Exercises Introduction to morphosyntax
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1 Exercises Introduction to morphosyntax In English plural nouns are formed with the suffix s. The suffix has three allomorphs. Provide examples and explain their distribution, i.e. explain where the three allomorphs occur. Explain the difference between open and closed word classes and provide examples for each class. Answer in full sentences. Use the constituent tests we discussed in class to demonstrate that near the university is a constituent in the following sentence: Jack lives near the university. Indicate the head, the mother node, and (at least) two sister nodes of the following phrase: a book about London. The following examples illustrate the two different uses of modal verbs. How do linguists refer to these two uses? What do they express? (i) I cannot come to the party. (ii) That can t be right. Adverbs can have different syntactic functions. What are these functions? Provide examples.
2 Clause combinations Holger Diessel
3 Complex sentences coordination subordination complement clause adverbial clause relative clause finite non-finite finite non-finite finite non-finite
4 Finiteness Finite UB-clauses (1) I wanted that you leave. (2) Jack opened the door so that he was able to see him. (3) The man who talked to ue is my friend Jim. Non-finite UB-clauses (4) I want [you] to leave the room. (5) Jack opened the door to see him. (6) The man talking to ue is my friend Jim.
5 Examples (1) Tim bought a notebook that looks really stylish, but I think he should not have bought it before he has a new job. -> Tim bought a notebook that looks really stylish, but I think he should not have bought it before he has a new job.
6 Examples (2) Although I believe he said the truth, the story he told us cannot be right if John was in Jena last night. -> Although I believe he said the truth, the story he told us cannot be right if John was in Jena last night.
7 Coordinate clause PP PRO V P PRO CONJ PRO V PRO he looked at him but he ignored her.
8 Complement clauses (1) He knows that the exam will not be easy. (2) That I passed the exam surprised my teacher. UB N V CONJ N V Jim saw that Jane arrived.
9 Adverbial clauses (1) I lent her my savings because she was short of money. (2) When the weather improves we are going on holiday. (3) If you follow the instructions carefully nobody will hurt you. UB N V CONJ N V Jim left when Jane arrived.
10 Relative clauses Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses (1) he met my brother who lives in Berlin. (2) he met my brother, who lives in Berlin. entential relative clauses (3) He bought a new car, which he now deeply regrets. (4) They moved to Berlin, which I find amazing. Appositive clauses (5) It don t like the idea that we will win the game. (6) His hypothesis that English is more complex than German is difficult to test.
11 Relative clauses External syntax (1) The guy who we saw is called Peter. (2) I know the guy who you are talking about. (3) He gave the guy who talked to us a dollar. (4) That is the guy who got drunk last night. (5) He slept in the hotel that I recommended. [subject-modifying RC] [direct object-modifying RC] [indirect object-modifying RC] [subject complement-modifying RC] [adjunct-modifying RC] Internal syntax (1) the dog [that slept] (2) the dog [that I fed] (3) the dog [that I gave food] (4) the dog [I played with] (5) the dog [whose owner I hate] [subject-extracting RC] [direct object-extracting RC] [indirect object-extracting RC] [prepositional-object extracting RC] [possessor-extracting RC]
12 Relative clauses UB PP DET N CONJ N V P Ø The house that Peter talked about.
13 Complex sentences (1) he fell asleep while watching television. (2) I couldn t believe that we had lost the game. (3) My friend Jack, who I know from high school, has become a teacher. (4) I want you to give me the book Peter talked about. (5) ince the arrival of the British team they tried to impress their hosts. (6) I believe we cannot convince them to do the job. (7) The man I met is 8 feet tall, which is taller than you are. (8) Although she didn t feel well, we went to work. (9) I could convince him to help us. (10) The book written by John Locke had an great impact on western science.
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