal of tithes and tax privileges - Removal of customs barriers and venal offices - Getting rid of the ancient regime - Compensation given to nobles and clergy - Old tax system still in place until a new one is made - People still refused to pay taxes (mostly) August 27: - Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (DORMAC) - Bourgeois statement of political principles rather than practical solutions - Freedom, liberty (freedom of expression) - Equality from birth and equality in the law - Property (sacred & inviolable) - Social utility/merit/meritocracy - Security from oppression (allowed to rebel/right of insurrection) - Proportional taxation - Accountability - Popular sovereignty->representation (power comes from below) - Urban workers and peasants somewhat ignored by DORMAC October 1: - "Fundamental Principles of Government" (King is a citizen, laws apply to him, cannot make laws or attend the National Assembly) August Situation: - Economic issues (bread prices, hunger) - Financial issues (government debt) - National Assembly becomes National Constituent Assembly (CA) - Not many people are paying taxes Problems for CA: [1] Economic and Financial issues [2] Control->National Guard & Paris Commune (Bailly as Mayor) [3] What to do with the King (biggest issue) Veto power (he hadn't signed any decrees or DORMAC yet = people were worried) Everyone wanted to keep the King His inaction threatened the safety of the Revolution's progress

2 [4] Format of Government (bicameral or single house?) [5] Queen Marie Antoinette [6] Scale of the take (writing an entirely new constitution & new tax system takes a long time) October situation: - King given suspensive veto - No two-tiered house (like England has) - King can only appoint ministers -> separation of powers - King became a citizen October Days: In response to: - rises in bread prices - King hadn't signed August Decrees - King hadn't signed DORMAC - Rumours of troops' actions at Versailles King held a lavish banquet for the recalled Flanders regiment (loyal to him) They stamped on the Revolutionary cockade and drank to the King's power October 5: women march from Paris to Versailles - Followed by National Guard (Lafayette) who urged them to stop - Crowd coercion stopped the National Guard interfering - 6 women meet with the King - King agrees to their to terms (food from Versailles goes to Paris + signing of DORMAC and August Decrees) October 5 (night): - Crowd forcefully enters Versailles to kill Marie Antoinette - A couple of maids killed - She escapes the 20,000 National Guard are brought in to stop the rebellion October 6: - Crowd agrees to stop if the royal family returns to Paris - National Assembly must also return to Paris - King now under effective house arrest at the Tuileries Palace - Mounier resigns and returns to Grenoble Historiography: - Most historians agree that the people are driving the Revolution at this stage - They agree that it is not in bourgeois control - They agree that progress at this stage came directly because of the crowd Simon Schama: - highlights unnecessary killing of serving women - People came there peacefully but became bored at night->resorted to violence - Violence was the "energy" of the Revolution Rude: - October Days "was to consolidate these gains" Doyle: - said that the King could no longer resist the reform of France DMG: - "Parisian intervention decisively affected national politics" Fixing Administrative Issues: - Communes made permanent (Dec 1789) - More efficient system of administration (departments, districts, cantons, communes) - 83 departments created (Feb 1790) - You can only be in office for two years (created inexperience)

3 - CA creates 'active' and 'passive' voting (suggested by Sieyes) -> opposite to voting for Estates- General - To be active: Male, 25, French, can pay 3 days' worth of taxes (wealth criterion) - Need to pay 'marc d'argent' (silver mark) to be a deputy->54 days of taxes Military Reforms: - Became a meritocracy - Nobility no longer the only officers - People wanted equality in the army however the army needs ranks & hierarchy - Military still loyal to the King->even in lower ranks - National Guard still bourgeois, active citizens only - Tried to unite people behind the Revolution in 'common spirit' October Days (Oct )Civil Constitution (July ) Legal Reforms: - Parlements abolished + venal offices abolished + King no longer the protector of law - Judges now elected (needed 5 years of legal experience) by active citizens - Equality in the law for all + nobility and titles abolished (June 1790) - All deaths by decapitation (equality in death) - Trial by jury Economic reforms: - Assignats (paper money) created with sale of Church lands (Dec 1789) - Begin to create a uniform system of weights and measures (May 1790) - Indirect taxes abolished (Oct 1790) - Calonne's land tax brought in (Oct 1790) - Le Chapelier Law bans trade unions, strikes, and guilds (June ) - Guilds actually abolished on March Taxes based on the principle of paying according to your means - Paris Sections created (May 1790) - Free trade for grain (August 1789) - Internal tariffs abolished (Oct 1790) Church Reforms: - Church had land confiscated, called 'biens nationaux' (Nov ) - Number of bishops lowered from 135 to 83 to fit with departments - Tithes abolished - Clergy paid a salary by the state (April 1790) - Protestants given civil rights (Dec 1789) - Monastic vows and religious orders (not to do with teaching) forbidden and disavowed) - Biens nationaux used to provide money, guarantee support from purchasers of land and gain support of the clergy as the sales paid their wages - No absenteeism or plurality - Independent of the Pope (as of Civil Constitution of the Clergy) 1790 April: - Assignats introduced - CA voted against making Catholicism the national religion

4 Civil Constitution of the Clergy (First Crisis): - 12th of July Removed Pope as head of the Catholic Church in France - He was now only a doctrinal head (i.e. couldn't make appointments) - Linked the Church with the State - Aimed to bring the Church behind the Revolution - Broke period of consensus with the first fracture of the Revolution - Included Clerical Oath which wasn't immediately enforced - Challenged the basic belief of the Catholic Church - Tried to make the Church a meritocracy though it relied on structured hierarchy Result: - 1/3 of CA voted against the CCC (30 bishops against) - Only 7 bishops took the oath (including Talleyrand) - These statistics are as of January 1791 (due date of clerical oath) - Bishops against CCC produce "Exposition of Principle" (Oct 1790) - Forced people to choose between the Revolution and the Church - Revolutionary clubs and press attacked non-juring priests as law-breakers and counterrevolutionaries - Huge fracture as 96 % of France was Catholic - Clergy were elected by active citizens - This meant non-catholics could elect Catholic priestsfete de la Federation: - Anniversary of Bastille Day (July 14) - Lafayette at the centre of celebrations - France united at this moment - National Guard & clergy shown celebrating together in artworks July: - Power of political blubs begins to grow November: - CA enforced clerical oath (oath to the Revolution) - Clergy must take the oath to be eligible for office - Must be taken by January % of the clergy in France took the oath - Went against the oath clerics had to the Pope - High uptake around Paris -> clergy would be killed if they didn't take the oath - Refusal was high in the west (Nantes) & south as they were traditional and religious - Birth of anti-revolution sentiment in the periphery of France 1791 January 1: - Mirabeau elected President of the National Assembly February 26: - Day of Daggers armed aristocrats surround the Tuileries in an attempt to protect the King - Lafayette orders the arrest of them - It was viewed as a weak escape attempt on the King's part March 2: - Abolition of Guilds

5 April 2: - Death of Mirabeau who was then buried in the Pantheon April 13: - Papal Bull Charitas released by Pope Pius VI - He condemns the CCC and asks Catholics to reject it - Some clergy retract the Clerical oath they took to the Revolution May: - Self-Denying Ordinance proposed by Robespierre May 7: - Refractory priests allowed to stay in office Flight to Varennes (Second Crisis): - On April 18, royal family prevented from going to St Cloud for Easter - It is the traditional Easter holiday spot for the royal family - They were going to a refractory priest for the mass & took communion from a refractory priest - Stopped by the people of Paris = King is now definitely a prisoner June 14: - The Le Chapelier Law is brought in ->bans strikes, pickets, and trade unions Reasons for the Flight: 1. Stronger bargaining position for King outside of France than as a prisoner 2. Desire to ask other monarchs for advice->not military aid (at that state) 3. Spain & Austria would only act if the royal family was safely out of France 4. King was a true Catholic and believed in his own divine right to rule 5. Because of his Catholicism, he secretly opposed the CCC 6. King despised the political clubs and new extremism June 20-21: - Royal family's flight to Varennes - Went in the royal carriage (huge and golden) with many possessions) - Plan concocted by a Swedish Knight (Count Fersen) who was an envoy to the Queen - Delayed by a day as a maid stayed late on the planned departure date - Planned armed guards left when the King didn't arrive on time - Post-master Drouet spots the King and intercepts him at Varennes June 21: - Royal family's forced return to Paris Result: - The crowd surrounding the route back was stunned to silence (as well as most of France) - King would now never have a say in the affairs of the country - Questions the Constitution (not yet even finished) and the power it gives the King - Turned the population against the King and thus the Constitution - Constitution was now virtually obsolete - Assembly Split on the fate of the King - King left a memorandum showing his true feelings about the Revolution - Like CCC, it forced French people to decide: King or Revolution - Created open talk (still small) of a republic

6 - Memorandum said that he couldn't work with the changes of the Revolution July 15: - CA announced that the King and his family was kidnapped + suspend him until Constitution done - No one really bought this announcement - People began labelling "men of 1789" as "monarchiens" and their decrease in power begins July 15: - Decree "Determining Abdication" released - It gave terms which the King must follow or he must abdicate (e.g. if he defected/fled) July: - "Padua Circular" released by Austria Champ de Mars Massacre (Third Crisis): - On July 17, 50,000 people flock to the Champ de Mars - They are supporting a petition for the abdication of the King - Created by Cordeliers club & support by Jacobins (but not Robespierre - Bailly (Mayor of Paris) declares martial law for fear of riots - Lafayette + National Guard sent in to disperse crowds - The crowd stays->national Guard fire on them (Lafayette's orders) killing about 50 Result: - Bourgeoisie finally won against the crowds (sans-culottes) - Barnave + others split from the Jacobin club to form Feuillant club (moderates) - Royalist victory as people disliked the uprising of the crowd - Beginning of the fall of Lafayette - Hebert, Marat, and Danton fled or went into hiding - First sign of internal Revolutionaries fighting each other (Revolutionaries vs. Revolutionaries) August 14: - Slave revolts in Haiti August 27: - Declaration of Pillnitz issued by Austria and Prussia - An ultimatum to France to restore the monarch or "necessary force" would be used by the Austrians and Prussians - Heightened fear of war in France & boosted support for Brissotins September 13-14: - Louis officially accepts the Constitution - Included "Self-Denying Ordinance" of Robespierre - Gave Louis suspensive veto, right to appoint ministers and military commanders October 1: - Legislative Assembly's first sitting - More radicals in this than Constituent Assembly - Deputies are new and inexperienced - Was entirely bourgeoisie (active/passive) November 9: - Decree stating that all emigres must return by January 1, Otherwise they forfeited their land and were sentenced as traitors (=death)

7 November 12: - Louis vetoes emigre law = seen to be against the Revolution 1792 December 19: - Louis vetoes refractory priests are 'suspect' law Jan-March: - Food riots in Paris - Growing fears of emigres (particularly at Koblenz) and imminent war - Jacques Brissot leads calls for war = wants King to show his true feelings to the Revolution - He also wanted to expose traitors to the Revolution - Lafayette and Dumouriez wanted war to gain power and restore monarchy - Fears of "Austrian Committee" around Marie Antoinette Feb 7: - Austria and Prussia form an alliancw to intimidate France War (Fourth Crisis): - There was an avalanche of support for war Support for War: "Austrian Committee": - Created by radical press - Marie Antoinette actually wanted war Army Commanders: - e.g. Lafayette and Dumouriez - Believed it would strengthen the King's position (victory) - and increase their prestige Brissotins: - Rally people behind Revolution - Wanted to extend revolutionary ideas across Europe - Thought French army would be supported by rebellions - Thought only Austria and Prussia were keen for war Royal Family: - King thought he would win either way - Victory shows King as a revolutionary - Defeat lets Austrians restore his authority Clubs & Press: - Called for a war Against the War: Robespierre: - Feared giving power to Lafayette - Wanted to find the threats to the Revolution within France - Thought Brissot was hijacking the Revolution - Danton & Couthon agreed Feuillants: - Wanted to end the Revolution - Had now lost their influence

8 Factors against France: - Economic crisis unresolved - France cannot pay for the war effort - Prussian & Austrian armies were well trained - Many officer defections in France - Mistrust between commanders and soldiers - French army poorly trained - Most were new recruits February: - New Austrian King who didn't want to back down from war and seem weak March: - Feuillant ministry is dismissed because of public pressure - Girondin ministry is instated including General Dumouriez - War is now imminent as all ministers are Girondins Aprils 20: - France declares war on Austria (and Prussia (joined in May) because of their alliance) April-September: - War goes poorly for France - 6,000 officers had fled France (nobles) - Mutiny was rife - France's invasion is reversed quickly as Austrians & Prussians invade April: - General Dillon is murdered by his own men after a defeat at Lille May: - An entire cavalry unit in Paris defect to the Austrians June: - Radical press blame the losses in the war on traitors within France - e.g. King, "Austrian Committee", Lafayette, non-juring priests June 13: - Louis dismisses his Girondin ministry (Dumouriez resigns) June 19: - Louis vetoes laws to deport non-juring priests and the setting up of federe camps - Federes were National Guard from the provinces brought in to protect Paris - They allowed the already trained National Guard in Paris to go to the front - Louis feared them as they were a force out of his control June 20: - March on the Tuileries occurs - Demanded retraction of Louis' vetoes + reinstatement of Girondin ministry - Kings dons "bonnet rouge" and drinks to the health of France - He doesn't submit to their demands however - Petion (Mayor of Paris) suspended for not protecting the King - Lafayette returns to Paris to speak to LA about the journee - He loses popularity and returns in July to the front July 11: - "La patrie en danger" declared by the Legislative Assembly - Passive citizens now allowed into the National Guard - Questioned the voting system (passives asked to fight but not given a vote) - Pikes issued to the people of Paris for defence (August 1)

9 July 25: - Brunswick Manifesto released by the leader of Austro-Prussian forces - Threatened "exemplary vengeance" if the Royal Family was harmed - Created paranoia of imminent invasion Historiography: DMG: It made the Sections "bolder" McPhee: "A purge of enemies seemed...the only way to secure or overturn the Revolution" July 25: - Passive citizens allowed into meetings of Paris Sections Storming of the Tuileries (2nd journee): - August 1 citizens armed with pikes August 9: - Revolutionary Paris commune established by 47 out of 48 Sections (radical) August 10: - Commune orders 20,000 sans-culottes, National Guard and federes to attack the Tuileries - Palace defended by 800 Swiss Guard (an elite force) - Crowds massacre 500 Swiss Guards and hunt for Royal Family - King goes to Legislative Assembly who put him in the Temple Prison for safety - It was bloodiest day of the Revolution with people taking souvenirs like eyeballs and ears Result: - King couldn't be a constitutional monarch if violence was going to occur - LA had now power (Revolutionary Commune dictated its actions = it was a puppet from here on) - Feuillants disappear/ go underground of 745 deputies of LA stayed (called the "rump") - Constitution was defunct with no King = needed a new assembly Feuillants arrested Historiography: McPhee: "radicalised the Revolution" Doyle: "power lay...with the new Paris Commune" Doyle: "King's authority fell with the Palace" Soboul: "forced the bourgeoisie onwards" Rude: "act of self-defence" August: - Revolutionary Commune passes laws through LA as it comes to the end of its time - voting is made universal male suffrage - Refractory priests to be deported in 7 days - Feudalism is abolished with no compensation - Emigres' land is sold - Divorce laws passed (progressive) August 19: - Lafayette flees to Austria September Massacres: - Actual massacres occurred 2-6 September Reasons for the Massacres:

10 [1] War - Verdun captured by Prussians (250km from Paris) on 2 September - Paris is in immediate dangers thus panic sets in [2] Traitors - non-juring priests, Feuillants, nobles all arrested - They were blamed for the losing war - Rounded up from August 11- September 2 [3] Marat - Told people that prisoners were passive state secrets to Austrians - Specifically said to massacre them to save the Revolution September 2-6: - 1,200 prisoners killed (most were jailed for petty crimes) - Supported by National Guard (many of them were sans-culottes) and mock trials - Used "kangaroo courts" (jumped over the law) to make it seem legal - Danton (minister for justice) did nothing like all deputies priests killed as well as the rest of the Swiss Guard Historiography: Furet: "fear had commenced its reign" Caron: "arose out of panic" Schama: "a central truth" of the Revolution Stewart: "unavoidable necessity" Rude: "justifiable response" Schama: "disorder became uncontrollable" September 21: - National Convention's first sitting - About 300 Jacobin, about 250 Plain/Marais, about 180 Girondins (749 total deputies) - Battle of Valmy won (Prussians retreat) - Justifies September Massacres for the people September 22: - New calendar introduced (Year I of French Liberty) November: - Victory over Austria in Battle of Jemappes (Dumouriez conquers Belgium) - Again justifies September Massacres & Storming of the Tuileries 1793 December 11: - King formally charged for various crimes and his trial begins Trial of the King: - Defended by Malesherbes, prosecuted and judged by the Convention - Charged with the "establishement of tyranny", violating popular sovereignty, Flight to Varennes, Champs de Mars massacre, Conspiracy with Mirabeau and Lafayette November: - Armoire de fer found in Tuileries - Contained the King's secret correspondence (including to Austria) - Revealed Mirabeau's communication during Used as evidence against the King

11 January: - Marat comes up with Appel Nominal (to publicise who voted for the King = no one would) - Girondins wanted a referendum on the King (wanted him to abdicate but not be executed) - Jacobins/Cordeliers wanted his immediate death - Robespierre argued that August 10 was a good enough trial and guilty verdict - 100% for guilty, "no" for public ratification, "yes" for execution by 50 votes January 21: - Citizen Louis Capet is executed Reasons for the Fall of the Monarchy: Decisions of Louis: - protecting priests with vetoes - dismissing Girondin ministry - using veto against federes Actions of the People: - Revolutionary Commune - Tuileries imprisonment + attacks - September Massacres (showed sans-culottes had power and would dictate trial) Actions of the Government: - Jacobins vs. Girondins - War (overshadow/threat) - Republican ideas/convention (it was radical and thus republican February 1: France declares war (pre-emptive) on Britain and United Provinces (Holland) February 24: - Convention orders voluntary conscription of 300,000 (reached Vendee by March) Vendee Rebellion (11 March-December): - Machecoul has uprising killing 500 local officials, juring priests and National Guard - It was counter-revolutionary & wanted the ancient regime back Why? : 1. Traditional area which liked the King (angry at the execution) 2. Disliked radicalism coming from Paris 3. Disliked the control Paris had (disliked centralisation) 4. Loved the Church = hated CCC and other measures against non-juring priests 5. They had received little from the Revolution (higher taxes + feudalism until August 1792) 6. Economic problems still present (assignat at 50% face value (Feb 1793), bread prices, British Blockade) 7. Rebellion was triggered by the levy April: - Nearly all of the Vendee was in rebellion (around 20,000 rebels) Response: - Mass drownings (Noyades) were committed in Nantes by Carrier Federalist Revolt (April-December):

12 - wanted a federal system (=anti-revolutionary movement) June: - Bordeaux, Toulon, Lyon, Toulouse, and Marseille were revolting against the Convention - Mostly triggered by the Purge of the Girondins - Port cities (Bordeaux, Marseille) deeply affected by British blockade - Toulon welcomes British invasion - Tallien was representative-on-mission to Bordeaux (he committed atrocities) Response: - Fouche and d'herbois conduct mass shootings in Lyon as representatives-on-mission - Also 26 people per day were guillotined in Lyon - Tallien commits atrocities in Bordeux (+negotiantisme/profiteering made a crime) March: - France declare war on Spain - Revolutionary Tribunal, Watch Committees and Reps-on-mission created - These were a reaction to the Vendee Rebellion - Enrages (Roux, Hebert) protest for a maximum law (they are denied) - This was the first journee calling for a Maximum law April: - Committee of Public Safety set up (for war & external threat) with 12 members - Famous members include Saint-Just, Couthon, Robespierre (joined later) - Committee of General security set up in October 1792 for internal threats Fall/Purge of the Girondins (June 2): March-April: - Girondins attack sans-culotte, violence and maximum laws April: - Girondins bring Marat to trial for inciting the crowd (destroyed immunity of convention deputies) - Bad move as Marat is a famous revolutionary who the sans-culottes support - He is acquitted in front of the Convention - Paris Commune and Sections call for the arrest of Girondins deputies - Girondins place Hebert (leader of Revolutionary Commune on trial (acquitted) April: - Flight of Genera Dumouriez to the Austrians (takes Louis Phillippe - the future King) - He tried to make Belgium his own base then, with the Austrians, restore the monarchy (failed) - He was linked to the Girondins and thus they were associated with traitors and losing the war May: - Convention creates a Maximum Law on the price of bread due to public pressure (Enrages mainly) May 31-June 2: - Anti-Girondins riots demand a purge of 31 Girondin deputies June 2: - 80,000 National Guard surround the Convention - Convention is forced to arrest 29 deputies and 2 ministers (Girondin) - Bordeaux revolts in retaliation June 24: - New "Jacobin" Constitution is approved (favours the sans-culottes) July: - Marat murdered by Charlotte Corday (Girondin supporter)

13 July: - Robespierre joins the CPS August: - Levee en Masse issued by the Convention with worsening war effort - All non-married males (18-25) were conscripted Sept 4-5: - Paris Commune & Enrages lead demonstrations for wider Maximum + Revolutionary Armies Sept 5: - Convention creates Revolutionary Armies (sans-culottes) to find hoarders, profiteers, aristocrats - Only for around Paris but 2/3 of departments create unofficial armies - Comprised of 6,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry - Danton: "Terror is the order of the day" October: - Lyon is retaken and the Convention orders it to be wiped off the map - Reps-on-mission Fouche & d'herbois guillotine 26 people per day - Killings involved mass shootings with cannons Escalating Terror 1. Creation of the Terror (September 1792-September 1793) 2. Anarchic Terror (June-December 1793) 3. Dictatorship of the CPS & Removal of Opposition (Jan-June 794) 4. Great Terror (June-July 1794) September 17: - Law of Suspects passed by the Convention (17 September) - Decreed that suspects of counter-revolution could be arrested September: - Law of the Maximum passed (Maximum General) - Put a price ceiling on all food and necessary items - Dechristianisation movement led by Hebertists begins October: - Marie Antoinette tried and executed for communication with Austria + incest + lesbianism October 31: - Girondin leaders (Brissot, Vergniaud) executed November: - Philippe Egalite executed (7 Nov) - Bailly & Barnave executed (11 & 29 Nov) - Notre Dame renamed "Temple of Reason" December: - Law of Frimaire (4 December 1793) - Stopped dechristianisation as it was alienating people (96% of France was Catholic) - Stopped Revolutionary armies and ended the Anarchic Terror - Removed power of the sans-culottes and Commune - Gave most control to CPS - Vendee & Federalist Revolts are utterly quelled December: - Desmoulins begins writing & publishing "Vieux Cordelier"

14 1794 February: - Hebert and his supporters threaten an insurrection if their ultra-radical demands aren't met - They demand more hoarder deaths + redistribution of property March: - Decree on Conspiracies passed (pushed by Robespierre) - Hebertists arrested for attempting a coup (rhetoric pacified sans-culottes = stopped backlash) March 24: - Hebertists guillotined March: - Ventose Decrees (those guillotined had their land distributed to the poor) created by Saint- Just - These measures were permanent while the Terror was meant to be temporary - Began suspicion of Robespierre April 5: - Dantonists (Indulgents) executed - Included Desmoulins, Danton, Philippeaux, Fabre Eglantine - They had been calling for an end to the Terror and clemency for suspects May: - Cult of the Supreme Being created by Convention decree (Robespierre) June: - Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being - Convention and CGS feared Robespierre was mad with power - The cult alienated Catholics just like dechristianisation Fall of Robespierre (Coup of Thermidor) June 10: - Law of 22 Prairial - Anyone can be a suspect and guillotined without defence June-July: - Robespierre falls ill and stays away from the Convention for a month June 26: - Victory at Fleurus effectively finished the war = terror no longer needed July 26: - Robespierre makes a speech to the Convention after his support had begun to fall - He mentioned a conspiracy against the government but didn't name anyone - Moderates and Reps-on-mission feared they were next July 27: - Robespierre tries to speak but is shouted down - He and his main followers are arrested - Some Sections come to his aid while in prison but they aren't committed or organised July 28: - Robespierre and his followers are guillotined - Key orchestrators of the Fall: Fouche (CGS), Legendre (Dantonist), Tallien (Rep-on-mission), d'anglas (the Plain) Aug-Oct: - Relaxation of the Terror

15 August: - Repeal of Law of 22 Prairial - Law of Suspects revoked - Watch Committees and Revolutionary Paris Commune abolished September: - Separation of Church and State October: - Assignat at 20% of nominal value November 12: - Jacobin club closed December: - Jeunesse d'oree (gilded youth) roam around beating up Jacobins - Girondins allowed back in the Convention - Carrier (leader of the Jacobin) is executed for massacres during the Terror - Repeal of the Law of the Maximum 1795 February: - Peace of La Jaunaye by Hoche (Truce in Vendee) March: - Fouquier-Tinville (chief prosecutor of Revolutionary Tribunal tried (executed in May) - Assignat worth 8% of face value - Meat prices had risen by 300% April 1: - Uprising of Germinal by sans-culottes who break into the Convention - They wanted: 1793 Constitution, bread, Jacobins released, suppression of gilded youth - Quelled by the army - 4,000 sans-culottes & 26 Montagnards arrested - Included Vadier, d'herbois, Billaud-Varenne, Barere April: - White Terror occurs against (mainly Jacobin) terrorists from Terror (2,000 killed) - It is the worst in Lyon with Jacobin prisoners massacred - Continued through June - Treaty of The Hague (ends war with Netherlands and Prussia May: - Goods prices are 750% of 1790's prices May 20: - Uprising of Prairial - Deputy Feraud decapitated by intruders to the Convention - Sans-culottes (mainly women + Nat. Guard) enter Convention wanting 1793 constitution & bread - Insurrection put down by the army Result: 1. Sans-culottes lose all power Montagnards arrested 3. Food commission set up (does nothing) National Guard + 6,000 militants arrested May: - Revolutionary Tribunal abolished

16 June: - Louis XVII (dauphin) dies in the Temple Prison - Comte de Provence (new heir) issues Declaration of Verona - No one supports his ideas of restoration (no one likes him or Comte d'artois June 26: - 4,000 emigre troops land in Brittany (with help from the British) - Royalist uprising led by Chouan (guerrilla) with 20,000 men (including emigre troops) July: - General Hoche defeats Chouan at Penthievre (630 executed) - Peace treaty of Basel with Spain August: - Constitution of Year III (Constitution of 1795) October: - Assignat worth 1.4% of face value October 5: - Vendemiaire uprising (Royalist) in Paris is crushed by Bonaparte November: - Directory replace National Convention