DEITY (PART II) * CHAPTER 8. Concepts of God/gods:
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1 DEITY (PART II) * CHAPTER 8 Concepts of God/gods: pantheism monism monotheism
2 IMMANENCE VS TRANSCENDENCE (P. 154) Immanence = to dwell within Transcendence = above or apart from God in nature God in the supernatural The profane The sacred/holy
3 p.167 PANTHEISM & MONISM Pantheism = all is God = the sacred is in all things. Monism = there is one reality and one divine being. A 1-dimensional universe. What appears a s separate things are just different manifestations of one essence. What we see as different separate things are just different ways (modes) or appearances (manifestations) of the One being/one reality.
4 MONISM IN PHILOSOPHY CAN BE DEFINED ACCORDING TO THREE KINDS: Idealism, phenomenalism, or mentalistic monism which holds that only mind is real. Neutral monism, which holds that both the mental and the physical can be reduced to some sort of third substance, or energy. Materialism, which holds that only the physical is real, and that the mental or spiritual (everything) can be reduced to the physical.
5 PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS Described reality as being monistic: Thales: all is water. Anaximenes: all is air. Heraclitus: all is change, symbolized by fire. (in that everything is in constant flux).
6 Anaximander: all is apeiron (meaning 'the undefined infinite'). Reality is some, one thing, but we cannot know what. Parmenides: all is Being. Reality is just one thing: like an unmoving perfect sphere, unchanging, undivided. We say there are things that exist and things that don't exist; Parmenides wrote that such thinking is incorrect: nothing doesn't exist, only existence does.
7 GREEK STOIC PHILOSOPHERS MOVE FROM POLYTHEISM TO MORE ELEVATED GODS personified the logos as Zeus; sang hymns of praise to him and prayed to him. Logos = spark of divine reason that dwells in each person (seeking a unifying principle in religion)
8 HINDUISM: PANTHEISM AND MONISM 4 earliest vedas show polytheism Later Upanishads ( BC) speak of many gods being an expression of one divine principle. Early ideas of the primal element 1)fire ---later 2)space being and non-being and finally Brahman which animates all living things (like pantheism). See p.158, bottom. See page 159. Parable of the Bees on how many things can in fact be one. Soul = inner self called Atman, a temporary state. It comes from Brahman and then dissolves back into it. Philosopher Sankara (c. 800 A.D) later says we must realize that Atman itself is an illusion; all is Brahman.
9 THE FIRST MONOTHEISMS Pharoah Amenhotep IV in Egypt (1375 BC) Aton 1. Zoroaster in Persia (Iran) Babylonian captivity 2. Israel s henotheism Israel s monotheism Jews read back monotheism into Torah 3. Greek logos Christianity: a Greek/Jewish synthesis Spreads through, Levant and the Mediterranean throughout the Roman Empire (Europe, Western Civilization)
10 THEOPHANY: AN APPEARANCE OF GOD Jews: God appears (personal reveals Himself) in the desert and on Mt. Sinai Abraham Moses A new type of monotheism where a personal God has a special relationship to a particular people p : -Jewish prophets develop full monotheism during exile (6 th century BC). --al-ghazali (11 th century A.D) p Thomas Aquinas (13 th century A.D.) p.176
11 VOCABULARY P Anthropomorphism: making gods that look and behave like people Immutable: unchanging Eternal, timeless. Creation ex nihilo: out of nothing, not out of stuff that predates God. Deism: belief in a God that made the world (prime mover) but then kept away from it and doesn t interact with it. (Popular among 18 th century intellectuals in Europe and America). Cosmological proof of Aristotle, and later developed Aquinus, that the universe is a complex creation and therefore implies a creator. God s creativity is continuous in the 3 Western monotheisms ofg Judaism, Christianity and Islam. See Aquinas efficient cause on p. 178
12 Omniscience: all knowing Omnipresent: present in all places at all times.
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