Clause complexes. Part 4: Projection (cont)

Transcription

1 Clause complexes Part 4: Projection (cont) 1

2 Two kinds of relationship between clauses in a clause complex 1. a taxis relationship showing how the clauses combine to form the structure (the clause complex) parataxis or hypotaxis 2. a logical relation expressing the logic of natural language 2

3 logico-semantic relations Halliday groups the logical relations of language under two headings: 1. expansion: a secondary clause expands the meaning of the primary clause in some way 2. projection: a primary clause projects a secondary clause as being a saying or an idea 3

4 In systemic terms: interdependency parataxis etc hypotaxis α ß γ etc elaboration = expansion extension + logico-semantic relation enhancement x projection 4

5 projection The logical relationship of projection between clauses in a clause complex arises from the fact that we can: quote someone s sayings (even our own) or ideas; report our own or another person s sayings or ideas (thoughts, beliefs, perceptions & reactions) 5

6 Projection Two types of process in a clause can project another clause: 1. Verbal 2. Mental 6

7 Verbal projection She asked 7

8 Mental projection She thought to herself 8

9 Projection She asked Will you wait for us? She thought to herself Will they wait for us? In each of these examples, the projecting clause initiates and the projected clause continues; therefore the combining (taxis) relationship is parataxis 9

10 Paratactic projection Notice that we can change the order of the projecting and the projected clause when the combining relationship is parataxis She asked Will you wait for us? She thought to herself Will they wait for us? 10

11 Paratactic projection notation When the projected clause contains a saying, we use the double quotation mark, i.e. When the projected clause contains an idea, we use the single quotation mark, i.e. The notation marks are put against the clause (1) or (2) which contains the saying or idea, e.g. 11

12 The initiating clause is always 1 She asked Will you wait for us? 1 2 She thought to herself Will they wait for us?

13 The initiating clause is always 1 She asked Will you wait for us? 1 2 She thought to herself Will they wait for us?

14 SO: Paratactic verbal projection: directly quotes someone s locutions (saying), e.g. parataxis How could you have done that? the younger monk asked 1 2 The younger monk asked How could you have done that? 1 2 Either the initiating clause or the continuing clause may be the locution (the saying) 14

15 quoting someone s locution or idea The projecting clause contains a verbal or a mental process and it is this process that projects the saying or idea 1 2 How could you have done that? the younger monk asked 1 How could he have done that? 2 the younger monk wondered to himself 15

16 Sequencing in paratactic projection The initiating clause may contain the saying or idea and the continuing clause may contain the projecting verb 1 2 How could you have done that? the younger monk asked 1 2 How could he have done that? the younger monk wondered to himself 16

17 practice In the following text, identify the ranking clauses identify the clause complexes; retrieve any items presupposed by ellipsis; identify the logico-semantic relations - expansion (and its subcategories) or projection (locution or idea) between the clauses in the clause complexes. 17

18 Mr Day was a teacher at a school in a big city in the north of England. He usually went to France or Germany for a few weeks during his summer // // holidays, and he spoke French and German quite well. But one year Mr Day // // said to one of his friends, I m going to have a holiday in Athens but I don t // // speak Greek, so I ll go to evening classes and have Greek lessons for a // // // month before I go. He studied very hard for a month, and then his holidays // // // began and he went to Greece. When he came back a few weeks later his // // friend said to him, Did you have any trouble when you were in Athens, // // // Dick? No, I didn t have any trouble, answered Mr Day, but the Greeks // did. // from Hill, L.A. Elementary Stories for Reproduction. Oxford University Press

19 1 Mr Day was a teacher at a school in a big city in the north of England. 2 He usually went to France or Germany for a few weeks during his summer holidays, 3 and he spoke French and German quite well. 4 But one year Mr Day said to one of his friends 5 I m going to have a holiday in Athens 6 but I don t speak Greek, 7 so I ll go to evening classes 8 and (I ll) have Greek lessons for a month 9 before I go. 10 He studied very hard for a month, 11 and then his holidays began 12 and he went to Greece. 13 When he came back a few weeks later 14 his friend said to him, 15 Did you have any trouble 16 when you were in Athens, Dick? 17 No, I didn t have any trouble, 18 answered Mr Day, 19 but the Greeks did (have trouble)

20 1 Mr Day was a teacher at a school in a big city in the north of England. 2 He usually went to France or Germany for a few weeks during his summer holidays, 1 3 and he spoke French and German quite well. 4 But one year Mr Day said to one of his friends 5 I m going to have a holiday in Athens 6 2 but I don t speak Greek, 7 so I ll go to evening classes 8 and (I ll) have Greek lessons for a month 9 before I go. 10 He studied very hard for a month, 11 3 and then his holidays began 12 and he went to Greece. 13 When he came back a few weeks later 14 4 his friend said to him, 15 Did you have any trouble 16 when you were in Athens, Dick? 17 No, I didn t have any trouble, 18 5 answered Mr Day, 19 but the Greeks did (have trouble)

21 Cl CC 4 1 One year Mr Day said to one of his friends I m going to have a holiday in Athens but I don t speak Greek, 7 x 2 1 so I ll go to evening classes and (I ll) have Greek lessons for a month 9 x before I go He studied very hard for a month, 11 3 x 2 1 and then his holidays began and he went to Greece. 13 x When he came back a few weeks later 14 1 his friend said to him, Did you have any trouble 16 x when you were in Athens, Dick? No, I didn t have any trouble, answered Mr Day, but the Greeks did (have trouble) 21

22 No, I didn t have any trouble, // answered Mr Day, // but the Greeks did (have trouble) What Mr Day said 2 answered Mr Day, 1 No, I didn t have any trouble, // but the Greeks did (have trouble) No, I didn t have any trouble, // but the Greeks did (have trouble) 1 (1 +2) 2

23 The clauses in a clause complex involving projection can be combined by either parataxis or hypotaxis (as the system network indicated) 23

24 interdependency parataxis etc hypotaxis α ß γ etc logico-semantic relation expansion elaboration extension enhancement projection saying idea 24

25 Hypotaxis: reporting sayings // α ß hypotaxis The younger monk said that his colleague was foolish The projecting clause α contains a verbal process which projects the reported saying The projected (ß) clause is often introduced by the relative pronoun that but it need not be: The younger monk said his colleague was foolish 25

26 Hypotaxis: reporting sayings hypotaxis The younger monk said that his colleague was foolish α ß The projecting clause is the independent (α ) clause and the projected clause containing the reported saying is dependent (ß) 26

27 Hypotaxis: reporting sayings hypotaxis The younger monk said that his colleague was foolish α ß In hypotactic projection, we usually cannot change the order of the clauses that his colleague was foolish the younger monk said ß? α 27

28 We also report people s ideas - thoughts, beliefs, perceptions & reactions; In fact, we are more comfortable reporting ideas than quoting them in other words, the projection of ideas is best done by combining clauses hypotactically 28

29 Hypotaxis: reporting ideas - thoughts, beliefs, perceptions & reactions hypotaxis The younger monk thought that his colleague was foolish α ß The projecting clause contains a mental process verb which projects the reported idea The projecting clause is the independent (α) clause and the projected clause containing the reported idea is dependent (ß) 29

30 Hypotaxis: reporting ideas - thoughts, beliefs, perceptions & reactions hypotaxis The younger monk thought that his colleague was foolish α ß The projected (ß) clause may be introduced by the relative pronoun that but it need not be: The younger monk thought his colleague was foolish 30

31 To summarise: People s sayings and ideas are quoted via paratactically related clauses; People s sayings and ideas (thoughts, perceptions, reactions) are reported via hypotactically related clauses 31

32 four types of projection connection Quote paratactic 1 2 Report hypotactic α ß locution (verbal) Idea (mental) wording: She said, I can 1 2 Meaning represented as wording She thought, I can. 1 2 wording represented as meaning: She said she could meaning: α ß She thought she could α ß There is one more type of projection which we will come to

33 Practice: in the following text 1) Retrieve any items presupposed by ellipsis, 2) identify verbal groups, and 3) insert clause boundaries. 33

34 A scorpion and a frog met on the bank of a stream and the scorpion asked the frog to carry him across on its back. The frog replied, "How do I know you won't sting me?" The scorpion answered, "If I do I will die too." ^ The frog was happy, and they set out, but in midstream, the scorpion stung the frog. The frog felt the onset of paralysis and started to sink. Knowing that they both would drown, he gasped "Why did you sting me? the scorpion replied: "It s my nature..." ^ ^ 1) Retrieve any items presupposed by ellipsis, 34

35 1) identify verbal groups, and 3) insert clause boundaries A scorpion and a frog met on the bank of a stream and the scorpion asked the frog to carry him across (the stream) on its back. The frog replied, "How do I know you won't sting me?" The scorpion answered, "If I do (sting you), I will die too." // // // // // // // // The frog was happy, and they set out, but in midstream, the // // // // scorpion stung the frog. The frog felt the onset of paralysis and (the // // // // frog) started to sink. Knowing that they both would drown, he gasped // // // "Why did you sting me? the scorpion replied: "It s my nature..." //

36 1) identify verbal groups, and 3) insert clause boundaries A scorpion and a frog met on the bank of a stream and the scorpion asked the frog to carry him across (the stream) on its back. The frog replied, "How do I know you won't sting me?" The scorpion answered, "If I do (sting you), I will die too." // // // // // // // The frog was happy, and they set out, but in midstream, the // // // // scorpion stung the frog. The frog felt the onset of paralysis and (the // // // // frog) started to sink. Knowing that they both would drown, he gasped // // // "Why did you sting me? the scorpion replied: "It s my nature..." //

37 1 1 A scorpion and a frog met on the bank of a stream α and the scorpion asked the frog 3 to carry him across (the stream) on its back. 4 1 The frog replied, α "How do I know 6 you won't sting me?" 7 1 The scorpion answered, x "If I do (sting you), 9 α I will die too." 10 1 The frog was happy, and they set out, but in midstream, the scorpion stung the frog The frog felt the onset of paralysis and (the frog) started to sink. 15 x α Knowing 16 that they both would drown, 6 17 α 1 he gasped 18 2 "Why did you sting me?" 19 1 the scorpion replied: 7 20 "It s my nature..." 2 37

38 Knowing //that they both would drown,// he gasped //"Why did you sting me// x Knowing //that they both would drown α he gasped //"Why did you sting me// α Knowing that they both would drown 1 2 he gasped Why did you sting me 38

39 Projection and Mood In the Mood system, a distinction is made between clauses that express a speech function involving: 1. Information, & 2. Goods/services

40 Speech functions Give Demand Information statement question =propositions Goods/ services offer command; (request; order; instruction) =proposals

41 Speech functions Mother now Stephen, do you want a sandwich for lunch Stephen yes (I want a sandwich for lunch) and (I want) some passion fruit command offer Stephen Do you know where the passionfruit is? question Mother No (I don t know where the passionfruit is statement you were walking around with it statement what did you do with it? question

42 Projection and Mood There is a link between these speech functions and the 2 types of projection (saying v. idea) 1. Propositions (statements and questions) are thought, and therefore when projected mentally, mental processes of cognition are used, e.g. He remembered // that she was coming Do you know // where the passionfruit is? Propositions (information exchanges)

43 Projected propositions 2 the projected clause containing the proposition (statement or question) is typically finite: He remembered // that she was coming Do you know // where the passionfruit is?

44 Projection and Mood Proposals (offers & commands) can also be projected mentally, but in this case, involve the mental processes of reaction wishing, wanting, hoping, fearing etc. the reported (projected) clause may be either finite or non-finite: The children wanted // to go to the park The parents wished // they would be quiet. non-finite finite They hoped // to leave early. non-finite

45 Projection and Mood If the reported (projected) clause is finite, then the Finite element is typically a modal: The parents wished // they would be quiet.

46 Projection and Mood Proposals (as well as propositions) can also be projected by verbal processes, e.g. The older monk offered // to carry her across the river The parents told them // to clean up their room. The parents told them // that they should clean up their room.

47 She wanted him to go home She told him to go home She said Go home Projection of Proposal She knew he was going home She said he was going home She said He is going home Projection of proposition

48 Some typical verbal processes projecting propositions or proposals ask: usually projects a question but can also project a command Typical linkers when question is projected hypotactically Projecting a proposition (question) She asked him whether he was going home She asked him if he was going home Projecting a proposal (command) She asked him to go home

49 Some typical verbal processes projecting propositions or proposals tell: usually projects a proposal but can project a proposition Projecting a proposal Projecting a proposition She told him to go home Go home, she told him She told him that she was going home I m going home, she told him

50 Tell him to come. Who is going with you? she said. Proposal (goods/services demand) Proposition (information demand) No-one is coming he answered. Proposition (information giving)

51 You shouldn t go alone! their mother said. Proposal (goods/services demand) Tell your friends to go with you. I wish you wouldn t go alone. but he thought it was quite safe. Proposal (goods/services demand) Proposal (goods/services demand) Proposition (information giving)

52 Practice In the following text, identify: the clause complexes; the logico-semantic relations - expansion (and its subcategories) or projection (locution or idea) between the clauses in the clause complexes.

53 Sir, said the young man, I d like to marry your daughter. // So, replied the father, You want to become my sonin-law, do you? // Not really said the young man, but I don t have much choice, do I? // // // // // // //

54 1 1 Sir, said the young man 2 2 I d like 3 to marry your daughter. 4 1 So, replied the father, 5 You want 2 6 to become my son-in-law, do you? 7 (I do) Not really (want 8 to become your son-in-law), but I don t have much choice, do I?

55 Modes of projection We have looked at 2 ways of projecting a saying or an idea: 1) Quoting it directly (=parataxis): quote Am I dreaming? Jill wondered 1 2 2) Reporting it indirectly (=hypotaxis): report Jill wondered if she was dreaming α β

56 What are the grammatical differences between the two clauses involved in paratactic projection? Consider the characteristics of Subject and Finite in each clause Finite= present tense Subject = 1 st person 1 Am I dreaming? 2 Jill wondered Subject = 3 rd person Finite= past tense

57 This is the case whatever the order of projected and projecting clause. Subject = 3 rd person Finite= past tense 1 Jill wondered 2 Am I dreaming? Finite= present tense Subject = 1 st person

58 What are the grammatical differences between the two clauses involved in hypotactic projection? Subject = 3rd person Finite= past tense α Jill wondered β if she was dreaming Subject = 3 rd person Finite= past tense The Subject & temporal Finite in each clause is the same in both the projected and the projecting clause

59 Direct Am I dreaming? Jill wondered 1 2 Indirect Jill wondered if she was dreaming Notice also that, F=pres S=1st S=3rd F=past S=3rd F=past S=3rd F=past α β in the direct way, S and F are reversed ( Am I..) in the projected clause because it is a question in the indirect way, S & F are not reversed in the projected clause; the question function is indicated by the linker if

60 There is a 3 rd way of projecting which combines features of direct (quoting) and indirect (reporting), e.g. Was she dreaming, Jill wondered Notice 2 features of this way of projecting: 1) The Subject & temporal Finite in each clause, is the same, i.e. both the projected clause (was she dreaming) and the projecting clause (Jill wondered) contain 3rd person Jill, she as Subject and past tense at Finite was dreaming, wondered, - as in the indirect way (i.e. hypotaxis) Was she dreaming, Jill wondered

61 There is a 3 rd way of projecting which combines features of direct (quoting) and indirect (reporting), e.g. F S Was she dreaming, Jill wondered 2) The Subject & temporal Finite in the projected clause (Was she dreaming) are reversed as in the direct way (i.e. parataxis)

62 This 3 rd type of projection is called Free indirect and the clauses are bound together by parataxis,

63 locution (verbal) Idea (mental) wording: She said, I can 1 2 So..3 modes of projection Meaning represented as wording She thought, I can. 1 2 Quoting orientation paratactic 1 2 She could, she said 1 2 She could, she thought 1 2 Reporting orientation hypotactic α ß wording represented as meaning: She said she could meaning: α ß She thought she could α ß direct Free indirect indirect

64 Identify the mode of projection in the following

65 1 A FUTURE Labor government could take control of chief executives' salaries and directors' fees if the High Court upholds John Howard's new workplace laws, // ACTU secretary Greg Combet said yesterday. Free indirect ( 1 2) 2 Mr Combet said // his preferred option was to hand back responsibility for setting the minimum wage to the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. indirect ( ) 3 But Labor could decide to legislate the minimum wage if the commonwealth was found to have the power, // he said. Free indirect ( 1 2) 4 "If the High Court upholds the use of the corporations power it will be possible to legislate chief executives' salaries and place a cap on them," // Mr Combet said. direct ( 1 2)

66 Analyse the clause complexes in each sentence. Proceed as follows: 1. Identify the verbs; 2. Insert clause boundaries (including any embedded clauses) 3. Identify the tactic relationship 4. Identify the logical relationship

67 A FUTURE Labor government could take control of chief executives' salaries and directors' fees // if the High Court upholds John Howard's new workplace laws, // ACTU secretary Greg Combet said yesterday. // 1 A FUTURE Labor government could take 1 control of chief executives' salaries and directors' fees 2 x if the High Court upholds John Howard's new workplace laws, 3 2 ACTU secretary Greg Combet said yesterday.

68 Mr Combet said // his preferred option was [[ to hand back responsibility [[ for setting the minimum wage ]] to the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. ]] 1 Mr Comet said 2 his preferred option was [[to hand back responsibility [[for setting the minimum wage]] to the Australian Industrial Relations Commission]]

69 But Labor could decide // to legislate the minimum wage // if the commonwealth was found to have the power, // he said. // 1 But Labor could decide 1 2 to legislate the minimum wage 3 if the commonwealth was x found to have the power, 4 he said. 2

70 "If the High Court upholds the use of the corporations power // it will be possible [[ to legislate chief executives' salaries // and place a cap on them," ]]// Mr Combet said. 1 1 "If the High Court upholds the x use of the corporations power 2 it will be possible [[to legislate chief executives' salaries //and place a cap on them]]," 3 2 Mr Combet said.