Index. B Backgrounding, 305, 311 Bohairic, 208 Burgundian, 208, 209 Burgundy, 12

Transcription

1 A Abstract, 40, 49, 51, 58, 88, 124, 131, 135, 140, 144, 149, 191, 197, 198, 224, 240, 279, 295, 298, 338, 363, 364, 366, 369, 373 vs. concrete, 4, 39, 52, 55, 57, 59, 234, 283, 297 Acconitan, 208 Acre, 208, 213 Adjective, 26, , 161, 169, 172, 177, 180, 284, 288, 289, 293, 294, 330, 337 Adjunct, 6, 66 68, 73 75, 81 83, 262, 263, , , 328 Adverb, 1, 6, 39, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, , 270, 274, 275, 277, 279, 329, 330, 337, 338, 363 AdvP, 275 Af fi rmative, 262, 264, 266, 271, 272, 276, 279, 298 Africa, 170 AGR, 28 Analogy, 4, 5, 126, , 292, 293 Analytic, 263 vs. synthetic, 37, 40 Angevin, 212, 217, 218 Antioch, principality of, 207, 208 Arabic, 12, 108, , Aragonese, 214 Argument, 3, 6, 54, 62, 63, 66 69, 73 76, 82, 83, 97, 98, 125, 130, , , 188, 256, 257, , , , 316, 328, 336, 354, 363, 365, 367, 371 Armenian, Middle, 12, 208, 215 Article de fi nite, 3, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38 40, 45 47, 52, 57, 58, 168, 189, 197 inde fi nite, 2, 4, 22, 41, 45 59, 365 Artois, 119, 310, 312, 313 Asia, 157 Assertion, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, , 145, 146, 321 vs. non-assertion, 123, 127, 132, 143 Asyndetic construction, 245, 246, 250, 251, 257 B Backgrounding, 305, 311 Bohairic, 208 Burgundian, 208, 209 Burgundy, 12 C Candidate chains, 9, 108, , 121 Case assignment, 31 confusion, 170 dative, 21, 54 genitive, 20, 21, 33, 40, 55 nominative, 21, 25, 181, 210, 211, 274, 354 oblique, 24 26, 28, 30, 37 41, 46, 82, 120, 170, 210, 211, 284, 285 system, 2 4, 34, 36, 37, 41, 82, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 177, 179, 180, 182, 210, 286, 288 Castolect, 207, 215 D.L. Arteaga (ed.), Research on Old French: The State of the Art, Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 88, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

2 378 Catalan, 155, 212, 214, 218 Chansons de geste, 8, 254, 255, 257, 300, , 314, Charter, 3, 178, 179, 183, , 214 Chatton s Ani-Razor, 4, 283, Chinese, 31, 32, 61, 62 Chronogenesis, 223 Chronology, relative, 98, 150, 152, 153 Cilician, 208, 215 CL. See Compensatory lengthening (CL) Clause adjunct, 6, 66 68, 73 75, concessive, 10, 124, 125, , 134, 135, conditional, 124, 247 dependent, 243, , 364, 368 embedded, 7, , 339, 341, 342, 346, 347 independent, , 363, 364, 368 initial, 261, 262, , 275, 277, 334 interrogative, 124 main, 6, 62, 67, 68, 73, 80, 142, 243, 247, 250, 251, , 265, , 276, 277, 279, 328, 329, 333, 334, 339, 341, 342, 346, 347, 364, 371 relative, 72, 129, 141, 254, 336, 347, 365, 371 root, 268, 329 subjunctive, 360, 366, 370, 371 subordinate, 7, 8, 66, 125, 128, 132, 133, 138, 231, 244, , 251, 265, 355, 362 Clitics, 68, 70, 71, 82, 125, 273, 275, 329, 340, 342, 344 Coarticulation, 111, 119 Cognate, 6, 65, 68, 74 75, Cognition, 11, 356, 358, 370 Cognitive grammar, 372, 374 Columbia School, 2, 11, 223 Communicative factor, 224 strategies, 11, Compensatory lengthening (CL), 8, 9, , 179, 180, 278 Complementizer, 7, 8, 28, 132, 265, 329, 332, 333, 347 Concession, Concrete, 58, 191, 195, 200, 223, 224, 295, 296 vs. abstract, 4, 39, 52, 55, 57, 59, 234, 283, 297 Conditional, 10, 11, 140, 144, , 246, 264, 266, 270, 278, 291, 294, 351, 353, 356, 357, 365 Connotators, 189, 201, 202 Conservation vs. non-conservation, 89, 90, phonetic, 89 92, phonological, 89, 90, Constraints, 8, 9, 55, 59, 65, 89, 92, , 108, , 121, 173, 174, 246, 251, 258, 267, 271, 337, 338, 347, 374 faithfulness, 101, 115, 117 Contrary-to-fact, 357 Coordination, 6, 66 75, Coptic, , 213, 214, 216, 218 Corpus, 2, 7, 8, 22, 45, 57, 68, 124, 129, 130, 133, 137, 141, 144, 172, 174, 193, 196, 238, 239, , , 300, 304, 306, 308, 310, 314, , 341 CP, split, 7 Crusaders, 11, 12, Cue-based evolution, learning, 40 Cyprus, 12, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218 D Dative, 20, 21, 33, 34, 38, 41, 54, 55, 169, 170 Declension Latin, , 171, 172 romance, , 182, 183 Definite article, 3, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38 40, 45 47, 52, 57, 58, 168, 189, 197 feature, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35 Desemantization, 46 Determiners, 2, 4, 25, 27, 28, 30 33, 35, 39, 40, 55, 174, 175, 177, 180 Diasystem, 12, Diasystematic parameters diachronic, diaphasic, 179, 188, 189 diastratic, 183, 200 diatopic, 183, 198 Diphthong, 88, 108, 291, 295, 296 Discourse direct, 3, 8, 130, 140, 177, 183, , , indirect, 8, , 310,

3 with que, 300, 303, 317, 322 reported, 8, without que, 300, , 314, 317, 319, 322 Dislocation, left, 6, 61, 66, 67, 78 84, 337, Distant pole, 126, 130, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143 DP, 3, 24, 25, 28 31, 33, 34, 36, 38 40, 330, 332, E Écrasement, 6, 61, 65 69, 74, 75, Edessa, county of, 207, 211 Egyptian, Northern, 208 English, 29, 39, 47, 52, 61, 110, 127, 135, 174, 177, 225, 266, 273, 274, 299, 341, 342, 347, 353, 357, 365 Enunciation theory, 301 Expression, formulaic, 6, 64, 68, 76, Extralinguistic, 12, 187, 189, 190, 192, 200, 202, 254 F Faroese, 334, 338, 347 FCA. See Final consonant alternation (FCA) Feature checking, 30, 263, 272, 273 interpretable, 27, 29 31, 34, 265, 272 uninterpretable, 27, 30 32, 34, 35, 264, 265, 272 Fiction, 8, 301, 305, 322 Final consonant alternation (FCA), 4, , 287, Finite, 6, 7, 63, 70, 155, 227, , 268, , 277, 330, 341 Finnish, 55 FinP, 333, 341, 346, 347 Flandria, 211 Frame, 2, 4, 76, 80, 83, 196, 198, 201, 303, 345 France, 12, 153, 157, 158, 162, 164, 178, 195, 211, 214, 217, 218, 225, 227, 300, 310, 343, 354, 355, 360, 367 Franco-Provençal, 215 Frank, 5, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 164, 207, 213, 215, 217, 319 French Medieval, 8, Middle, 12, 28, 33, 37, 40, 41, 47, 57 59, 66, 82, 88, 98, 123, , 138, 140, 144, , 218, 253, 256, Modern, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 10, 12, 13, 19, 36, 45 47, 52, 53, 57 59, 61, 63 66, 77 79, 81 83, 98, 108, 109, , , 171, 177, , 194, , 211, 215, 222, 223, 227, 240, 253, 257, 264, 273, 279, 283, , 300, 303, 337, 347, 352, 353, Parisian, 109 Future occurrence, 11, , 234, 240 occurrence questioned, 11, , 230, 232, 240 G Gallo-Romance, 108, 109, 118, 119, 159, 162, 170, 182 Gaul, 3, 5, 40, 56, , 157, 158, 182 Gender feminine, 33, 284, 288 masculine, 285, 289 Genitive with à, 19, 22 23, 26, 28, 29, 36, 38 with de, 19, 23 24, 26, 28, 34, 36 juxtaposition postposed, preposed, prepositional, 19 24, 26, 28 30, 33 34, Genre, 3, 7, 8, 10, 68, 124, 126, , 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, , 146, 173, , 263, 299, 300, , 319, 322 German, 7, 96, 127, 153, 164, 264, 279, 329, 330, 332, 341, 368 Gesture preservation, 9, 101 Government and binding, 28, 346 Grammaticalization, early stages, 47, 49, 58, 59 Greece, 212, 218 Greek, demotic, 12, 212, 215 H Human, 11, 23, 26, 28, 34 36, 38, 41, 63, 68, 69, 77 78, 80, 81, 177, 224, 226, 227 null object, 6, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 Hypothetical constructions,11, 372

4 380 I Icelandic, 7, 333, 334, , 347 Iconicity, 4, 283, , Idealism, 152, 153, 158, 164 Imparisyllabic, 37, 41 Indefinite article, 2, 4, 22, 41, 45 59, 365 feature, 25, 30, 35, 52, 59, 265, 272 Indicative, , , , 151, 222, 223, , 240, 246, 247, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 294, 301, 320, 321, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, , 372 In fi nitive, 54, 70, 83, 130, 155, 221, 222, 240, 338, 351, 353 Interpretable feature, 27, 29 31, 34, 265, 272 Intralinguistic, 12, 187 Invariance nominal, 292 verbal, 292 Inversion Germanic, 334 subject-verb, 261 Irrealis, 11, 124, , , , 264, 372 Isochrony, 9, Italo-Romance, 12, , 218 Italy Northern, 155 Southern, 170, 212 J Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 12, , 217, 218 Jongleur, 304, 305 Juridical language, , 201 K Koiné, 12, , 217, 218 KP, 31 37, 41 L Latin classical, 6, 21, 37, 40, 125, 153, 154, 159, 169, 170, 183, 364 late, 20, 34, 37, 39, 46, 56, 98, 108, 109, 159, 171 vulgar, 153, 154, 159 Left periphery, 5 7, 68, 78 80, 83, Levantine, 12, , 214, Lexical diffusion, 5, 88, 151, 152, 163, 164 Lexicography, 194, Lexicon, 12, 13, 161, 175, 182, 202 Listener, 9, 11, 89, 97 99, 102, 110, 111, 114, 115, 304, 305, 307, 311, 312, 314, 316 Localized unfaithful mapping (LUM), 117 Lotharingia, 209, 211 Lotharingian, 198, 208, 209 LUM. See Localized unfaithful mapping (LUM) Luxemburg, 193 M Markedness, 8, 9, 99, 101, 103, , 126, 127, 133, 134, 136, 140, 285, 286, 291 Marker, presentative, 47 Meaning, invariant, 11, , , 230, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240 Mediterranean, Eastern, 215 Microsyntagma, 210 Minimalism, 2, 27, 346 Minimal link condition, 338 Modality, 46, 48, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138, 144, 229, 246, , 266, 333, 355, 365 Modern French, 1, 19, 45, 61, 98, 108, 123, , , 211, 222, 253, 264, 283, 300, 337, 352 Monophthongization, 95, 96 Mood conditional, 11 indicative, 125, 132, 134, 135, 137, , 144, 145 subjunctive, 10, 123, 127, 128, 354, 362, 365, 374 Mora, 90, 92, 94, 95 Morphology, 4, 5, 29, 31, 37, 39, 97, 151, 152, 159, , 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 223, 283, 285, 293, 294, 356, 364, 366, 371 Morpho-phonology, 5, 283, Mysticism, political, 151, 152, N Narrator, 8, 300, , 311, 312, , 322 Natural morphology system-dependent, 4, 283, 294 system-independent, 4, 283, 294 Negation, 8, 39, 46, 218, 221, 244, , 258, 263, 265, 273, 337, 362, 366, 367 Negative, 5, 6, 221, 239, 250, , 338, 339, 358, 362, 371

5 Neogrammarians, 1, 150, 152, 153 Neumann s Law, 156 Non-assertion, 146, 370 vs. assertion, 123, 127, 132, 143 Non-conservation, 89, 90, vs. conservation, 89, 90 Norman, 208 Normandy, 118, 119, 162 Noun, 3, 5, 21, 24, 26 32, 35, 37 41, 46, 49, 52, 55, 57, 59, , 161, , , , , 288, 289, 293, 294, 299, 337, 340, 363 Noun phrase (NP), 4, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 39, 53, 55, 56, 70 72, 82, 170, , 265, 277, 278, 328 Null cognate, 6, 65, 68, 74 75, objects, 5, 6, pronominal, 6, 62, 67 69, 73 76, 78, 80, 83, 262 subjects, 1, 7, 61, 63, 65, 66, 174, 177, 262, , 329, 330, 334, 337, 347 variable, 6, 62, 67, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84 O Object arbitrary, 6, 63, 64, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 human, 6, 63, 68, 77 78, 80, 81, 83 null, 5, 6, pronouns, 6, 71, 82 Obligatorification, , 143, 146 Occitan, 167, 207, 208, , 218 Occurrence questioned, 11, , 230, 232, 240, 272 Ockham s Razor, 4, 283, Oïl, , 215, 217, Persistence, 59 Phonological change, 5, 9, , 293 Phonology, 4, 8, 9, 37, 98, 102, 103, 107, 111, 114, 121, 151, 159, 163, , 363, 364 Picard, Eastern, 209 Picardy, 12, 118, 119, 209, 212, 218 P-map, 101, 102 Poems, 217, 226, 276 Polarity, 5, 6, , 362 Political mysticism, 151, 152, Polysemy, 10, 352, 366, 368, 370, 374 Portuguese European Portuguese, 62, 81 Galician Portuguese, 214 Possessor animate, 23, 26, 31, 38, 39 inanimate, 23, 24 vs. perception, Pragmatic strengthening, 4, 50, 58 Pre-classical French, 130, Preposition, 2 4, 20 22, 24, 26 34, 36 41, 45, 53 58, 73, 142, 169, 171, 183, 302 Production, 8, 9, 95, 97, 98, 103, , 201 Pronominal, null, 6, 62, 67 69, 73 76, 78, 80, 83, 262 Prose chronicles, 300, 306 romances, , 299, 300, , 317, 320 vs. verse, , 258 Prototype, 372 Proximate pole, 126, 130, 136, 140, 142, 143 Q Que alternation, 250, 256, 258 deletion, 244 P Palestine, 207, 215, 216, 218 Paradigmatizaion, 58 Parasitic delinking, 94 Parataxis, 7, 8, Paris, 72, 181, 212, 226, 312, 313, 318, 367 Peloponnesus, 12, 213 Perception, 8, 10, 97, 101, 103, , 126, 135, 245, 311 vs. production, 9, Perception-based analysis, 109 Periphery, left, 5 7, 68, 78 80, 83, R Register formal, 57 informal, 8, 56 spoken, 253, 254, 257 written, 257, 258 Regrammation, 10, Renaissance, 10, , 173 Rheto-Romance, 170 Romance, 1, 28, 61, 107, 150, 167, 190, 207, 221, 263, 291, 299, 327, 364 Russian, 55, 127, 365

6 382 S Scandinavian, 337 Schwa, 89 92, 95, , 284, 288 Semantics, 10, 11, 13, 27, 31, 50, 52, 55, 57, 125, 129, , 139, 172, 175, 187, , 195, 196, , 216, 224, 240, 263, , 279, 338, 341, 351, 352, 356, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369, 371, 373, 374 Sememe, 193, 194, Semiosis, 12, 13, 187, 190, 191, 193, 200, 202 Semiotic sign modelling, 201 Signi fi ant, 57, 58, 66, 91, 157, 218, 238, 291, 321, 334 Signi fi é, 12, 191, 192, 195, 198, 201, 202, 223 Slavic, 90, 92 Sound change, 4, 5, 8, 9, , 149, 150, 152, 154, 164, 221, 296, 297 Spain, 170 Speaker, 8 13, 32, 37, 38, 40, 41, 68, 74, 79, 83, , 110, 111, 114, 115, , , 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 151, 162, 167, 173, 178, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197, 202, 207, 211, 213, 214, 218, 222, 227, 229, 230, 240, 300, 301, 303, 321, 342, 352, 353, 355, , , 369, 372 Speci fi c, 2 4, 6, 12, 20, 22, 25, 34, 35, 41, 48, 50, 51, 55, 58, 64, 98, 100, 101, 110, 111, 117, 118, 128, 135, 170, 171, 179, 182, 188, , 196, 197, 200, 201, , 212, 215, 218, 223, 226, 234, 240, , 252, 257, 258, 297, 299, 300, 303, , 315, 322, 338, 363, 372 Speci fi er, 29, 273, , 336, 339, 341, 347 Speech, 7, 8, 69, 83, 98, 142, 149, 154, 178, 180, 188, 217, 255, 257, 299, 300, , 315, , 352, 368 Split CP, 7 Stylistic fronting, 7, 328, , 341, 342, Subjunctive, 7, 123, 189, 221, 246, 287, 320, 351 Suppletion, 151, 155, 160, 164, 289 Suppletive leveling, 4, 5, 151, 152, Swedish, old, 338 Swiss Romance, 167, 168, 182 Syllable, 37, 87, 88, 91, 94, 96 99, 101, 118, 119, 155, 168 Syncope, 150, 152, , 160, 161, 287 Syntactic, change, 167, 253, 258 Syntax, 5 7, 10, 37, 63, 256, 258, 263, , , 276, 277, 279, 366 Synthetic, 222 vs. analytic, 37, 40 Syria, 207, 215, 216, 218 T Tense future, 70, 138, 223 past, 305, 307, 311 present, 83, 291, 293, 294, 302, 305, 311, 318, 360 sequence of, 7, 359, 360 Text types, 170, 171, 173, 175, 177, 178 Thought, 7, 8, 25, 49, 137, 164, 170, 230, 251, 265, 276, 299, 300, 307, 308, , , 327, 328, 342, 344, 346, 358, 360, 369, 371 Topic, 2, 7, 8, 13, 62, 67, 68, 77, 80, 82, 83, 180, 274, 279, 310, 315, 327, 328, 332, 333, 337, 339, Topicalization, 74, 79, , 336, 337, 339, 341, 342, 345 TP, 6, 7, 263, 265, 267, 271, , 278, 279, 328, , 336, 347 Tripoli, county of, 207, 213 Turbulency, 114, 115 U Uninterpretable, feature, 27, 30 32, 34, 35, 264, 265, 272 V V1, 263, 279, 341 V2 generalized, 328, 334, 336, 339, 347 non-generalized, 346 V3, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 278, 328, 333, , 346 V4, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 328, 333, , 346 Variant social, 5, 153, 163 structural, 5, 153, 162, 163 stylistic, 368, 369 Variational linguistics, 3, 12, 167, 168, , 202 Velar palatalization first, 107, 108 second, 107, 108, 118, 120

7 Venetian, 214, 215 Verb, 5, 27, 53, 61, 98, 118, 124, 156, 174, 213, 222, 244, 261, 287, 301, 328, 354 Verse, 3, 6, 10, 66, 68, 126, 133, 140, 142, 177, 183, 188, 263, , 299, 300, 306, 310, , 341, 345 vs. prose, , 258 Vowel initial, 88 length, 96, 97, 180 nasalized, 97 stressed, 89 syncope, 154, 155, 161 tense, 291 W Walloon, 96, , 218 Word order V1, 263, 279, 341 V2, 5, 6, 65, 66, , , , , 333, 334, 336, 337, , 342, 344, 346, 347, V3, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 278, 328, 333, 339, 341, 342, 364 V4, 5 7, 263, 270, 271, 328, 333, 339, 341, 342, X XP, 7, 265, 274, 277, 278, 328, 330, 332, 333, 337, 341 Z Zuni, 119