Contents. List of contributing authors. Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt, Melita Aleksa Varga. Introduction 1 References 6. Neal R.

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1 Contents List of contributing authors XIV Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt, Melita Aleksa Varga Introduction 1 References 6 Neal R. Norrick 1 Subject Area, Terminology, Proverb Definitions, Proverb Features The Subject Area of Paremiology Terminology The Proverb and Its Kin Self-containedness Traditionality Didactic Content Fixed Form Poetic Features Proverb Definitions Proverb Features Polysemy Pun Hyperbole Irony Tautology Paradox Connotation Imagery Syntactic Features Discourse Features Conclusion 25 References 25 Wolfgang Mieder 2 Origin of Proverbs Introduction The Creation of Proverbs Four Major Sources for Common European Proverbs Origin of Some Modern Proverbs New Theories on the Creation of Proverbs 41

2 2.6 Conclusion 44 References 44 Outi Lauhakangas 3 Categorization of Proverbs Introduction The Specificity of Proverbs Whose Tradition Are Proverbs? Practical and Ideological Needs to Categorize Proverb Material Differences in the Accuracy of Proverb Material From Intuitive Orderliness to Systematic Categorization G. L. Permyakov s Logico-semiotic Classification of Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases The Matti Kuusi International Type System of Proverbs Comparison Between Permyakov s Logico-semiotic Categorization and Kuusi s Type System Permyakov s is not worth in Kuusi s System Permyakov s absence of in Kuusi s System Automatic Data Processing and New Possibilities to Construct Proverb Databases Summary 66 References 66 Peter Grzybek 4 Semiotic and Semantic Aspects of the Proverb Semiotics and the Proverb Semiotics and Its Dimensions Pragmatics Syntactics Semantics Metalanguage Indirectness and Non-literalness Holistic vs. Componential Analysis, Analytical vs. Synthetic Clichés Sign Concepts: System-based vs. Process-oriented Semiotics Logics and Analogics Analogy, Double Analogy, and the Concept of Situativity From Proverb Semantics to Semantic Proverb Classification Theoretical and Empirical Paremiology and the Semiotics of Culture 107 References 108

3 Marcas Mac Coinnigh 5 Structural Aspects of Proverbs Structure and Style Sentences and Phrases Sentence Type Sentence Function Syntax and Structure Proverbial Formulae The Wellerism Anti-proverbs Structural Markers Syntactic Parallelism Emphatic Word Order Clefting Left-dislocation Topicalisation Sub-Clausal Fronting Parataxis Relationship Between Juxtaposed Phrases / Clauses Concluding Remarks 130 References 130 Vida Jesenšek 6 Pragmatic and Stylistic Aspects of Proverbs Introduction and Theoretical Framework Stylistic of Proverbs Proverbs and Rhetorical Devices Proverbs and Stylistic Registers Proverbs and Stylistic Colouring Proverbs and the Feature of Expressivity Pragmatic Aspects of Proverbs Argumentative Functions of Proverbs Proverbs as Items of Speech Acts in Non-argumentative Contexts Proverbs in Text-constituting and Text-structuring Functions Conclusion and Outlook 157 References 158

4 Anna Lewandowska, Gerd Antos 7 Cognitive Apects of Proverbs Introduction Lakoff and Johnson s Conceptual Metaphor Theory Metaphorical Concepts Epistemological Essentials Proverb Concepts (PCs) Structural Elements of Proverb Concepts Linguistically Concise Form Syntactic-semantic Structure Holism Structural Simplicity Cultural Frame Ability to Project Ability to Implicate The Relation of MCs to PCs 177 References 181 Peter Ďurčo 8 Empirical Research and Paremiological Minimum What a Paremiological Minimum Ought to Be? Why Do We Need a Paremiological Minimum or Optimum? How to Get a Paremiological Optimum? An Empirical Approach The Concept of a Paremiological Optimum. A Complex Approach An Example: Paremiological Optimum of Slovak Language Method Questionnaire Empirical Survey Findings Corpus Analysis Findings Paremiological Optimum of Slovak Language correlation of the knowledge/familiarity and the corpus frequency Conclusions 200 References 201 Kathrin Steyer 9 Proverbs from a Corpus Linguistic Point of View Introduction Why Corpora? Corpus Linguistic Approaches to Proverb Study Corpus-based Questions About Proverbs 209

5 Proverb Yes or No? Fixedness and Variance Proverb Frequency Meaning and Usage Proverbs Corpus Driven Summary and Outlook 222 References 223 Appendix Tamás Kispál 10 Paremiography: Proverb Collections Definition of Proverbs, Proverb Collections and Proverb Dictionaries Definition of Proverbs Definition of Proverb Collections and Proverb Dictionaries Usage of Printed Proverb Collections Which One to Use? How to Find a Proverb in a Proverb Collection? What Kind of Information is Contained Under a Proverb Entry? Information on Standard Proverb Forms and Variants Information on Meaning of Proverbs Information on Usage of Proverbs Proverb Exercises Usage of Electronic Proverb Collections How to Find a Proverb in an Electronic Proverb Collection? What Kind of Information Contains a Proverb Entry? Information on Standard Proverb Forms and Variants Information on the Meaning of Proverbs Information on Usage of Proverbs Exercises on Proverbs Conclusion 240 References 241 Roumyana Petrova 11 Contrastive Study of Proverbs Introduction Comparative and Contrastive Approach The Beginnings: Contrastive Paremiography Contrastive Paremiology: What Is It All About? New Approaches to Contrastive Paremiology: Tertium Comparationis 249

6 11.6 Contrastive Paremiology and the Ethnic Aspect of Proverbs Modern Contrastive Paremiology: A Short Overview New Approaches to Contrastive Paremiology The Semantic Approach The Linguocultural Approach The Cognitive Approach The Culturematic Method Concluding Remarks 258 References 258 Charles Clay Doyle 12 Proverbs in Literature Introduction Proverbs in Poetry Proverbs in Prose Fiction Proverbs in Plays Proverbs in Other Kinds of Literature Conclusion 273 References 274 Anna Konstantinova 13 Proverbs in Mass Media Introduction Proverbs in the Media Discourse: General Remarks Traditional Proverbs in Mass Media Modification of Proverbs in Mass Media The Role of Proverbs on the Structural Level of Media Texts The Role of Proverbs on the Semantic Level of Media Texts 290 References 293 Sabine Fiedler 14 Proverbs and Foreign Language Teaching Introduction Proverbs in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching On the Significance of Including Proverbs into Foreign Language Teaching The Motivational Potential of Proverbs Proverbs as a Basis for Language Learning and Teaching Proverbs and Figurative Language Proverbs as a Mirror of Culture 297

7 Proverbs and Fluency Towards a Proverb Optimum Selection Criteria A Questionnaire Study The Knowledge of Proverbs Among Advanced Learners of English Mother Tongue Influences The Role of Context Some Implications for the Learning and Teaching of Proverbs Teaching Proverbs in an Appropriate Context Sources of Reference Receptive and Productive Knowledge The Contrastive Perspective Final Remarks 311 References 312 Appendix Appendix Anna T. Litovkina 15 Anti-proverbs Introduction Terminology Occurrence of Anti-proverbs Proverbs Most Popular for Variation Anti-proverbs with International Distribution Types of Proverb Alterations Themes Treated in Proverb Transformations Background of Research Summary Implications for Further Research 345 References 347 Glossary of Key Terms Appearing in the Book 353 List of Tables 364 List of Figures 365 Index 366

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